改进型高分辨率宽波段Schwarzschild成像光谱仪研究

针对Schwarzschild结构在成像光谱仪系统中的应用进行了研究。以Schwarzschild结构的像散分析为基础,获得了该结构的完善消像差条件;之后,对该结构进行了改进,由准直镜和凸面镜,以及凸面镜和聚焦镜分别组成了两个消像散的Schwarzschild结构,从而构成了Schwarzschild成像光谱系统。并给出了这种系统的各个光学参数的计算条件。以一工作波段为340～500nm的紫外-可见成像光谱系统为例进行了设计,从而对设计理论进行了验证。根据优化理论计算了初始结构最优解并进行光线追迹模拟,成功设计了数值孔径0.125,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在奈奎斯特频率(20lp.mm-1)下大于0.58的高分辨率成像光谱仪光学系统。这种结构的不同变形分别可以作为Czerny-Turner系统,Ebert-Fastie系统或者Offner系统应用,设计结果也表明这种改进的系统设计理论适用于小型宽波段高分辨率成像光谱仪。     

消像散Czerny-Turner光谱成像系统的设计

传统Czerny-Turner结构的成像光谱仪存在固有的像散,为选择合理的消像散结构。对现有的消像散方法进行了比较,在不忽略光栅与准直镜和聚焦镜距离的情况下,分析了传统Czerny-Turner光谱仪的零阶消像散条件,推导出子午和弧矢焦长的表达式,并利用MATLAB精确计算出零阶消像散的光学结构参数。此外,分析了用超环面聚焦镜代替球面镜、加入柱面反射镜和柱面透镜等方法的消像散条件,并在可见光波段分别对初始Czerny-Turner结构进行改进优化。所有方法在整个波段内都较好地校正了像散,将平面光栅置于发散光路中的方法不引入复杂光学元件,结构简单、加工成本低、易于装调,最具推广价值。     

宽波段高分辨率改进型Czerny-Turner成像光谱仪研究

主要针对Czerny-Turner结构在成像光谱仪系统中的应用进行了研究。Czerny-Turner结构主要存在的像差为像散。为了获得了该结构的完善消像散条件,对其进行了理论分析和结构改进。系统的基本结构不变,仍由球面准直镜,平面光栅和球面聚焦镜组成,但在聚焦镜后添加了一个带楔角的柱面镜,该柱面镜解决了子午方向和弧矢方向上存在大像散差的问题,使系统可以在较宽的波段上实现较高的分辨率,同时元件制作成本大大降低。设计了一个工作在可见光波段(380~760nm)的改进型成像光谱系统,并对设计理论进行了验证。例子成功设计了数值孔径0.05,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在奈奎斯特频率(20lp·mm-1)下大于0.59的高分辨率成像光谱仪光学系统。这种改进的系统设计理论适用于小型宽波段高分辨率成像光谱仪。     

改进型Czerny-Turner成像光谱仪光学系统设计方法

像散是目前影响Czerny-Turner结构成像光谱仪空间分辨率最大的像差。首先引入柱面反射镜,利用光焦度衡量像散大小,推导出易于计算的像散校正公式,有效地校正了像散。给出准直镜到光栅距离的计算方法,有效校正了成像光谱仪边缘视场像差。给出了成像光谱仪像面倾角的计算方法,实现了宽波段的像差校正。最终利用上述方法设计了一套用于115～200nm的改进型Czerny-Turner成像光谱仪,焦距f′=48mm,F数为5.0,全视场、全波段调制传递函数(MTF)在0.7以上。全波段光谱分辨率为0.22nm,像面大小为8mm×7mm。设计方法适用于多种结构要求的成像光谱仪。     

消像散型Czerny-Turner成像光谱仪图像变形校正研究

Czerny-Turner结构成像光谱仪像散校正会改变系统焦距,导致图像子午方向和弧矢方向放大率存在差异。分析了两种Czerny-Turner结构成像光谱仪像散校正光路(柱面镜和超环面)像散校正原理,由此提出并推导出两类光谱图像变形校正公式和方法,并总结二者的共同特征。通过理论计算、光线追迹仿真和实际光谱成像测量验证了图像变形校正方法的正确性。同时,该图像校正方法对其他准直光工作条件下离轴结构色散型成像光谱仪图像变形校正研究有借鉴意义。     

空间高层大气遥感远紫外成像光谱仪的光学系统

空间高层大气遥感远紫外成像光谱仪主要用于观测高层大气中的远紫外辐射和实现对其内部中尺度现象成像的功能。目前我国该类的相关仪器研究基础还比较薄弱,针对这种情况,在光学系统设计的角度上给出了一种适用于130～180nm波段探测的光学系统方案。该成像光谱仪光学系统以离轴抛物镜为物镜,串联Wadsworth结构为成像光谱系统;这种串联Wadsworth成像光谱系统采用离轴抛物镜做准直镜,分光器件为平面光栅和球面光栅串联,实现二次色散,同时球面光栅起到聚焦成像作用;在像差理论的基础上,对该结构的光程函数和各像差进行了分析,获得了改进结构的宽波段完善成像条件。针对低轨空间探测应用要求设计了相关改进型Wadsworth结构成像光谱仪光学系统,设计结果证明系统像差得到了充分校正,在奈奎斯特频率(20lp/mm)下全视场全波段调制传递函数值在0.6以上。该优化结构同时具备高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率,性能优越。     

宽波段高分辨率小型紫外成像光谱仪光学系统研究

结合小型紫外光谱仪器设计原理对紫外成像光谱仪进行了研究。以离轴抛物镜为望远镜,超环面光栅为成像光谱系统设计了系统方案;该光学系统的优化设计就是对超环面光栅的参数设计。分析了光栅的光程函数和像差方程,总结了单超环面光栅结构的完善聚焦条件和完善成像条件;这两种条件无法在代数计算下得到完善代数解,限制了光谱仪的工作波段和视场,引入遗传算法解决了这个问题。以一工作波段为200～280nm的日盲紫外成像光谱仪为例对设计理论进行验证,根据优化理论计算了初始结构最优解并进行光线追迹模拟,成功得到了F数为5.7,焦距为102mm,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在奈奎斯特频率(20lp.mm-1)下大于0.65的高分辨率成像光谱仪光学系统。设计结果表明这种光学系统设计理论适用于小型宽波段高分辨率紫外成像光谱仪。     

用于沿海水色探测的机载宽谱段小F数高光谱成像仪光学系统

为解决传统Dyson成像光谱系统结构过于紧凑而难于实际应用的缺点,通过减薄半球透镜厚度和偏置狭缝位置的办法,将狭缝、像面与半球透镜之间拉开了足够的轴上距离和垂轴距离;结合光程进行分析,获得了改进后Dyson系统的消像散条件;在半球透镜和凹面光栅之间增加两个球面透镜,对轴上距离带来的额外球差和色差进行校正.结合改进的Dyson成像光谱仪和Schwarzschild双反射镜系统,设计了宽波段、小F数高光谱成像仪光学系统.对一工作波段为320~1 000nm的实例设计结果进行分析可知,F数为1.8的全系统像差得到充分校正,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在0.5以上,光谱分辨率达到3.6nm.该系统可用于沿海环境的高光谱观测.     

10°远心离轴三反消像散望远系统的光学设计

在共轴三反系统的几何光学成像理论基础上,研究了成像光谱仪用远心宽视场、大相对孔径离轴三反消像散系统的设计问题,推导出了平像场、远心三反消像散系统初始结构参量和三级像差的计算方程.在给定系统像方焦距f ′和F/#的情况下,只要给定次镜对主镜的遮拦比α1和次镜口径D2的具体值,就可以得到一个平像场、远心三反消像散成像系统的初始结构,通过进一步优化可得到满足设计要求的结果.据此设计出一个光谱范围0.4～2.5 μm、焦距f ′=720 mm、相对孔径F/4、线视场角为10°的平像场、远心离轴望远系统,其主镜为6次非球面,次镜和三镜为椭球面,在空间频率27.8对线/mm处,调制传递函数值大于0.85.     

柱面反射式消像散Czerny-Turner光谱仪高分辨探测技术研究

传统Czerny-Turner光谱仪系统中,像散是影响光谱仪成像质量并限制其在分析领域中进一步应用的主要因素。针对这一问题,提出了柱面反射式消像散Czerny-Turner光谱仪高分辨探测技术。使用柱面反射镜校正系统像散,能够提高系统像质,在具有良好工艺性的同时,保证宽波段C-T光谱仪的实际分辨力。实验证明,柱面反射式消像散C-T光谱仪的分辨力在400～800nm的探测范围内可以达到0.02 nm。该技术能够提高光谱仪的性能,为高分辨宽波段的光谱仪研制提供可行方法。     

Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor

We show that high extinction ratio (>20 dB) modal interference in a two-mode dispersion compensating fiber can be utilized to build a compact, easy-to-fabricate tunable all-fiber optical comb filter. Wavelength tunability over the full free spectral range of the comb filter is demonstrated with an electrical power of 115mW using an on-fiber thin film micro-heater deposited directly on the fiber. In another configuration, the comb filter is used as a temperature sensor with dynamic range of >300 °C and sensitivity of <0.1 °C. The temperature sensor is capable of measuring a temperature as high as 500 °C.     

A high nonlinearity elliptical fiber for applications in Raman and Brillouin sensors

Raman and Brillouin effects have found special applications in distributed sensing for smart materials and structures. In these sensors, the fiber acts as a distributed sensor, sensing strain and temperature over a range of tens of kilometers and, at the same time, carries this information to the installation that will process them. In order to optimize the fiber to operate under the Brillouin and Raman regimes, a special elliptical fiber with small effective area has been designed, which will allow these sensors to cover longer distances and/or employ lower power lasers.     

Optical arithmetic unit using bit-WDM

A novel arithmetic unit is proposed consisting of a pipelined optical ripple carry adder that adds two words with bits multiplexed by different wavelengths on a single fiber. The addition result is returned to a fiber bus in the same format as the incoming words. The corresponding operand bit pairs are split off the fiber using wavelength division demultiplexers. Full adders compute the sum for each bit pair and the carry from the next lower significant bit pair. The full adder uses couplers and NOT, NOR and novel XOR logic gates constructed using semiconductor optical amplifiers for gain and wavelength shifting.     

Controllable optical bistability and multistability in a rare-earth-ion-doped optical fiber

We investigated the optical bistability and multistability in an Er³⁺-doped ZrF₄–BaF₂–LaF₃–AlF₃–NaF optical fiber inside an optical ring cavity. It is found that the optical bistability and multistability can be easily controlled via adjusting properly the parameters of the corresponding system. Our scheme may provide some new possibilities for technological applications in optoelectronics and optical-fiber communication.     

Experimental measurement and analysis of the optical trapping force acting on a yeast cell with a lensed optical fiber probe

Based on an optical trapping system with a single-lensed fiber probe inserted at an angle, the sub-picoNewton trapping force acting on a yeast cell as a function of the displacement is measured experimentally by the static and dynamic methods, respectively, whose measurement processes are presented in detail. The measured maximum trapping efficiency is 0.07 in our experiment, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the optical tweezers. The characteristics of the trapping force in the various horizontal directions are discussed. Finally, the analysis of the measurement error shows the factors and their magnitude which cause error, and offers a way to reduce the error in future.     

Method of state code matrixes in the realization of optical switching using Perfect Shuffle

Based on the Left Perfect Shuffle (LPS) optical communication network constructed by cascade multi-stage LPS interconnection, using Looping algorithm, any arbitrary sequence of the input signals can be realized. However, instead of obtaining the simultaneous state codes of the same level node switches through mathematical analytical expressions directly, only routing tags of each channel can be obtained through mathematical analytical expressions so as to draw out topological chart of the network to obtain the state codes implied in the chart. Thus, the states of the switches cannot be directly programmed and controlled by computer in practical application. In this paper, based on the Looping algorithm, a method of stage code matrixes is presented to resolve this problem. By using the method, the simultaneous state codes of the same level’s four node switches can be directly obtained, which is convenient for the computer to provide controlled signals needed to finish the permutation for each node switch. The method of stage code matrixes provides further theoretical basis for the realization of optical switching by integration of Perfect Shuffle and high-speed optical switches.     

Temperature dependence of low loss polymeric AWG

We investigate on the variation of loss and temperature dependence of a polymeric arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) depending on its substrate, by fabricating 16-channel polymeric AWGs with various substrate conditions. Insertion loss for a polymeric AWG on a silicon substrate is measured as low as 3.1 dB. The temperature-dependent wavelength shift for a polymeric AWG detached from the substrate is maintained within 0.1 nm from 20 to 80 °C. But we observe a degradation of insertion loss and a little instability in wavelength characteristics both for the detached polymeric AWG and for a polymeric AWG on a polymer substrate. We investigate on those optical properties of the polymeric AWGs based on measured thermal expansion properties of the polymers.     

Dichroic property of the H2O-groups in α-quartz, LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 in the infrared range

The absorptive peaks of the H₂O-groups were observed in the infrared absorption spectra in the vicinity of 3480 cm⁻¹ in LiNbO₃ and LiTaO₃, and 3580 cm⁻¹ in α-quartz. The absorptions of these lines were found to depend on the vibration direction of the polarized incident light, showing the dichroic property in these crystals. The absorption of the ordinary ray waves is much larger than that for the E-ray waves in the crystals. This observation indicates that the direction of the bond vibrations for the H₂O-groups is perpendicular to the optic axis of crystals. The dichroic property of the H₂O-groups may serve as the tracer to study the local electric field in piezoelectric crystals.     

All optical latches using quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier

The design and performance of two optical latches, the Set-Reset (SR) latch and D-Flip-Flop has been studied. These latches are the building blocks of large optical processors. The latches are built using two optical logic operations NAND and NOT. Both NAND and NOT operations are realized by using Mach-Zhender interferometer (MZI) utilizing semiconductor optical amplifier with quantum dot active region (QD-SOA). Nonlinear dynamics including carrier heating and spectral hole-burning in the QD-SOA are taken into account together with the rate equations in order to realize the all-optical logic operations. Results show that this scheme can realize the functions of Set-Reset latch and D-Flip-Flop at high speeds (∼250 Gb/s). The dependence of the output quality (Q factor) on QD-SOA parameters is also discussed.     

Dispersion-Managed Solitons in Multiple-Core Nonlinear Fiber Arrays

The variational principle is employed to obtain the evolution of the parameters of Gaussian and super-Gaussian chirped solitons that propagates through multiple-core nonlinear optical fiber arrays. This is governed by the dispersion-managed nonlinear Schrodinger's equation with strong dispersion management in the presence of linear coupling between the adjacent cores. The results are valid for any configuration of the cores.