On the low-threshold parametric mechanism of the anomalous power absorption in electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments in toroidal devices

The experimental conditions that facilitate the excitation of parametric decay instabilities upon the electron cyclotron resonance heating of a plasma at the second harmonic extraordinary wave in tokamaks and stellarators and, as a result, make anomalous absorption of microwave power possible have been analyzed. It has been shown that, in the case of a nonmonotonic radial profile of the plasma density, when the beam of electron cyclotron waves passes near the equatorial plane of a toroidal device, the parametric excitation of electron Bernstein waves, as well as the generation of ion Bernstein waves propagating from the parametric decay region to the nearest ion cyclotron harmonic, where they efficiently interact with ions, is possible. The proposed theoretical model can explain the anomalous generation of accelerated ions observed upon electron cyclotron heating in small and moderate toroidal facilities.     

Instability of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Harmonic Waves in Plasmas

The stability of electromagnetic ion cyclotron harmonic waves propagating normal to an external magnetic field is studied for plasmas whose ions possess loss cone type velocity distributions. It is found that, if the ions are stationary, no instability develops except in the extreme case when the ratio of parallel to perpendicular "temperatures" of the ions is of the order mi/me, where mi and me are the ion and electron masses respectively. However, for the case of two counterstreaming ion beams in a neutralizing background of electrons, instability at zero frequency and near the first several ion cyclotron harmonics can occur if the streaming velocity is of the order of the electron thermal speed.     

Forming of Space Charge Wave with Broad Frequency Spectrum in Helical Relativistic Two-Stream Electron Beams

We elaborate a quadratic nonlinear theory of plural interactions of growing space charge wave(SCW) harmonics during the development of the two-stream instability in helical relativistic electron beams. It is found that in helical two-stream electron beams the growth rate of the two-stream instability increases with the beam entrance angle. An SCW with the broad frequency spectrum, in which higher harmonics have higher amplitudes, forms when the frequency of the first SCW harmonic is much less than the critical frequency of the two-stream instability.For helical electron beams the spectrum expands with the increase of the beam entrance angle. Moreover,we obtain that utilizing helical electron beams in multiharmonic two-stream superheterodyne free-electron lasers leads to the improvement of their amplification characteristics, the frequency spectrum broadening in multiharmonic signal generation mode, and the reduction of the overall system dimensions.     

Theory of second-order cyclotron resonance as related to the origin of discrete VLF emissions in the magnetosphere

Recent analytical and numerical results concerning the role of the second-order cyclotron resonance effects in formation of discrete emissions in the magnetosphere are reviewed. Peculiarities of whistler cyclotron interactions with energetic particles having sharp (step-like or beam-like) distribution functions evolving in space and time are studied. Formation of such distributions is considered, and an analytical self-consistent theory of the second-order cyclotron resonance effects is developed. In particular, characteristics of electron beams produced by the interaction of a VLF wave packet from a ground-based transmitter are studied. It is shown that spatial and temporal gradients of the parallel velocity of the beams formed can be opposite to the case of a pure adiabatic motion of a single particle. Such a behavior can be significant for the generation of secondary emissions. It is proven that the optimal conditions for the instability occur for a nonstationary quasi-monochromatic wavelets whose frequency changes in time. The theory developed permits one to estimate the wave amplification and spatio-temporal characteristics of these wavelets. Numerical results on beam formation and generation of secondary emissions are presented. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 713–727, August 1999.     

双共焦波导结构二次谐波太赫兹回旋管谐振腔设计

准光共焦波导具有功率容量大、模式密度低的特点,能够有效地减少模式竞争对回旋管互作用的影响,有利于高次谐波太赫兹回旋管的设计.为提高太赫兹准光回旋管的互作用效率,在共焦柱面波导的基础上,研究了一种新型高频互作用结构——双共焦波导结构,设计了一种330 GHz二次谐波双共焦结构回旋管谐振腔并对其进行了理论分析和粒子模拟.研究结果表明,双共焦谐振腔中的高阶模式能够与高次电子回旋谐波发生稳定的相互作用,并且没有模式竞争现象,具备工作在太赫兹波段的潜力.相比普通共焦波导谐振腔,双共焦谐振腔能够增强准光回旋管的注波互作用强度,提高回旋管的输出功率和工作效率.此外,结果还表明双共焦波导中的电磁波模式是一种由两个独立的共焦波导模式叠加而成的混合模式.利用这种混合模式有望实现太赫兹回旋管的单注双频工作,为新型太赫兹辐射源的研究提供了新的途径.     

Tunable nonlinear beam shaping by non‐collinear interactions

A method is proposed for nonlinear beam shaping, employing a non‐collinear quasi phase‐matched interaction in a crystal whose nonlinear coefficient is encoded by a computer generated hologram pattern. In this method the same axis is used for both satisfying the phase‐matching requirements and encoding the holographic information, the result is a single shaped beam in the generated frequency. This allows to shape beams in one‐dimension using a very simple method to fabricate patterned nonlinear crystals and to shape beams in two‐dimensions with high conversion efficiency. The one‐dimensional case is experimentally demonstrated by converting a fundamental Gaussian beam into Hermite‐Gaussian beams at the second harmonic in a KTiOPO₄ crystal. The two‐dimensional case is demonstrated by generating Hermite‐Gaussian and Laguerre‐Gaussian beams in a stoichiometric lithium tantalate crystal. The suggested scheme enables broad wavelength tuning by simply tilting the crystal.     

Coherent interaction of ion and electron beams in systems with electron cooling

A hydrodynamic approximation is used to study the behavior of dipole modes of the transverse oscillations of an ion beam in a storage ring with an electron cooling section. It is shown that in addition to the finite interaction time of the beams, instability may be caused by a specific interaction effect between the ion and electron beams in the magnetic field which leads to redistribution of energy between the various modes of the ion beam oscillations. In this case, the condition that the determinant of the transfer matrix for the cooling section does not exceed unity no longer guarantees the stability of the transverse coherent oscillations of the ion beam and all the eigenvalues of the complete matrix of the ion motion including the storage ring must be analyzed. Calculations of the stability of ion beam dipole oscillations are presented for the parameters of CELSIUS.     

Parametric Mechanism of Anomalous Microwave Power Absorption in Experiments on Electron Cyclotron Heating in Toroidal Magnetic Traps

The nonlinear stage of the parametric decay instability of an extraordinary wave is analyzed in the presence of a nonmonotonic density profile. The decay excites an electron Bernstein wave, which is localized in the vicinity of a local density maximum, and an ion Bernstein wave, which leaves a nonlinear interaction region and is absorbed by ions in the vicinity of the harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency. The main mechanism of instability saturation is considered to be a cascade of decays of a primary daughter electron Bernstein wave, which leads to the excitation of localized secondary electron Bernstein waves and ion cyclotron (Bernstein) waves. The localization of electron Bernstein waves causes a significant decrease in the secondary- decay excitation threshold, which is thought to provide saturation of the primary instability at the lowest level. The saturation of the primary parametric decay instability of a pump wave and the anomalous absorption of the pump power are analytically estimated. A numerical simulation is performed using the parameters that are typical of the experiments on the electron cyclotron resonance heating of plasma at the second resonance harmonic in TCV tokamak.     

Stochastic heating of ions in a modulated electron beam-plasma system

A modulation of an electron beam density at frequencies lower than an ion cyclotron frequency enhanced the low frequency instability of broad band and heated plasma ions in a beam-plasma system. The heating of ions is explained by the stochastic process of a weakly turbulent plasma.     

Stabilization of counter streaming electron beam instability

Instability at half the electron cyclotron frequency that arises in a system of symmetrical counter streaming electron beams is stabilized by the injection of third beam.     

Interactions between one-dimensionalquadratic soliton-like beams

The interaction between two quadratic soliton-like beams was investigated for beams launched parallel to one another, and at small crossing angles. The experiments were performed in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate slab waveguides near a Type I phase-matching condition for second harmonic generation (SHG). Only beams at the fundamental frequency were launched and the second harmonic required for quadratic soliton formation was generated upon propagation into the waveguide. The results of the interaction were found to depend on the relative phase between the input fundamental beams, the net phase mismatch for SHG and on the beam crossing angle. Good agreement with numerical simulations of the different interactions was found. In general, the results of the interactions were similar to those found in saturable Kerr-like media.     

Low-threshold absolute parametric decay instabilities in experiments on electron cyclotron resonance heating in tokamaks

We have analyzed experimental conditions for the excitation of absolute parametric decay instabilities accompanying the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of plasma at the second harmonic of resonance in tokamaks. It has been shown that, in the case of a nonmonotonic radial profile of the plasma density, when a heating beam passes near the equatorial plane of a tokamak, the parametric excitation of resonances of ion Bernstein waves accompanied by the generation of the backscattered microwave radiation can occur. The threshold of absolute instability thus developed is determined by the dissipation of an ion Bernstein wave and can be exceeded in current experiments on the ECRH of a plasma in tokamaks.     

Large-signal theory of gyro traveling wave tubes at cyclotronharmonics

A nonlinear theory of gyrotron traveling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs) at cyclotron harmonics has been developed taking into account the electron velocity spread and the possibility of operating with significant Doppler frequency up-shift (CARM operation). It is shown that the orbital efficiency of the relativistic gyro-TWT operating at the second cyclotron harmonic with large frequency up-conversion may exceed 60%. It is also shown that the influence of the axial inhomogeneity of the wave field on the relation between amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields of the wave causes small changes in the efficiency of gyro-TWTs. The results obtained demonstrate the sensitivity of the harmonic gyro-TWT efficiency with respect to electron velocity spread at different axial wave numbers. The expressions for the gain are derived and discussed,     

High-power microwave generation from large-orbit devices

Experimental and theoretical studies conducted at the University of Maryland on the production of high-power microwave radiation in cusp-injected, large-orbit devices are reviewed. Three classes of devices belonging to this category are discussed. In the first case, an axis-encircling rotating electron beam interacts via the negative mass instability with the modes of a smooth cylindrical waveguide, producing broadband radiation at multiple harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. In the second case, the beam interacts with a multiresonator magnetron circuit designed to provide mode control, resulting in high-power radiation at a desired cyclotron harmonic. In the third case, the beam interacts with a transverse wiggler magnetic field produced by samarium-cobalt magnets placed interior and/or exterior to the beam. In this last case the interaction is analogous to a circular-geometry free-electron laser. Experimental results form all three configurations are reviewed and compared with theoretical expectations. The possibility of enhanced operational efficiency in all of these devices by electron energy recovery is discussed and a design for a first experiment to test this concept is presented     

Dynamics of the two-component ion beam in a linear undulator accelerator

The possibility of increasing the ion beam current in an undulator linear accelerator (UNDULAC) is studied. Such an accelerator can be implemented in an H-type periodic resonator in a structure that has no RF-field harmonic synchronous with the beam. It has been shown before that the UNDULAC’s beam current can be increased with the use of ribbon beams. Another method of increasing intensity of ion beams is associated with the possibility of accelerating the positive and negative ions simultaneously in the same bunch. Numerical simulations are used to find the maximum intensity of this two-component beam.     

Upconversion of whistler waves by gyrating ion beams in a plasma

A gyrating ion beam, with a ring-shaped distribution in velocity, supports negative energy beam modes near the harmonics of beam gyro-frequency. An investigation of the non-linear interaction of high-frequency whistler waves with the negative energy beam cyclotron mode is made. A non-linear dispersion relation is derived for the coupled modes. It is shown that a gyrating ion-beam frequency upconverts the whistler waves separated by harmonics of beam gyro-frequency. The expression for the growth rate of whistler mode waves has been derived. In Case 1, a high-amplitude whistler wave decays into two lower frequency waves, called a low-frequency mode and a side band of frequency lower than that of pump wave. In Case 2 a high-amplitude whistler wave decays into two lower frequency daughter waves, called the low-frequency mode and whistler waves. Generation mechanism of these waves has application in space and laboratory plasmas.     

束—等离子体放电中低频等离子体波的非稳定性研究

本文采用非中性冷等离子体模型,研究了沿磁场入射的电子束和等离子体相互作用引起的低频等离子体波的非稳定性。计算表明,在束-等离子体放电情况下,振动频率和增长率都随电子束密度增加而增加,当束电流一定时,它们随l增加而略有增加。l=1时其频率数量级与离子迴旋频率相同。l≥3时,振动频率几乎不随k_z变化,其振动频率和增长率数量级与低混杂振荡频率相同,实质是低混杂漂移非稳定性。理论结果与实验一致。     

The Transverse Oscillation of Coaxial Multiple Beams Propagating along a Magnetic Field in a Vacuum Tube

A fluid Maxwell theory has been derived to study a system of multibeams propagating parallel to an applied axial magnetic field in an evacuated conducting drift tube. The stability analysis is performed for a rigid-rotor and cold-laminar flow equilibria. It is assumed that the particle beams are tenuous and the guiding field is very strong. As a result, the perturbation theory is derived under the condition that the plasma frequency is much smaller than the cyclotron frequency for each beam particle. A dispersion relation is obtained for a special case of sharp-boundary density profiles. The stability properties of infinitely long beams are illustrated in detail for different geometries and various beam parameters. The results agree with those obtained by Uhm [8] in a special case where a solid electron beam propagates through an annular electron beam. The finite geometry effect of the accelerator is discussed briefly. It might have a substantial influence on the behavior of a real device.     

Observation of explosive instability in an electron beam-plasma system

We have observed experimentally the explosive instability of the slow space charge wave of the electron beam and the electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic wave due to nonlinear wave-particle interaction. These waves interact nonlinearly with the electron beam and grow simultaneously.     

电子迴旋激射不稳定性

本文分析了下述情况下的电子迴旋波的激射不稳定性:当相对性的单能高能电子斜向注入具有背景等离子体的磁场区域内,并且在电子等离子体频率与电子迴旋频率可以比拟时,考虑了背景等离子体密度远大于单能的高能电子的密度,以及与前者相反的两种情况。当单能的高能电子具有弱相对论性效应时,在电子迴旋频率的基频和二次谐波附近,分别有ο模和χ模的不稳定性存在。文中计算了这两种模的增长率,并作了讨论。 关键词：