高温数字图像相关法变形测量中玻璃介质误差校正

为了校正玻璃介质在高温变形测量中引起的测量误差,本文将玻璃介质作为相机标定模型的一部分,基于摄影测量技术和数字图像相关法,提出一种复杂环境下的双目相机标定方法,将其应用在高温变形测量中.首先,针对复杂环境下图像质量差引起的标定困难问题,采用带畸变校正的相机成像模型,通过捆绑调整的相机标定方法完成双目相机标定,提高了标定...     

基于天文观测的相机标定及姿态测量技术研究

为利用相机进行天文观测以实现高精度的相机姿态测量,必须先对相机参数进行精确标定。针对传统相机标定方法工作距离有限的问题,提出了以恒星为控制点的相机标定方法,根据球面天文学方法计算观测时刻控制点的世界坐标,利用摄像测量原理建立了恒星观测模型,求解相机的内外参数并分析了误差因素。实验结果表明,该标定方法在不依赖于精密、复杂的外部设备情况下可达到较高精度,并具有较强的抗噪声能力。将标定结果用于天文观测并求解相机姿态,航向角和俯仰角的解算重复性优于10″,能够满足高精度姿态测量的需求。该方法可进一步推广应用于星敏感器的标定。     

精密角度基准下的多相机定位系统高精度标定

在视觉定位测量领域中的大尺寸测量、运动追踪、三维重建、视觉定位中,针对多相机定位系统中相机之间无公共视场或公共视场较小时系统标定困难、方法繁琐、精度低等问题,提出了一种基于精密二轴转台的多相机定位系统一体化标定方法。利用二轴转台提供角度基准,当转台一次转过所有相机视场时,各个相机依次拍摄标定图片,求解出各个相机内参以及各相机到转台的外参,利用转台坐标系中转计算相机之间的外参。整个标定过程由程序控制,实现了多相机系统采图标定的集成化、自动化,降低了标定工作量。分析了多相机定位系统的标定原理,并进行了实验验证。两相机内参重投影误差在0.17 pixel以内,系统定位精度在1 mm以内。结果表明,所提方法切实可行,精度较高,可操作性强,可应用于各种无公共视场或公共视场较小的多相机定位系统标定过程。     

基于交比不变性的投影仪标定

提出了一种新的投影仪标定方法以提高数字光栅投影三维测量中投影仪标定的准确性。该方法结合二次投影技术和交比不变性进行投影仪标定。采用二次投影技术解决投射图案与标定板图案互相干扰的问题;采用交比不变性以避免引入相机的标定误差。接着进行了对比实验,以验证所提方法的有效性。选取需要相机参数的传统投影仪标定方法以及根据全局单应性的投影仪标定方法作为对比方法。结果显示,本方法的反投影误差标准差分别从(0.2275,0.2264)像素和(0.1397,0.0997)像素降低到(0.0645,0.0601)像素,反投影误差的最大值分别从1.222像素和0.5617像素降低到0.2421像素。另外,该方法还可同时标定相机,从而获得整个三维测量系统的参数。本文提出的方法可以避免相机标定参数的误差传递,提高投影仪的标定精度。     

基于仿射近似投影模型的长焦相机标定方法

鉴于透视投影模型在长焦相机标定过程中存在过参数化的问题,采用仿射近似投影模型对长焦相机成像过程进行建模,并提出了基于仿射近似投影模型的长焦相机标定方法。首先,深入分析了仿射投影位姿模糊的形成机制,在此基础上详细推导了仿射近似投影下基于平面模板的长焦相机内外参数解算方法;然后,基于透视投影模型,以重投影像点残差平方和最小为目标函数,对内外参数初值进行优化求精;最后,针对仿射投影模型的位姿模糊,在平面标定模板基础上附加微凸圆柱标志。仿真和实际实验结果显示,所提出的长焦相机标定方法有效可行,在实验室环境下重建平面目标的离面中误差优于0.02 mm。     

基于一维标定物和改进进化策略的相机标定

为了解决运动参数光电探测过程中的相机标定问题,制作一种两端及中间各安装一个红外反光标记球的一维标定物.不需要其它复杂标定装置,只要将这种特制的一维标定物在测量空间内多次随意移动并摄取其图像,即可实现标定.算法首先假定主点位于像面中心附近的某个位置,再求出焦距、旋转矩阵、平移向量和比例因子,最后通过评价函数将相机标定转换成寻找两相机最佳主点对的非线性最小化问题.在传统进化策略中引进个体的自我改进系数、个体间距离等概念,提出了求取子代个体间的欧式距离并排序的方法,设计了搜索最佳主点对的改进型进化策略算法.与传统标定方法相比,基于一维标定物的方法克服了多相机场合的遮挡问题,改进进化策略的引入打破了一维标定物需做某种特殊运动的限制,使一维标定物自由运动时相机内、外参数的同时求解成为可能,改进的模拟退火进化策略改善了算法的全局收敛性能并加快了收敛速度.     

结构光测量技术中的投影仪标定算法

详细介绍了投影机模型,并提出一种简单、高精度的投影仪参数标定算法,该算法将投影仪当作一个逆向的相机,使用一块带有圆形标志点的平面标定板对投影仪进行标定.标定过程中,使用两组不同方向的光栅图像建立投影仪图像和相机图像的对应关系,从而得到投影仪标定所需的图像数据,将投影仪标定转化为成熟的相机标定,然后使用相机标定算法对投影仪进行高精度标定.实验结果表明,所提议的投影仪标定算法操作过程简单,标定精度可达0.312 pixel.     

基于相位移编码圆的相机离焦快速标定方法

针对大范围视觉系统相机标定难度大、效率低的问题,提出了一种基于相位移编码圆的相机离焦快速标定方法。该方法首先通过相位移编码圆实现离焦状态下的特征点提取;利用标靶空间位置信息构建出单目相机的目标函数,并采用非线性最小二乘法求解相机的内部参数;通过建立双目系统的目标优化函数解析出相机系统的外部参数。该方法无需移动相机或标靶,通过拍摄3幅相位移圆图像,即可完成大范围视觉系统相机离焦状态下的快速标定。经实验验证:标定焦距偏差在0.5%以内,逆向投影误差最大为0.33pixel,解决了大范围视觉系统相机标定难度大、效率低的难题。     

近景大视场角分区域标定方法研究

针对飞行试验测量视场大相机标定精度低的问题,提出一种高精度CCD相机分区域标定方法。该方法首先通过将标靶均匀布置在摄像机视场内,使得标靶尽可能均匀错落地充满整个视场范围,再结合人眼判读的方式求解靶标的像面位置,最终与全站仪三维坐标形成精确的空间标定点集。接着,将像平面按横向方向等间距分割成Ｎ个区域,并结合后方交会的方法分别对每个子区域进行相机参数的计算。实验结果表明：经过分区域标定,相机采集点的总误差比单区域标定法降低了4％(Ｎ＝3)。算法可实现指定区域的相机参数计算,基本满足中高等精度的工业测量要求。所本文研究可应用于位置相对固定不变的工业视觉测量,特别是大工件测量领域。     

科学级CCD相机标定系统的设计

针对某系统中大批量科学级CCD相机标定的需求,设计了一套能够大批量、快速标定科学级CCD相机的高准确度标定系统.相机标定系统由1053nm纳秒固体激光器、刀口、双积分球、激光功率计、信号发生器、计算机与数据处理软件组成,该标定系统可对科学级CCD在1 053 nm光脉冲条件下的调制度、对比度、疵点、光学动态范围、响应非...     

中心折反射全方位摄像头的标定方法研究

提出一种适用于不同类型中心折反射全方位摄像头的标定方法。该方法不需标定模板的运动信息或限定全方位摄像头的类型,而只用通过摄像头观测分布在不同位置的标定模板,对所采集的标定模板图像提取角点,将包含内外部参数的非线性图像投影函数用泰勒级数展开表示,应用Levenberg-Marquardt算法计算摄像头外部参数,而通过对超定方程组的伪逆求解计算内部参数。整个标定过程简单,快速而且自动完成。利用某一中心折反射全方位摄像头对提出的方法进行了实验,实验结果表明,该方法可获得很好的标定效果。     

Study on Calibration Methods of Structured Light Sensor

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Online self-camera orientation based on laser metrology and computer algorithms

An online self-camera orientation for mobile vision is presented. In this technique, the camera orientation is determined during the vision task. This procedure is carried out by Bezier networks of a laser line. Here, the camera orientation is calibrated when the camera is turned during the vision task. Also, the networks perform the three-dimensional vision. The network structure is built based on the behavior of the line shifting, which is provided by the surface depth. From this structure, the initial calibration and the online self-camera orientation are deduced. The proposed technique avoids calibrated references and physical measurements, which are used in the traditional calibration of camera orientation. Thus, calibration limitations caused by camera orientation modifications are overcome to perform the three-dimensional vision. Therefore, the proposed self-camera orientation improves the accuracy and performance of the mobile vision. It is because online data of calibrated references are not passed to the vision system. This procedure represents a contribution in the field of the calibration of camera orientation. To elucidate this contribution, an evaluation is performed based on the reported methods of self-calibration of camera orientation. Also, the time processing is described.     

Study on Calibration Methods of Structured Light Sensor

In this paper,advantages and disadvantages of existing calibration methods are presented.Based on the projective transformation which is the basic principle of a CCD camera,a new method of calibrating structured light sensor is presented.Steps and advantages of the calibration and experimental results are given.     

Research on camera calibration using new optimization strategy

An important task for stereo vision is camera calibration, whose goal is to obtain the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of each camera. This paper proposes a new accurate calibration method with multilevel process of camera parameters. In order to improve the calibration accuracy, a sub-pixel corner detection method is presented. We start with several views of a planar calibration to obtain some intrinsic camera parameters and to build an accurate model with lens distortion on a planar calibration target. Flexibly making use of geometry imaging theory, our algorithm obtains all the parameters through logical organization of solving order, accordingly avoids obtaining possible local optimized problem when solving the non-linear equation, gets over the relativity influence of every unknown parameters of traditional calibration way, and makes the error distributed among the constraint relation of parameters. Experiments with real images are carried out to verify the image correction effect and numerical robustness of our results. Compared with classical calibration techniques, that use expensive equipment and complicated mathematical computation, the proposed technique, which was verified by experiment, achieves high accuracy and reliable parameters.     

High precision camera calibration in vision measurement

In order to ensure the measurement precision for shape recovery from a stereo vision system, a novel high precision calibration method is presented. Some standard points acquired from the object of interest are used as standard world points. There are four rotation matrices and translation matrices that need to be calibrated, the first is between the left camera and the world coordinate, the second is between the right camera and the world coordinate, the third is between the left camera and the right camera, and the last is between the right camera and the left camera. The lens distortion parameters include radial and tangential distortion. The merits of the calibration method are its high precision, easy of operation, and high reliability.     

A flexible new three-dimensional measurement technique by projected fringe pattern

Aimed at the problems of inferior precision and bad maneuverability for three-dimensional (3D) measurement by projected fringe pattern, a flexible new 3D technique for performing system calibration and measuring was proposed. First, we analyzed the principle of conventional 3D measurement with projected fringe pattern, and pointed out the shortcoming of measurement system. Then, the CCD camera calibration technique is analyzed and we set up the perspective projection model which transforms the computer image coordinate to 3D world coordinate, and we get the coordinate of the CCD camera image lens. Third, the position of projection lens optical center can be obtained using the above model. At last, some experiment results presented show that this technique is more simple and robust in engineering than conventional measurement method.     

A camera calibration method for large field optical measurement

A camera calibration method is presented for large field optical measurement, where the camera is close to the ground and the control points can only be located close to the ground, too. In such conditions, the camera's optical center and the control points are approximately coplanar. Only a single image of these control points captured by the camera in measurement state is used in the method. Neither to distribute the control points in space rationally nor to calibrate the camera's intrinsic parameters in laboratory in advance is needed. By the presented method, the camera's principal point position, focal length, radial and transverse tangency lens distortion coefficients, and the camera's position and attitude parameters can be estimated precisely. Then the calibration results can be used for precise large field optical measurement in the conditions that the camera's longitudinal tangency lens distortion can be neglected or the objects’ movement field is close to the ground, which is usually factual in practical applications. The presented camera calibration method has been successfully used in applications, such as automatic landing of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) based on optical measurement guidance, to calibrate the cameras precisely.     

点光源反射镜法向标校技术

针对基于反射式点光源进行在轨辐射定标过程中反射镜法向标校建模不够完善的问题,提出基于反射镜与相机几何模型的反射镜法向标校及矢量控制算法.通过解算模型求解相机与反射镜间的几何误差,建立了太阳图像质心坐标与反射镜法向之间的关系,可实现多点自动化标校反射镜法向,提高镜法向标校及系统指向精度.实验结果表明,利用解算后的几何模型反解不同时刻质心坐标进行多点反射镜法向标校,相机观测太阳像素角分辨率标准误差分别为:X轴方向0.02165°、Y轴方向0.01982°,综合角分辨率误差为0.02936°,优于太阳观测器对反射镜法向标校精度.实现了相机观测太阳取代人工借助太阳观测器观测太阳的自动化镜法向标校,扩展了标校灵活度,系统综合指向精度优于0.1°,为固定实验场联网自动化集中控制不同能级梯度的点光源阵列在轨辐射定标和调制传递函数检测奠定基础.