用于辐射复合与双电子复合实验的低能离子闪烁探测器

为了在CSRm的电子冷却器上进行辐射复合以及双电子复合实验, 需要探测能量小于4 MeV/u的离子, 因此设计了新的置于超高真空环境的CsI(Tl)闪烁探测器, 探测器采用的光电倍增管为R7525(Hamamatsu）。 介绍了新闪烁探测器的结构, 并对其进行了性能测试。 测试结果表明, 该探测器对高、 低能离子均有良好的响应, 探测器的信号十分明显。 探测器的最高计数率可以达到106 ions/s, 并且探测器附近的真空度可达10-10 Pa量级, 能够满足辐射复合与双电子复合实验以及储存环对真空的要求, 为今后在CSRm上进行复合实验打下了良好的基础。 A new CsI(Tl) scintillation detector readout with R7525 PMT(Hamamatsu）is designed to detect low energy (<4 MeV/u) ions in radiative recombination and dielectronic recombination experiments at the main cooler storage ring in Lanzhou. The structure of the scintillator detector is described in this paper. The detector is tested with α source and ion beams, respectively. The signals from background, 200 MeV/u C6+ and alpha radioactive source are recorded and analyzed. The results show that the detector has good response to high and low energy ions. The maximum counting rate of the detector can reach 106 ions/s and the vacuum level near the detector can reach 10-10 Pa, both are good for recombination experiments. The installation of the new detector to CSRm is of great help for future radiative recombination and dielectronic recombination experiments.     

Detection efficiency evaluation for a large area neutron sensitive microchannel plate detector

In this paper, the detection efficiency of a large area neutron sensitive microchannel plate detector has been evaluated. A ~6LiF/ZnS scintillator detector 65 mm in diameter and 0.32 mm in thickness, with product code,EJ426HD2, produced by Eljen Technology, was employed as the benchmark detector. The TOF spectra of these two detectors were simultaneously measured and the energy spectra were then deduced to calculate the detection efficiency curve of thenMCP detector. Tests show the detection efficiency@25.3 me V thermal neutrons is 34% for this ~nMCP detector.     

DAMPE-PSD探测单元模块大动态范围读出方案的实验验证

暗物质粒子探测卫星（Dark Matter Particle Explorer,DAMPE）的塑闪阵列探测器（Plastic Scintillator Detector,PSD）需要实现高能e/γ粒子的鉴别功能以及对Z=1~20的宇宙线重离子的电荷测量功能。它使用光电倍增管作为读出器件,并从打拿极5和打拿极8同时引出信号来增大读出动态范围。基于该设计方案的探测单元模块在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）上的外靶终端（ETF）进行了束流测试实验。实验得到了PSD单元条在中能轻核区（Z≤8）的能量响应,并证明了单元条的衰减长度与入射粒子种类无关。通过将实验结果外推至高能重核区,同时结合衰减长度、入射角度和能量涨落等因素,可以估算出PSD探测单元模块输出信号幅度的动态范围。结果显示,该范围在PSD前端电子学模块的线性工作区间内,从而验证了PSD大动态范围读出方案设计的合理性。The Plastic Scintillator Detector (PSD) of DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) aims for high energy e/γ identification and charge measurement for cosmic-ray ions from Z=1~20. It adopts photomultiplier tube as the readout device and extracts signals from both dynode5 and dynode8 to enlarge the readout dynamic range. A beam test on a PSD detector unit based this design has been carried out at the External Target Facility (ETF) terminal of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR). The detector response to light nuclei (Z≤8) at the medium energy scale was extracted and the attenuation length was proved to be irrelevant with the impinging nuclei species. By extrapolating the result to heavy nuclei at the high energy scale and taking into account light attenuation, energy fluctuation and imping angle, the dynamic range of the output signal of PSD detector unit was estimated. The range is well within the linear range of the front-end electronics of PSD, thus verifies the large dynamic range readout design of PSD.     

Comparison of detection efficiencies of negatively charged gold-alkanethiolate-, gold-sulfur- and gold-clusters in ToF-SIMS

In order to improve quantification of high mass ions, the influence of cluster composition on detection efficiencies has been studied using a TOF-SIMS IV with the extended capability of postaccelerating ions up to 20 keV. In this experimental study, we focus on the comparison of detection efficiencies for three types of negatively charged secondary cluster ions: gold-alkanethiolate-clusters (Au_xM_y), gold-sulfur-clusters (Au_xS_y) and gold-clusters (Au_x). The clusters were sputtered from self-assembled monolayers of hexadecanethiols on gold substrates using 10 keV Ar⁺ primary ions. The detection efficiencies were derived on the basis of a function for the secondary electron yield and a fourth-order approximated Poisson probability distribution for electron propagation and amplification within the microchannel plate.In addition to the well-known dependence of detection efficiencies on ion mass and energy, which has already been studied for positively charged ions, we were able to show a similar behaviour for the investigated negatively charged secondary ions. We have observed major variations among the three types of clusters at similar mass and energy as predicted in a theoretical approach. The observed differences are due to the different composition of the investigated clusters which has a major influence on the kinetic ion induced electron emission within the microchannel plate. For the first time it was possible to experimentally verify these predictions for detection efficiencies.     

Secondary ion mass spectrometer based on a high-dose ion implanter

A secondary ion mass spectrometer built around a modified high-dose ion implanter is used to study secondary ion emission in metals over a wide range of primary beam energies. The implanter generates ion beams with energies of up to 150 keV and a substrate current to 30 μA. A modified MX7304A monopole mass spectrometer is applied as an analyzer of secondary ions with mass numbers of up to 400 with a resolution of 1 M at a level of 10% of the peak height. The detection limit for iron is 6.5 ppm. The analyzer is equipped with a small-size filter separating secondary ions in energy. The relative emission intensities of the secondary monatomic and cluster ions of copper for different primary ion beam parameters are studied.     

Low-energy ion emission from a xenon gas-puff laser-plasma X-ray source

We have measured low-energy ion emission from a gas-puff laser-plasma X-ray source. The ions may cause the degradation of the condenser mirror of the extreme ultra-violet projection lithography system. A 0.7 J in 8 ns Nd:YAG laser at 1.06 μm was focused onto the xenon gas-puff target with an intensity of ∼10¹² W/cm². The silicon (111) plates, placed at a distance of 32 mm from the laser-interaction region, were exposed with the xenon ions. The average ion energy was measured to be less than 50 eV with a Faraday-cup detector placed close to the silicon plates. The xenon deposition occurred in the silicon plates with a depth of less than 40 nm. The deposition density was measured with a quadrupole secondary ion mass spectrometer to be 10²¹ /cm³ after 1500 laser shots. The energy-conversion efficiency from the laser energy into the ions is ∼0.1%/4 π sr/shot. For the lithography system, if we can remove such ion bombardment completely using novel techniques such as electro-magnetic devices or gas flow curtain techniques, the lifetime of the condenser mirror will be extended significantly. Received: 20 November 2000 / Published online: 9 February 2001     

Surface analysis of insulating materials by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

For a non-conducting solid sample (TiO₂ powder) the conditions for compensation of the charge build-up at the surface caused by the ion impact in SIMS are experimentally investigated. The compensation is achieved by an additional auxiliary electron beam of low energy. The resolution and the intensities of the secondary ions were measured as a function of the ratio of the current densities of the electron and the ion beams. The compensation for negative secondary ions, and especially for those with higher masses, is more critical than for positive ones. The intensities are influenced by the different values of the mean emission energies and the form of the energy distributions. Examples of mass spectra by SIMS for some insulators are given.     

Detector based on microchannel plates for monitoring space-time characteristics of a circulating beam at Nuclotron

In the framework of the NICA project preparation and experiments with the extracted Nuclotron beams, the development of an advanced system of circulating-beam diagnostics based on microchannel plates is presented. The detector prototype that has been developed, created, and tested on Nuclotron beams during four runs allows the space-time characteristics of a beam to be measured within a range of singly charged ion intensities from 10⁶ to 10⁹, which is not covered by the existing measuring tools.     

实时单发测量的汤姆逊离子谱仪

介绍一种使用闪烁体耦合电子倍增电荷耦合器件(EMCCD)的方式对离子进行记录的汤姆逊能谱仪,可实现对离子能谱的实时单发测量。同时,该谱仪利用倾斜电极板对离子进行偏转,可减少由于离子打在电极板上产生的电磁噪声,能够提高实验结果的信噪比。该谱仪在北京大学4.5 MV静电加速器和2×6MV串列加速器上进行了标定实验,测量了闪烁体将离子转化成光子后的探测效率,实验结果也验证了该谱仪的可行性和稳定性。该汤姆逊谱仪将用于北京大学激光加速器CLAPA对离子束流的测量研究。     

微通道板离子探测器

本文综述微通道板作为离子探测器的应用,特别是在时间习行质谱仪中的应用,介绍了国外学者在提高低能离子探测效率方面所作的工作,最后简要描述用微能道板探测各种离子方面的研究成果。     

Direct ToF-SIMS analysis of organic halides and amines on TLC plates

It has been reported that: “direct analysis of thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) yields no satisfactory results” (J. Chromatogr. A 1084 (2005) 113-118). While this statement appears to be true in general, we have identified two important classes of compounds, organic halides and amines, that appear to yield to such direct analyses. For example, five organic halides with diverse structures were eluted on normal phase TLC plates. In all cases the halide signals in the negative ion time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) spectra were notably stronger than the background signals. Similarly, a series of five organic amines with diverse structures were directly analyzed by positive ion ToF-SIMS. In all but one of the spectra characteristic, and sometimes even quasi-molecular ions, were observed. Most likely, the good halide ion yields are largely a function of the electronegativity of the halogens. We also propose that direct analysis of amines on normal phase silica gel is facilitated by the acidity, i.e., proton donation, of surface silanol groups.     

Evaluation of neutron radiation field in carbon ion therapy

Carbon ions have significant advantages in tumor therapy because of their physical and biological properties. In view of the radiation protection, the safety of patients is the most important issue in therapy processes.Therefore, the effects of the secondary particles produced by the carbon ions in the tumor therapy should be carefully considered, especially for the neutrons. In the present work, the neutron radiation field induced by carbon ions was evaluated by using the FLUKA code. The simulated results of neutron energy spectra and neutron dose was found to be in good agreement with the experiment data. In addition, energy deposition of carbon ions and neutrons in tissue-like media was studied, it is found that the secondary neutron energy deposition is not expected to exceed 1% of the carbon ion energy deposition in a typical treatment.     

单极性带电粒子浓度测试方法的研究

提出一种新型球形传感器探测仪，在不同风速、不同激励场强以及不同测试点的情况下对大气压下电晕放电形式产生的带电粒子浓度进行了测量，并分析了等离子体的空间分布情况，同时与DLY型空气离子测量仪的测试结果进行比较. 实验结果表明，球形探测仪对带电粒子浓度的测试结果较为理想，同时，设备操作简单，占用空间小，便于局部定点测量，为研究等离子体的空间分布提供了条件. 关键词： 等离子体 带电粒子浓度 强电场电离放电 大气压     

Über die Energieabhängigkeit von Ionen-Molekül-Reaktionen mit negativen Ionen

Some ion-molecule reactions with negative ions (OH^? and NH ₂ ^? ) have been studied using a primary ion source, in which the negative ions were produced by electron impacts with electron resonance capture, and a secondary ion source, in which the primary negative ions produced ion-molecule reactions with formation of secondary negative ions. The secondary ions were magnetically analyzed and registered by a multiplier. Cross sections of the reactions in function of the energy of the primary ions were measured in the region of low energies up to about 20 eV. In the low energy region the cross sections rapidly decrease with increasing energy ～E ^?1/2 as it has been the case with the energy dependence of the cross section of charge transfer reactions with negative ions at the same energies.     

用于软X射线图像诊断的CMOS探测系统

通过将闪烁体光纤面板与CMOS图像传感器耦合,研制了在线诊断X射线图像的CMOS探测系统。通过XOP软件计算,确定了响应能区为1~10keV的CsI闪烁体厚度为30μm。在微点X射线源平台上,基于标准的Typ 18-d型分辨率板对CMOS探测系统的空间分辨能力进行了实验测试,结果为60μm。在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上,利用该套CMOS探测系统在流体力学不稳定性与混合实验中对钛背光源的光谱进行了诊断,获得了清晰的类氢和类氦光谱图像。数据分析显示,实测的谱分辨为442,与理论分析符合较好。CMOS探测系统小巧轻便,性价比高,适合各大高校与科研院所用于在线诊断软X射线图像。     

低能离子注入育种中次级效应影响的模拟研究

低能离子注入育种作为一种有效的育种方法在实践中进行了大量的尝试并取得了一系列重要成果,但其作用机理一直都存在着巨大的争议,特别是射程很短的低能重离子如何穿透到种子内部触发生物效应。本研究利用SRIM、CASINO、Geant4模拟程序对低能离子注入生物样品的离子注入深度进行模拟和定量分析,并对次级粒子可能产生的影响进行了定量模拟研究。结果显示,低能重离子本身射程一般都小于1 μm,选用轻离子、提高注入能量、采用干种子进行注入,都有利于增加穿透深度。次级过程中,反冲质子的最大射程比初级入射离子的稍大,不能显著提升穿透能力。次级过程产生的粒子中只有X射线可以明显提高穿透种子的深度,只要剂量足够大,总会有少量X射线穿透到很深的地方。The breeding method by low-energy ion implantation has been proved to be a valuable breeding method by a large number of practical attempts, but the mechanism of the method has always been in a large dispute. The most difficult thing to be understood is how the low energy heavy ion with such a short range (normally shorter than 1 μm) can penetrate into the inner part of seeds to trigger the biological effects. In this paper, simulations with quantitative analysis were performed for the low energy ion implantating into biological samples and the effects caused by the secondary particles using SRIM, CASINO and Geant4 simulation programs. The results showed that the ranges of low energy heavy ions are normally less than 1 μm. The ranges can become longer if dry seeds and light ions are used with a higher energy. The ranges of recoil protons are only a little longer than that of the primary ions. Among the secondary particles produced in the ion implanting process, only the X-ray can obviously increase the penetration depth in seeds. There always will be a small amount of X-rays which can penetrate into the deeper place in the seed if the ion dose is high enough.     

高电荷态离子207Pb36+与金属Nb表面作用产生的二次离子产额

本文报道了利用兰州重离子加速器国家实验室的ECR离子源引出的高电荷态离子207Pb36 入射到金属Nb表面产生的二次离子的实验测量结果.实验发现,二次离子产额Y随入射初动能Ek的增加有先增加后减小的关系,在初动能为576 keV时二次离子产额达到最大.通过对实验点做高斯拟合发现,曲线峰值对应的入射初动能为602 keV.分析表明,这是势能沉积作用与线性级联碰撞过程协同作用的结果.高电荷态离子本身携带的高势能沉积在靶表面引起势能溅射,促进了二次离子的发射;而主导二次离子溅射的过程是动能溅射,它与靶表面的动量沉积(核能损)过程密切相关.     

纳秒强激光电离苯产生高价碳离子的波长效应

随着高强度超短脉冲激光器的发展 ,分子、原子与强激光场的相互作用已经成为一个重要的研究领域 ,其中分子或原子团簇在强场下发生的库仑爆炸现象成为研究的热点之一 .苯具有高对称的环形结构 ,激发态能级密集 ,因此 ,不论是早期的激光对分子的多光子电离解离 (MPID) ,以及强场与多原子分子的相互作用 ,还是后来超短脉冲激光下团簇相关的库仑爆炸研究都将其作为一个重要的研究对象[1- 8] .最近 ,我们用波长为 5 3 2nm、脉宽为 2 5ns的激光对苯等物质进行电离时 ,发现在 1 0 10 ～1 0 11W/cm2 的功率密度下 ,其质谱中出现了高平动能的C2 +…     

一种校验带电粒子速度成像探测器的新方法

带电粒子(离子或者电子)速度成像技术可以精确测量带电粒子产物的速度分布和角分布,获得光谱级别分辨率的原子分子能级结构,广泛应用于光电离和光解离等分子反应动力学实验中.速度成像探测器的效率和信号相对强度对带电粒子速度分布信息的提取具有重要的影响.由于难以精确测量入射离子数,至今仍然没有直接校验速度成像探测器的方法报道.本文基于铷原子磁光阱搭建了一套离子速度成像实验装置,实现了入射离子数的精确测量及连续可调,并对冷原子的光电离过程、微通道板探测器采集的飞行时间信号、电荷耦合器件采集的荧光屏信号进行了校验,对可能影响速度成像信号相对强度的因素进行了检验.实验结果表明:当入射离子数低于1×105个/(100 ns)时,微通道板探测器的增益稳定,而荧光屏信号强度与入射其表面的电子数量的关系受荧光屏电压影响比较严重.同时,结果表明本方法可以有效校验带电粒子速度成像探测器的效率和信号的相对强度,对使用速度成像技术的实验具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Detectors and techniques in relativistic heavy ion physics

In collisions of heavy ions at relativistic energies highly excited nuclear matter is produced. Hadronic and electromagnetic probes are investigated in order to study the composition and the thermodynamical properties of the short-liver interaction volume and its expansion characteristics. The ultimate goal is to identify signals for a phase transition of hadronic matter to the quark-gluon plasma state. Because of the high multiplicity of particles in the final state various experimental techniques and analysis methods have been development in order to study exclusive signals with electromagnetic and hadronic probes. A selection of detector concepts which have been applied in heavy ion reactions at the CERN SPS will be presented here.