二氧化氯氧化云杉木质素的光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-visible)、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)以及核磁共振(1H NMR)分析技术对云杉木质素被二氧化氯氧化前后的结构变化进行了研究。当木质素被二氧化氯氧化时,其骨架结构中的芳香环基团被有效地氧化开环。红外光谱显示木质素中的愈疮木基特征峰强度显著降低,紫丁香基苯基以及对羟基苯基特征吸收峰完全消失,在被氧化后的木质素中出现CO 共轭羰基伸缩振动特征峰。紫外光谱显示木质素在被氧化后位于280 nm处的紫外吸收显著降低。1H核磁共振波谱显示,木质素中连接在芳香环侧链的甲氧基数量被氧化后出现显著的降低,同时与苯环相连的脂肪族侧链在后也相应地减少。研究结果说明二氧化氯能有效地氧化木质素中的芳香环,并将其氧化为带有CO基因的粘康酸及其酯类物质或带有醌型基团的物质。     

拉曼光谱对稀酸预处理奇岗细胞壁区域化学的研究SCIEI北大核心CSCD

共聚焦拉曼显微光谱技术可有效用于木质纤维生物质细胞壁的区域化学研究。利用该技术探索稀酸预处理过程中奇岗纤维细胞壁木质素和羟基肉桂酸的区域化学变化规律。研究发现预处理前木质素在细胞壁各区域的浓度不同,木质素浓度较高的区域羟基肉桂酸的浓度也较高。稀酸预处理后1 600cm-1(木质素)和1 170cm-1(羟基肉桂酸)的峰值强度降低,表明二者被部分溶出,且溶出率为次生壁>复合胞间层>角隅胞间层。预处理过程中次生壁和复合胞间层的特征峰强度比值(I1 170/I1 600)呈现上升趋势,表明在这两个形态区域中木质素比羟基肉桂酸更易溶出;而在角隅胞间层没有明显变化,表明该形态区域对二者的溶出没有倾向性。通过本研究可以更加深入了解稀酸预处理中化学组分在亚细胞水平的变化规律,同时也进一步拓展了拉曼光谱技术在植物细胞壁研究领域的应用。     

拉曼光谱对稀酸预处理奇岗细胞壁区域化学的研究

共聚焦拉曼显微光谱技术可有效用于木质纤维生物质细胞壁的区域化学研究。利用该技术探索稀酸预处理过程中奇岗纤维细胞壁木质素和羟基肉桂酸的区域化学变化规律。研究发现预处理前木质素在细胞壁各区域的浓度不同,木质素浓度较高的区域羟基肉桂酸的浓度也较高。稀酸预处理后1 600cm-1(木质素)和1 170cm-1(羟基肉桂酸)的峰值强度降低,表明二者被部分溶出,且溶出率为次生壁复合胞间层角隅胞间层。预处理过程中次生壁和复合胞间层的特征峰强度比值(I1 170/I1 600)呈现上升趋势,表明在这两个形态区域中木质素比羟基肉桂酸更易溶出;而在角隅胞间层没有明显变化,表明该形态区域对二者的溶出没有倾向性。通过本研究可以更加深入了解稀酸预处理中化学组分在亚细胞水平的变化规律,同时也进一步拓展了拉曼光谱技术在植物细胞壁研究领域的应用。     

传统陶瓷中结构羟基的光谱学研究

烧结粘土产品可以吸收水分子发生再羟基化,生成结构羟基的量与产品保存时间存在一定关系,基于该理论可以利用热重分析方法对陶器制品进行测年研究。红外与拉曼光谱技术也可以用来分析结构羟基信息,因此人们希望探索利用光谱分析方法代替热重法进行传统陶瓷无损测年分析。为了验证可行性,收集了多种典型矿物原料和可溯源的传统陶瓷样品,利用红外光谱和拉曼光谱分析它们内部结构羟基的情况。两种方法都可以观测到正长石、瓷土和高岭石中铝羟基在3 600～3 700 cm-1范围内的特征峰。分析传统陶瓷样品时,红外光谱中未在这一范围内观测到结构羟基的峰位。利用拉曼光谱分析,激发光波长为532 nm时可以在多种类型陶瓷产品的光谱3 600～4 000 cm-1范围内观测到两个明显的谱峰。改变光源波长,不能在相应区域观测到谱峰。但当光源波长为514 nm时,可在4 288和4 512 cm-1处观测到两个谱峰。将拉曼谱图转换为波长显示模式,激发光波长为532和514 nm时观测到的谱峰都可对应在约659和669 nm处。基于分析结果,推知当激发光波长为532 nm时,在拉曼光谱中3 600～4 000 cm-1范围内观测到的两个谱峰不是结构羟基的特征峰,而是较为尖锐的荧光峰。在目前技术条件下,拉曼和红外两种光谱学手段难以应用于我国高温陶瓷产品的再羟基化测年研究。     

拉曼光谱检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展

拉曼光谱是基于拉曼散射效应而发展起来的一种光谱分析技术,体现的是分子的振动或转动信息。由于拉曼光谱技术与常规化学分析技术相比,具有对样品无损、样品制备简单和所需样品量少等特点,广泛用于生物大分子结构变化的研究。拉曼光谱不仅可以用于蛋白质、核酸和脂类等生物大分子损伤的快速检测,而且可以用于癌症的诊断与手术治疗。通过对比正常组织与癌变组织的拉曼光谱,可以找到两种组织特征吸收峰的差异,从而为癌症的最终确诊和确定肿瘤切除范围提供重要信息。文章综述了拉曼光谱检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展,介绍了利用表面增强拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱和紫外共振拉曼光谱等技术在检测蛋白质二级结构、膜脂及DNA损伤中的应用,并展望了未来拉曼光谱技术的发展前景。     

中草药绞股蓝的傅里叶变换红外和拉曼光谱分析

利用傅里叶变换红外和拉曼光谱法直接、快速地测定了中草药绞股蓝样品 ,并对所测样品的红外、拉曼光谱图进行比较。结果表明 ,红外光谱图中各吸收峰位置与拉曼光谱图中各散射特征峰位置相对应 ,其关系互补。采用傅里叶变换红外和拉曼光谱分析法 ,对中草药绞股蓝的成份研究和特征波谱的鉴别 ,能为合理利用绞股蓝资源和寻找绞股蓝新的有效成分提供依据     

毛竹薄壁细胞组分分布及取向显微成像研究

薄壁细胞是竹材基本组织中的主要细胞类型起到填充及淀粉贮存作用,是竹材中重要的力学承载单元之一。采用共聚焦荧光显微技术对解离后的竹材薄壁细胞形态进行成像观察,透射电子显微镜成像发现薄壁细胞次生壁呈现宽窄交替的同心层状结构,且单层厚度在0.2～0.3μm。在此基础上利用532 nm共聚焦显微拉曼光谱成像技术原位状态下研究竹材薄壁细胞壁中木质素、纤维素区域化学,通过C—H伸缩振动(2 789～3 000 cm~(-1))特征峰峰高拉曼成像成功的区分出薄壁细胞复合胞间层以及次生壁,由于空间分辨率限制无法对薄壁细胞次生壁亚层进行区分。通过对薄壁细胞拉曼光谱380 cm~(-1)(吡喃环C—C—C对称弯曲振动)和1 600 cm~(-1)(木质素苯环伸缩振动)特征峰成像发现其次生壁中纤维素具有明显的区域选择性,而木质素具有明显的区域选择性,主要汇聚于复合胞间层及次生壁内层。与木质素共轭相联的松柏醛/芥子醛,以酯键和醚键与木质素和半纤维素相联的对羟基肉桂酸类与木质素分布规律类似。采用偏振光拉曼成像阐明纤维素微纤丝在薄壁细胞与纤维细胞各亚层中的空间取向差异,拉曼强度比值表明相对于纤维细胞宽层,纤维细胞窄层及薄壁细胞次生壁中纤维素分子更加趋近垂直于细胞轴向,也即是大的微纤丝角。研究结果加深了对毛竹薄壁细胞结构、细胞壁区域化学及分子取向特性的理解,能够为高效精准利用竹材提供重要的理论指导。     

共聚焦显微拉曼光谱研究碱处理对稻秸发酵制沼气的影响

碱水解法以其方便高效成为稻秸发酵制沼气中广泛采用的化学预处理方法,但是碱水解对于稻秸细胞壁中高聚物成分及其空间致密交联结构的作用机理有待深入研究。采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱和透射电镜研究了NaOH碱处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。首先对未处理稻秸和碱处理稻秸进行微米级空间分辨率的拉曼光谱面扫描,然后对这两类样本进行主成分分析,发现累计贡献率达99%的前两个主成分空间中两类样本分别呈射线状分布,两类样本分界线清楚表明碱处理导致稻叶组织的拉曼光谱响应特性发生了明显变化;进一步分析前两个主成分的载荷图,发现拉曼峰1 739,1 508和1 094 cm-1是影响主成分的重要谱带,而这三个拉曼峰分别归属于半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的拉曼散射效应;结合半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的拉曼特征峰和显微图像信息实现了组织细胞中三种成分的化学成像分析,发现碱处理破坏了稻叶组织中上述三种成分的致密空间结构,并使它们的含量明显减少,尤其是木质素。由此得出结论：共聚焦显微拉曼光谱可实现稻叶组织细胞中半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的无损检测,结合显微空间信息可实现稻秸中三种成分的化学成像分析,该研究有助揭示碱处理促进秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的作用机理。     

小檗碱在TLC原位的FT-SERS研究

应用表面增强技术将薄层色谱与近红外傅里叶变换拉曼光谱联用，获得了中成药三黄片中主要有效成分小檗碱在薄层原位的傅里叶变换表面增强拉曼光谱（FT－SERS）。研究表明，在薄层原位约2.5μm样品的FT－SERS与纯固体样品的FT－Raman光谱的主要特征峰波数基本一致，相对强度有一定变化，出现特别增强的拉曼峰是波数为727nm的芳香环上CH键面内变形振动峰。小檗碱分子以异喹啉环共轭体系的π电子与表面增强活性物质银晶体微粒相互作用，呈平面吸附样式。获得了中成药三黄片中主要有效成分小檗碱分离与高灵敏度指纹检测的可靠的新方法。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱和近红外傅里叶变换拉曼光谱法无损鉴定中国字画

利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)和近红外傅里叶变换拉曼(NIR FT-Raman)光谱法鉴定了中国字画,结果表明：与荧光光谱法相比,根据谱峰的强度和位置可更容易地将真伪字画区别开来。拉曼光谱和红外光谱相互印证,互相补充,在鉴定中具有快速、准确、操作简单、重复性好、不需对样品进行预处理的优点,适于珍贵字画的无损鉴定。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.