电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定城市污泥中重金属的活性形态

以沈阳北部、满堂河、仙女河三个污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,选择水、醋酸和不同极性的有机溶剂对其进行浸提分离,采用ICP-MS测定了污泥中主要污染的重金属元素各活性形态的含量,并探讨了Cr,Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb随环境条件的改变其活性形态含量的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：城市污泥中重金属的醋酸浸提态含量较高,水溶态含量较低,二者随时间和温度条件的变化呈一致的规律性,有机浸提态重金属的含量与溶剂极性大小呈正相关性。醋酸浸提态重金属在迁移转化过程中具有较大活性,同一形态重金属的活性次序为：水溶态Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Pb＞Cr,醋酸浸提态Cd＞Cr＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb,有机浸提态Pb＞Cd＞Cr＞Cu＞Zn。     

罗布泊“大耳朵”地区L07-11剖面沉积物重金属赋存形态研究

罗布泊“大耳朵”地区具有典型的干盐湖特征,研究该地区重金属形态分布特征,对丰富干盐湖重金属地球环境化学资料具有重要意义。首次以罗布泊“大耳朵”地区L07-11剖面沉积物中重金属Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu为研究对象,利用Tessier连续提取法对沉积物中重金属Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu的五种赋存形态进行提取,并用火焰(AAS-990)原子吸收分光光度法和石墨炉(GF-990)原子吸收分光光度法对其进行检测,并做了相关性分析。结果表明：L07-11剖面沉积物中Cd浓度的变化范围在1.10～2.54 mg·kg-1;Pb浓度的变化范围在9.18～20.02 mg·kg-1;Ni浓度的变化范围在9.88～17.15 mg·kg-1;Cu浓度的变化范围在4.43～21.11 mg·kg-1;有机质的变化范围在8.71～54.72 g·kg-1。这四种重金属的生物有效态占各重金属总含量的比例大小顺序为: Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni,其中Pb和Cd主要以可交换态(包括水溶态)形式存在;Ni主要以残渣态形式存在;Cu以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态存在的比例较大。表层沉积物中四种重金属的有效态含量均超过了80%,除重金属Cu外,其余3种重金属可交换态含量均超过60%。重金属Cd和Pb具有较高的二次释放潜力,各重金属与沉积物中有机质之间存在一定的相关性。结果揭示了罗布泊“大耳朵”地区L07-11剖面沉积物中重金属Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu各赋存形态的分布特征,为了解该地区Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu的地球化学特征及分布状况提供了基础资料。     

绒柄牛肝菌微量元素含量测定及相关性分析

采用ICP-AES法测定了绒柄牛肝菌中11种微量元素含量.结果显示,Mg和Fe含量最高(＞100mg·kg-1),Mn,Zn,Cu含量较高(＞10 mg·kg-1),Cr,Pb,Ni,Cd,As含量较低(＞0.1 mg·kg-1),Hg含最最低(＜0.1 mg·kg-1).所测定的元素中,Zn和Cu存在显著正相关(P＜...     

分析北京城市污泥中铅砷镉形态浓度的ICP-MS

城市污泥中重金属的难降解和高毒性限制了污泥的资源化利用.以北京G和Q污水处理厂的压滤出厂污泥为实验材料,采用BCR三步浸提法对污泥中铅砷镉Pb,As,Cd的三种形态进行提取,以HNO3-HClO4进行全量消解,利用ICP-MS检测Pb,As,Cd的全量和各形态的含量,从而为北京城市污泥的资源开发研究提供基础数据.实验结果表明,北京城市污泥中Pb和Cd含量比上世纪末明显降低:其中,G污泥中Pb,As,Cd的全量(干重)分别为19.60,37.96和1.34 mg·kg-1,而Q污泥中分别为19.58,23.46和2.30 mg·kg-1;两种污泥中Pb含量相差甚微,G污泥中As明显高于Q污泥,而Cd则显著低于后者;两种污泥中相应金属的三种形态的变化趋势基本一致:Pb与As以HAc酸溶态为主,H2O2可氧化态最少;而Cd主要以NH2OH-HCl可还原态存在,HAc酸溶态最少.三种重金属中生物毒性大的形态均占70%以上.     

北京城市污泥中铅砷镉形态浓度的ICP-MS分析

城市污泥中重金属的难降解和高毒性限制了污泥的资源化利用。以北京G和Q污水处理厂的压滤出厂污泥为实验材料,采用BCR三步浸提法对污泥中铅砷镉Pb,As,Cd的三种形态进行提取,以HNO₃-HClO₄进行全量消解,利用ICP-MS检测Pb,As,Cd的全量和各形态的含量,从而为北京城市污泥的资源开发研究提供基础数据。实验结果表明,北京城市污泥中Pb和Cd含量比上世纪末明显降低：其中,G污泥中Pb,As,Cd的全量(干重)分别为19.60,37.96和1.34 mg·kg-1,而Q污泥中分别为19.58,23.46和2.30 mg·kg-1;两种污泥中Pb含量相差甚微,G污泥中As明显高于Q污泥,而Cd则显著低于后者;两种污泥中相应金属的三种形态的变化趋势基本一致：Pb与As以HAc酸溶态为主,H₂O₂可氧化态最少;而Cd主要以NH₂OH-HCl可还原态存在,HAc酸溶态最少。三种重金属中生物毒性大的形态均占70％以上。     

应用ICP-MS和AFS测定含磷肥料中重金属含量

肥料的投入是土壤重金属累积的重要污染来源之一,研究肥料中重金属的含量对于农产品的安全生产意义重大。为了调查我国市售含磷肥料中重金属含量状况,在部分省份农资销售点采集了159个含磷肥料样品,包括国产和进口的。应用ICP-MS和AFS分析测定了含磷肥料中Cd,Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,As和Hg八种重金属元素的含量。结果表明,采集的含磷肥料中含有一定量的重金属元素,Cd,Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,As和Hg的均值分别为0.77,35.6,102.7,24.1,16.6,15.4,19.4和0.08 mg·kg-1肥料。以P₂O₅为基础计算,Cd,Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,As和Hg的均值分别为4.48,258.4,767.4,190.0,151.3,134.5,155.8和8.79 mg·kg-1 P₂O₅。所有检测样品中,只有一个磷酸一铵样品中As超标,一个进口的磷酸二铵样品中Cd超标,其余样品中重金属含量都符合肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标要求(GB/T 23349-2009)。分析了13个进口肥料样品中重金属含量,重金属Cd的含量范围为0.02～27.2 mg·kg-1肥料,均值和中位值分别为3.20和0.41 mg·kg-1肥料。进口肥料中Cu,Cr和Hg高于国产肥料,均值分别为39.4,26.6和0.47 mg·kg-1肥料。     

高脂组和正常组兔肝脏组织中Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Cd含量测定和对比分析

讨论实验性动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏组织中Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Cd含量的变化.采用高脂饮食复制兔动脉粥样硬化模型,获取肝脏,用HNO3-H2O2混合液微波消解样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定肝脏组织中Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Cd的含量.正常组肝脏组织Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Cd含量分别为137.6,362.3 14.39,9.599 mg·kg-1和159.3,355.0,290.0μg· kg-1,高脂组肝脏组织Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Cd含量分别为86.09,277.1,11.07,5.366 mg·kg-1和115.2,286.0,210.5 μg·kg-1.高脂兔肝脏Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Cd含量降低,可能与食物摄取和脂蛋白代谢异常有关.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定宜州桑叶中的微量元素

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了广西宜州市桑叶中的Mg、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ca、Fe、Cu、Co、Ni、Dr等11种元素。研究了测定不同元素的仪器最佳工作条件及合适的样品消化体系（即1＋1 HNO3体系）。测试结果表明：宜州桑叶中的Da和Mg含量最高,分别为10606.0mg/kg和9628.2mg/kg。其他微量元素含量大小顺序为：Mn〉Fe〉Zn〉Cr〉Ni〉Cu〉Co,Pb和Cd含量极低,均〈0.1mg/kg。宜州桑叶中的铁含量偏低,但铬含量却严重超标。综合考虑品种及土壤背景等因素,笔者提出了调整桑园布局,加强栽培管理,提高桑叶质量的一些建议和措施。     

ICP-AES测定7种花茶中8种微量元素的含量和溶出率

采用微波消解样品,电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定了金银花、玫瑰茄、玉蝴蝶、仙人草、菊花、薰衣草、腊梅等7种花茶中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd和Pb等元素的含量及其溶出率。结果表明,花茶中Fe含量较高,重金属Cr、Cd和Pb含量普遍较低,花茶中Cu、Zn、Mn和Ni的溶出率相对较高,Fe的溶出率较低,有害的重金属Cd、Pb和Cr的溶出率很低,此测定结果可为探讨花茶的保健作用与微量元素的相关性提供科学数据。     

ICP-AES测定邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠作用下土壤中重金属全量及形态分析

空白土壤作为质量控制样品,采用邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠进行处理土壤样品为对照,用HNO₃-HF-HClO₄混酸对土壤样品进行消化,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定了提取处理后土壤样品中Mo, Pb, As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni的全量以及酸可提取态、氧化物结合态、有机结合态三种化学形态的含量。获知不同pH的邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液对土壤中重金属全量及形态转化作用的影响。结果表明：除Pb和Zn外,投加不同pH邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液对土壤中重金属全量的消解和测定有促进作用。邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液对土壤中Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb的酸可提取态、对土壤中As, Hg, Pb, Zn的氧化结合态、对土壤中As和Hg的有机结合态的转化有促进作用。在pH 5.8时,Cu和Hg的酸可提取态的含量最大值分别为2.180和0.632 mg·kg-1;在pH 6.2时,Pb的氧化结合态的含量最大值为27.792 mg·kg-1;在pH 6.0时,Hg的有机结合态含量最大值为4.715 mg·kg-1。     

Ultrasonic cell disruption of stabilised sludge with subsequent anaerobic digestion

The world-wide increasing environmental awareness and its subsequent regulations have led to the application of improved technologies in wastewater purification plants. This has resulted in higher wastewater and sludge productions. Sludge is the by-product of such plants and it is not only rich in organic carbon and pathogens but also in heavy metals and other environmental pollutants. In Europe, agricultural application of dried sludge (bio-solids) is confronted with negative reactions from the citizens, governmental organisations, farmers and the food industry. Ultrasonic disruption of sludge is a popular mechanical disruption process in sludge treatment. During ultrasonic treatment, high frequency acoustic signals are used to initiate the cavitation process. The applied ultrasonic field leads to a breakdown of cohesive forces of the liquid molecules resulting in the generation of cavitation bubbles. A shock wave is released by the collapse of the cavitation bubbles and propagates in the surrounding medium forming jet streams that cause the disruption of cells in sludge. Disruption of sludge cells enables the release of light organic substances into the sludge water thereby exposing them for further anaerobic digestion. This paper presents results on the disruption of conventionally stabilised sludge through the application of the ultrasonic field. In order to reduce the specific energy input (i.e. ratio of the consumed energy during ultrasonic disruption to the input sludge mass) and improve biogas production, the total solids content of the stabilised sludge was increased before disruption. The anaerobic digestion of sludge samples was carried out in a set of specially constructed laboratory anaerobic digesters. Results showed that subsequent anaerobic digestion of the ultrasonically disrupted sludge could improve biogas production with reduced sludge quantity that is vital to the economic consideration of the wastewater treatment plants. This process encourages the exploitation of valuable materials and energy from stabilised sewage sludge just before its final disposal. The negative effects of mixing disrupted sludge with its separated sludge water are also shown in this paper. This expresses the microbiological instability of the anaerobic process caused by the mixing process.     

Adsorption of heavy metals on sonicated activated sludge

The objective of this work is to assess heavy metals fixation capacity on sonicated activated sludge. Ultrasonic treatment of sludge has lead to its desintegration and changes physico-chemical characteristics such as soluble chemical oxygen demand, proteins or particle size distribution. This study has shown that these modifications have improved significantly the capacity of sludge to fix heavy metals. Indeed, after a sonication of 15min and storage of three days after irradiation, the equilibrium capacity is increased about 45%. The restructuration of sludge during the storage seems to increase the accessibility to active binding sites.     

ICP-AES法测定造纸污泥中金属元素

金属元素,特别是重金属元素是造纸污泥资源化利用需要考虑的因素。采用ICP-AES法测定安徽山鹰纸业2种造纸污泥,福建青山纸业1种造纸污泥,福建中竹纸业1种造纸污泥的17种金属元素。结果显示,4种造纸污泥都含有不同量的金属元素,其中Al和Ca的含量最大,既有毒性较大的重金属,如Cr,也有过量才具有毒性的金属,如Fe,还有对植物生长有益的P和K等。福建中竹纸业污泥各元素的回收率为94.4%～107.3%。重金属元素含量低于国家标准GB/4284—84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》。重金属含量的顺序为： 福建中竹纸业<福建青山纸业污泥<安徽山鹰纸业污泥。此测定结果可为造纸污泥的资源化利用,尤其是土地利用和肥料利用提供重要的理论参考。     

Evaluation of a biological wastewater treatment system combining an OSA process with ultrasound for sludge reduction

Sludge production is an undesirable by-product of biological wastewater treatment. The oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process constitutes one of the most promising techniques for reducing the sludge produced at the treatment plant without negative consequences for its overall performance. In the present study, the OSA process is applied in combination with ultrasound treatment, a lysis technique, in a lab-scale wastewater treatment plant to assess whether sludge reduction is enhanced as a result of mechanical treatment. Reported sludge reductions of 45.72% and 78.56% were obtained for the two regimes of combined treatment tested in this study during two respective stages: UO1 and UO2. During the UO1 stage, the general performance and nutrient removal improved, obtaining 47.28% TN removal versus 21.95% in the conventional stage. However, the performance of the system was seriously damaged during the UO2 stage. Increases in dehydrogenase and protease activities were observed during both stages. The advantages of the combined process are not necessarily economic, but operational, as US treatment acts as contributing factor in the OSA process, inducing mechanisms that lead to sludge reduction in the OSA process and improving performance parameters.     

Effect of cavitational disintegration of surplus activated sludge on methane generation in the process of anaerobic conversion

The effect of mechanical pretreatment of surplus activated sludge from the wastewater treatment facilities of a plant producing chips (LLC “Frito Lay Manufacturing,” Kashira, Moscow oblast) in a cavitation disintegrator on methane generation in the process of anaerobic conversion is investigated. In laboratory conditions, cavitation disintegration pretreatment of the activated sludge results in a two- to sixfold increase in the transfer of various types of organic materials from the cell suspension into the aqueous phase. It is demonstrated that cavitation pretreatment of the activated sludge makes it possible to produce 31% extra methane as compared to the amount produced from the original sludge.     

Leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial wastewater sludge by ultrasonic treatment

Ultrasonic treatment for sludge reduction in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can substantially affect the fate of trace pollutants. However, their fates in the different phases of sludge and mass balances have rarely been reported. In this study, wastewater sludge samples were ultrasonicated at 600 W for 0–30 min. Then, the leaching of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the sludge solids (sediment) to the liquid phase (supernatant) was investigated. The total concentration of PAHs (∑₁₆ PAHs) in the sludge sediment (2.10 μg/g) was comparable with those of previous worldwide studies. Among the 16 PAHs, naphthalene and acenaphthylene were dominant. The total concentrations of PAHs in the supernatant generally increased with sonication time, indicating that PAHs associated with sludge materials, such as microorganisms, were released into the supernatant. Lighter and more water soluble PAHs were released preferentially into the supernatant in dissolved form, whereas heavier and more hydrophobic PAHs were strongly bound to particles. According to mass balance calculations, 21% of the PAHs in the sludge sediment moved to the supernatant without discernible sonodegradation. An additional experiment for degradation of PAHs supported this interpretation, and several reasons for the no significant sonodegradation were discussed. This result suggests that leaching trace pollutants may significantly contaminate the sludge filtrate after ultrasonic treatment, and therefore their fates should be investigated.     

鱼中铅、镉、汞和砷的测定

采用二种消化方法并用原子吸收分光光度法和原子荧光光谱法测定了鱼肉和鱼肝中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量。改进了国标每种元素需要一种方法测定的不足。结果表明在污染的河水中鱼肉的重金属元素含量比河水中的高,在同一条鱼中鱼肝中的重金属元素含量比鱼肉中的高。测定值与国标测定值以及标准物质推荐值一致。该方法快速、简便、准确。