含湿天然气超音速凝结研究

在气液无滑移假设下建立了天然气超音速凝结数理模型,研究了天然气中水蒸气的超音速凝结过程,并分析了Laval喷管扩张段半扩张角对凝结的影响.结果表明凝结模型是合理的,液滴成核只发生在喷管喉部后非常狭窄的区域,此后水滴的生长变得非常缓慢,直至喷管出口不再发生显著的增加;喷管半扩张角的大小对液滴的成核、生长有显著影响,成核位置随半扩张角的增加略向上游移动;喷管扩张段0.16°半扩张角在总压损失、出口马赫数、出口液滴尺寸等方面具有最佳的综合效果.     

微喷管流的连续介质模型及其适用性

基于无滑移和有滑移的连续介质模型,对微喷管内的超声速冷态气体流场进行了二维和三维数值模拟,利用DSMC方法验证微喷管流中的连续介质模型,并重点分析微喷管流的低雷诺数效应、三维端面效应及其推进性能.研究表明,局部流场的模拟对模型和边界条件的要求要高于推进性能的估算,在努森数小于0.03时,可以使用无滑移的N-S方程预测推进性能;雷诺数是表征低雷诺数效应和推进性能的特征参数,提高工作压力可以改善微喷管的粘性损失和推进性能;在雷诺数大于1 000时,若蚀刻深度和喉部宽度的比值超过13,微喷管具备很好的二维特性.     

可调式引射器对两相流引射制冷循环系统性的影响

在两相流引射制冷循环中,采用引射器来代替膨胀阀,回收节流过程中的膨胀功。采用可调式喷嘴引射器,通过调节喷针的位置调节引射器喷嘴出口的流通截面积来改变工作流体的流量。对以R134a为工质的两相流引射制冷循环系统进行实验研究并对引射器内部的流动进行数值模拟,分析喷嘴喉部截面积和扩张角对R134a两相流引射制冷系统性能的影响。模拟结果和实验结果均表明:在定工况条件下,引射器的引射比随喷嘴喉部截面积的增大而升高,而随喷嘴扩张角的增大先升高后减小,在喷嘴扩张角为3°时取得最大值。系统的COP随喷嘴喉部截面积的增大先升高后减小,在喷嘴喉部截面积为2.84mm2时,系统COP取得最大值。     

Venturi式掺混器几何参数对性能的影响

微气泡发生器在污水处理中具有重要用途，Venturi式气液两相掺混器在微气泡生成方面具有众多优良特性.采用数值模拟方法研究了Venturi式掺混器结构几何参数对其掺混性能的影响.运用单一变量法分别研究了不同收缩段曲线，进气孔数目，扩张角的角度对掺混性能的影响，通过对比不同模型仿真结果的出口段气体体积分数、沿轴向压力变化及沿轴向湍动能变化，得出掺混性能最佳的几何参数.研究收缩段曲线时，发现一次直线的气液掺混性能在所选的5条收缩段曲线中最好；研究进气孔数量时，比较了1，2，4个进气孔对掺混性能的影响，发现在一定的进气孔数目范围内，进气孔数目的增加可以提高气液掺混效率；研究扩张角变化对掺混效率的影响时，得出在6~9°的范围内，随着扩张角的增大，气液掺混效率随之显著增大.      

周期极化LiNbO3晶体中电极布置对反转畴扩张的影响

利用外加电场极化的方法,分别研究了三种不同方式布置的极化电极对C向切割LiNbO3晶体极化反转畴扩张的影响.实验结果表明在相同极化条件下,当极化电极长度方向与六边形反转畴一对边呈90°和0°角时,极化扩张速度分别为0.089μm/ms和0.011μm/ms.实验结果揭示,为了有效地控制极化占空比,在制备一维准相位匹配LiNbO3晶体时应避免极化电极与六边形反转畴壁中一对边呈90°的情况.     

涡扇发动机轴对称塞式喷管红外辐射特征计算

用数值模拟的方法研究了3～5μm波段涡扇发动机轴对称塞式喷管的红外辐射特性,并与轴对称收扩喷管进行了对比。结果表明:轴对称塞式喷管红外辐射的空间分布和光谱分布特性方面与轴对称收扩喷管具有相似的特征,但是在红外辐射强度的数值有较大差别;以轴对称喷管为基准,轴对称塞式喷管无冷却措施的情况下尾向0°～15°范围内能够降低红外辐射强度,但在其他方向上的辐射强度有所增强;塞锥后部壁面冷却至400K,在0°～90°方向上塞式喷管均能有效降低红外辐射,且0°方向上降低了40.4%。大气对红外辐射的吸收作用随着探测角度的增大而增强。     

周期极化LiNbO3晶体中电极布置对反转畴扩张的影响

利用外加电场极化的方法,分别研究了三种不同方式布置的极化电极对C向切割LiNbO_{3< /sub>晶体极化反转畴扩张的影响.实验结果表明在相同极化条件下，当极化电极长度方向与六边 形反转畴一对边呈90°和0°角时，极化扩张速度分别为0.089μm/ms和0.011μm/ms.实验结果揭示，为了有效地控制极化占空比，在制备一维准相位匹配LiNbO3晶体时应 避免极化电极与六边形反转畴壁中一对边呈90°的情况. 关键词： 周期极化 极化扩张 准相位匹配}     

变截面微管道内声速点位置及临界压比

等直-收缩-扩张-等直（SCDS）变截面微管道主要应用于微型空间推进器和微型气体涡轮机等微器件中，研究其内流动特性对指导上述两种微器件的设计和性能的提高具有非常重要的意义.采用硅微加工技术在硅片上制作出矩形截面三维SCDS微管道，喉部宽度为16μm，深度为20μm，收缩比为1.625∶1实验测量了不同进出口压比条件下微管道内氮气的流量特性.实验设定进出口压比值范围为1.0—4.0，由此出口体积流量范围为0—0.12mL/s，流动的特征雷诺数小于350在实验研究的基础上，采用有限体积法对其内部流动特性进行了数值模拟，数值模拟结果与实验结果相符合.数值模拟结果发现两点不同于常规流动的特异现象：其一为最早出现声速点不在最小截面喉部附近，而是移到出口截面附近，即声速点的位置发生变化；其二为在进出口压比达到4.0时，SCDS微管道内部流场才出现声速点，即临界压比值（这里将管道内部首次出现声速点时对应的当地点压力与进口压力的比值定义为临界压比）发生变化.将其原因归结为表面效应（表面积与体积比值S/V）的影响，并进一步研究了这两点特异现象与S/V值之间的关系. 关键词： 等直-收缩-扩张-等直变截面微管道 声速点位置 临界压比 表面积与体积比值     

超紧凑S弯收扩喷管流动机理及控制方法研究

基于CFD数值模拟技术,对超紧凑S弯收扩喷管的流动机理进行了研究,并针对流场中出现的流动分离现象,采取吸气的流动控制方法并详细分析了吸气位置、角度及压比对控制效果的影响。结果表明:在喷管第一弯上壁面及第二弯下壁面附近存在局部加速区域;在喉部法向截面上存在横向涡,第一弯后出现流动分离,形成分离区;在分离区前做吸气控制时,能基本吸除分离区,该位置吸气比为3、吸气角度为45°吸气时控制效果最好,总压恢复系数和推力系数相对原型分别提高约1.08%和3.71%。     

超音速化学氧碘激光器光腔扩张角

 在超音速化学氧碘激光器的设计中,为了削弱光腔部分的化学反应放热对激光器出光的负面效应,在光腔部分通常加入一扩张角。为了研究这一扩张角对激光器内流场的作用,根据kW级超音速化学氧碘激光器的实验平台,数值模拟了激光器内超音速混合喷管至光腔部分的流动过程,解析了光腔扩张角对内流场的流动参量和化学增益的影响,从维持压强和温度稳定性方面比对分析了不同扩张角度的性能,并探索了喷管高度和扩张角之间的规律。结果表明：此kW级超音速化学氧碘激光器的合理光扩张角度为4.5°。     

Discrete Boltzmann Method with Maxwell-Type Boundary Condition for Slip Flow

The rarefied effect of gas flow in microchannel is significant and cannot be well described by traditional hydrodynamic models. It has been known that discrete Boltzmann model(DBM) has the potential to investigate flows in a relatively wider range of Knudsen number because of its intrinsic kinetic nature inherited from Boltzmann equation.It is crucial to have a proper kinetic boundary condition for DBM to capture the velocity slip and the flow characteristics in the Knudsen layer. In this paper, we present a DBM combined with Maxwell-type boundary condition model for slip flow. The tangential momentum accommodation coefficient is introduced to implement a gas-surface interaction model.Both the velocity slip and the Knudsen layer under various Knudsen numbers and accommodation coefficients can be well described. Two kinds of slip flows, including Couette flow and Poiseuille flow, are simulated to verify the model.To dynamically compare results from different models, the relation between the definition of Knudsen number in hard sphere model and that in BGK model is clarified.     

Local second-order boundary methods for lattice Boltzmann models

A new way to implement solid obstacles in lattice Boltzmann models is presented. The unknown populations at the boundary nodes are derived from the locally known populations with the help of a second-order Chapman-Enskog expansion and Dirichlet boundary conditions with a given momentum. Steady flows near a flat wall, arbitrarily inclined with respect to the lattice links, are then obtained with a third-order error. In particular, Couette and Poiseuille flows are exactly recovered without the Knudsen layers produced for inclined walls by the bounce back condition.     

Slip Boundary Conditions for the Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations

The slip boundary conditions for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations are derived systematically from the Boltzmann equation on the basis of the Chapman–Enskog solution of the Boltzmann equation and the analysis of the Knudsen layer adjacent to the boundary. The resulting formulas of the slip boundary conditions are summarized with explicit values of the slip coefficients for hard-sphere molecules as well as the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model. These formulas, which can be applied to specific problems immediately, help to prevent the use of often used slip boundary conditions that are either incorrect or without theoretical basis.     

Use of the two-moment boundary condition in the problem of rarefied gas slip over a solid cylindrical surface

The slip velocity of a rarefied gas nonuniform in temperature and mass velocity is calculated for gas slip over the surface of a right circular cylinder. The calculation uses the two-moment boundary condition in an approximation linear in Knudsen number. Corrections to the slip velocity that are due to the interface curvature, volume temperature stresses, and nonuniform temperature distribution in the Knudsen layer are studied as func-tions of the accommodation coefficients in the first two moments of the distribution function. The Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model of the Boltzmann kinetic equation is employed as the basic equation for the gas state.     

Development of a new correlation to calculate permeability for flows with high Knudsen number

Flows with high Knudsen number play a prominent role in many engineering applications. The present study is an effort toward the simulation of flow with high Knudsen number using modified lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) through a porous medium in a channel. The effect of collision between molecules and solid walls, which is required to accurately simulate transition flow regime, is taken into account using a modified relaxation time. Slip velocity on the wall, which is another significant difficulty in simulating transition flow regime, is captured using the slip reflection boundary condition(SRBC). The geometry of porous medium is considered as in-line and staggered. The results are in good agreement with previous works. A new correlation is obtained between permeability, Knudsen number and porosity for flows in transition flow regimes.     

Non-Maxwell slippage induced by surface roughness for microscale gas flow: a molecular dynamics simulation

Rarefied gas flows in rough microchannels are investigated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The surface roughness is modelled by an array of triangular modules. The Maxwell slip model is found to break down due to the surface roughness for gas flows in microchannels with large surface roughness. Non-Maxwell slippage shows that the slip length is smaller than that predicted by the Maxwell model and is nonlinearly related to the mean free path. For larger surface roughness and smaller Knudsen number, the non-Maxwell effect becomes more pronounced. The boundary conditions, generally including velocity slip, no-slip and negative slip, depend not only on the Knudsen number but also on the surface roughness. Simulation results show that A/λ?≈?1 is a good criterion to validate the no-slip boundary condition and A/λ?>?0.3 can be a criterion to judge the occurrence of non-Maxwell slippage, where A is the surface roughness size and?λ?is the mean free path of gas molecules. The permeability enhanced by the surface roughness may be responsible for the roughness-induced non-Maxwell slippage.     

Hydrodynamic limit of the stationary Boltzmann equation in a slab

We study the stationary solution of the Boltzmann equation in a slab with a constant external force parallel to the boundary and complete accommodation condition on the walls at a specified temperature. We prove that when the force is sufficiently small there exists a solution which converges, in the hydrodynamic limit, to a local Maxwellian with parameters given by the stationary solution of the corresponding compressible Navier-Stokes equations with no-slip boundary conditions. Corrections to this Maxwellian are obtained in powers of the Knudsen number with a controlled remainder.     

微圆管进口区气体流动与换热特性研究

对微圆管进口区运用一阶速度滑移和温度跳跃边界,考察了Kn、动量调和及热调和系数对流动与换热特性的影响机理和规律.模拟结果表明:流动进口段长度随Kn增加而增加,但随动量调和系数减小而减小;热进口段长度随Kn增加而增加,但随动量调和系数及热调和系数减小而减小;Nu数随Kn增加及热调和系数减小而减小,但随动量调和系数减小而增加.     

Implementation of diffuse reflection boundary conditions in a thermal lattice Boltzmann model with flux limiters

We discuss three new implementation versions of diffuse reflection boundary conditions in a thermal lattice Boltzmann model. Their accuracy is investigated in the case of Couette flow by considering the slip regime. The best results are recovered with versions 2 and 3, which rely on outgoing fluxes to express the particle distribution functions in the ghost nodes outside the flow domain. Version 2 is found to be more economical since it involves no interpolation procedure. This version was thereafter used to investigate the temperature profile in Couette flow for various values of Prandtl number, as well as the capability of the thermal LB model to capture the Knudsen minimum in Poiseuille flow.     

Analytic Solution for Diffusional Filtration across Granular Beds in Low Knudsen Number Regime

The collection efficiency of aerosols in the low Knudsen number region was studied using a system of multiple spheres. Kuwabara's free vorticity model was expanded to include the effects of gas slip at the collector surface, with the collection efficiency due to diffusion obtained analytically and compared with existing experimental results. The results showed that the diffusional collection efficiency increases as the Knudsen number increases due to gas slippage at the collector surface. The obtained analytical solution converged to the existing collection efficiency of a solid sphere system with a Knudsen number of zero, and that of a bubble with an infinite Knudsen number. The comparison of the experimental results with analytic solution in this study shows that the trends agree well. Therefore, this study is a subsequent expansion of the collection efficiency in the finite Knudsen number region, and can be used for a broad range of collector sizes, pressures and temperatures.