基于自适应加权约束最小二乘法的麦克风阵列稳健频率不变波束形成算法

为了解决麦克风阵列通道失配时波束形成算法的稳健性问题, 提出一种基于自适应加权约束最小二乘法的麦克风阵列稳健频率不变波束形成算法. 该算法在分析无通道失配和通道失配时阵列模型特点基础上, 深入研究了通道失配时约束最小二乘频率不变波束形成算法存在的问题及其产生的原因; 将麦克风特性的概率密度函数作为稳健因子加入到约束最小二乘频率不变波束形成算法后, 其频率不变性的稳健性得到了一定的提高, 但稳健性仍较差. 为了进一步提高约束最小二乘法频率不变波束形成算法的稳键性, 通过定义代价函数中控制频率不变性的动态加权系数来调节旁瓣频谱能量, 大大提高了频率不变波束形成算法的稳键性, 将频率不变的频带范围内同一到达角度上不同频率所形成的阵列响应的最大值与最小值之比定义为波动误差, 并作为比较本文算法与约束最小二乘稳健波束形成算法和minmax稳健波束形成算法在通道失配时频率不变性稳键性的评价指标. 算法实例验证结果表明, 在麦克风阵列通道失配时, 本文算法的波动误差最小、频率不变波束形成稳健性最好, 而且适用于任意结构的阵列.     

同心圆环阵列模态波束形成器设计

针对贝塞尔函数零点造成的模态波束形成器性能损失的问题,提出了基于均匀同心圆环阵列的模态波束形成器设计方法。从阵元域出发,建立了阵元域和圆谐波域之间的转换关系,推导了圆谐波域阵列信号处理表达式,其中重点推导了延时求和、最小方差无失真响应和多约束波束形成器的设计方法。理论证明了在平面各向同性噪声场中的基于同心环阵的圆谐波域最小方差无失真响应波束形成器等价于相位模式波束形成器。在该结论的基础上,综合考虑相位模式波束形成器在一定频率范围内的稳健性和指向性,提出了一种同心圆环阵列的内环半径优化方法。使用16元双环阵列对本文提出的波束形成算法进行仿真和实验,结果表明:同心圆环阵列能够较好地解决贝塞尔函数零点问题;其中多约束波束形成器能够在多个关联的性能指标之间取得合理的折衷,实现优于相位模式和延时求和波束形成器的声源定位性能。对内环半径优化方法进行仿真和分析结果表明,该方法得到了相较于传统方法更优的阵列结构。      

阵列指向性二次型约束稳健波束形成算法

提出了一种基于阵列指向性二次型约束的优化算法,以提高最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)波束形成对方向矢量的稳健性。通过控制阵列波束指向附近的小区域的自适应波束图与期望波束图的加权平方误差,使波束主瓣区域内的信号畸变最小,同时保持了对约束区间外的干扰信号的抑制能力。数值结果表明:在理想阵形和阵形畸变情况下,无方位失配时,利用本文算法的阵列输出信号与干扰噪声比(SINR)与新近出现的球面约束稳健Capon方法相当,而存在方位失配时,本文算法均优于后者。     

稳健的子带子阵级导向最小方差波束形成算法

导向最小方差(STMV)波束形成是一种利用导向协方差矩阵获得自适应权值的方法,具有快速收敛特性.常规的稳健导向最小方差(RSTMV)波束形成算法在处理宽频带信号时,性能下降明显.为了改善算法的性能,结合频域子带划分和空域子阵划分技术,提出一种多子带不确定集独立约束的稳健子阵级STMV波束形成算法。通过频域子带划分可对不同子带的导向向量误差范数边界进行约束,计算出各子带对应的对角加载量,得到稳健的子带级最小方差波束形成算法权向量;同时采用子阵技术进行降维处理,可进一步增加划分子带的数目,从而提高算法的性能并有效降低计算复杂度,最终得到一种稳健的子带子阵级STMV波束形成算法。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在阵列导向向量存在误差的情况下,该算法在干扰方向形成的零陷最深,且零陷波束宽度最窄,输出信噪比接近理论值,因此性能最佳.实际海试数据处理表明,在强干扰目标存在时,弱目标输出信干噪比较RSTMV算法可提高4 dB,较常规波束形成可提高10 dB,在角度分辨力和算法复杂度方面得到有效改善,同时可以保证目标功率无失真输出。      

圆环形传感器阵列超指向性频率不变响应波束优化方法

提出了一种适用于圆环形传感器阵列的超指向性频率不变响应波束优化方法。首先,基于前期在最小均方误差准则下得到的不同频率处权值向量与期望波束权值向量的解析函数关系,将指向性因子、误差敏感度函数和最小均方误差进一步表达成了期望波束权值向量的函数;然后,构建了一个多约束优化问题,获得了满足指向性、稳健性、频率不变性等约束条件的最优期望波束,由此合成得到了最优宽带频率不变响应超指向性波束,并给出了相应的仿真和实验结果。      

基于任意阵的最小方差无失真响应聚焦波束形成的被动定位方法

将最小方差无失真响应(MVDR)聚焦波束形成近场被动定位方法应用到平面任意结构阵列上,可以很好地解决线列阵由于阵长较长,在实际使用中存在布放困难、部分阵元失效影响定位性能等问题。本文首先分析了平面任意结构阵列的近场接收信号模型,推导出阵列流型,然后将MVDR聚焦波束形成技术应用到该模型中,得到了基于任意阵的MVDR聚焦波束形成近场被动定位方法。仿真验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

波束空间能量约束的稳健自适应波束形成

为改善波束形成器在一定失配条件下的工作性能,提出了一种稳健自适应波束形成方法。该方法通过设计信号在波束空间能量分布的约束条件,利用阵列数据协方差矩阵,结合迭代二阶锥规化方法,实现信号驾驶向量的估计,最后利用该估计得到最小方差无失真响应波束形成器。该方法在较恶劣的失配条件下也可以自适应地准确估计信号驾驶向量并保证其成分无失真地通过,使系统的稳健性得到改善。数据仿真结果表明,该方法在理想条件下与成熟的对角加载法性能相当,在失配条件下则优于后者。     

基于自适应频率不变响应基阵的宽带信号方位估计

提出一种设计频率不变响应基阵的自适应模拟方法，并将其用于构造波束形成矩阵来实现宽带信号的聚焦。该方法不仅保持了波束域方位估计算法的运算量小、分辨率高等优点，还具有相关信号子空间能解相关源的能力，且对阵形及各阵元的指向性也没有任何限制。仿真结果说明了本文方法的有效性。     

基于信号子空间重构的鲁棒子区域Frost波束形成

本文针对一个感兴趣子区域内的宽带波束形成问题, 提出一种基于信号子空间重构的鲁棒Frost波束形成算法. 该算法的基本思想是利用一个矩阵滤波器从所估计的信号加干扰子空间中提取感兴趣信号(SOI)的特征分量; 然后利用该特征分量重构信号子空间; 最后利用重构的信号子空间构造一组线性约束最小方差(LCMV)准则, 来保证SOI近似无失真通过. 与现有的其他鲁棒Frost波束形成算法相比, 本文算法的一个显著优点是在未知SOI实际波达方向与频带等先验信息的情况下, 其导向与带宽均能够自适应地匹配SOI. 因此在整个感兴趣子区域内, 它都能获得接近最优值的输出信干噪比. 理论分析与仿真研究验证了算法的有效性.     

宽带波束形成器的自适应综合

提出一种具有频率不变波束图的宽带基阵设计方法。该方法只需给出参考波束图,无须推导权矢量的表达式,便可由计算机自动完成整个设计任务。其设计过程分为3步:(1)用数值计算的方法计算参考频率下的基阵权矢量。(2)利用自适应模拟法得到其它频率处的基阵权矢量。(3)以各频点处的基阵权矢量作为FIR滤波器的频率响应指标设计FIR滤波器。该方法可应用于任意阵型的阵列,且对各阵元的指向性也没有任何限制,因此本文方法具有重要的工程应用价值。     

Nearfield broadband array design using a radially invariant modal expansion

This paper introduces an efficient parameterization for the nearfield broadband beamforming problem with a single parameter to focus the beamformer to a desired operating radius and another set of parameters to control the actual broadband beampattern shape. The parameterization is based on an orthogonal basis set of elementary beampatterns by which an arbitrary beampattern can be constructed. A set of elementary beamformers are then designed for each elementary beampattern and the desired beamformer is constructed by summing the elementary beamformers with frequency and source-array distance dependent weights. An important consequence of our result is that the beamformer can be factored into three levels of filtering: (i) beampattern independent elementary beamformers; (ii) beampattern shape dependent filters; and (iii) radial focusing filters where a single parameter can be adjusted to focus the array to a desired radial distance from the array origin. As an illustration the method is applied to the problem of producing a practical array design that achieves a frequency invariant beampattern over the frequency range of 1:10 (which is suitable for speech acquisition using a microphone array), and with the array focused either to farfield or nearfield where at the lowest frequency the radial distance to the source is only three wavelengths.     

Frequency-invariant robust adaptive beamforming based on interference covariance matrix reconstruction

Consider the problems of frequency-invariant beampattern optimization and robustness in broadband beamforming.Firstly,a global optimization algorithm,which is based on phase compensation of the array manifolds,is used to construct the frequency-invariant beampattern.Compared with some methods presented recently,the proposed algorithm is not only available to get the global optimal solution,but also simple for physical realization.Meanwhile,a robust adaptive broadband beamforming algorithm is also derived by reconstructing the covariance matrix.The essence of the proposed algorithm is to estimate the space-frequency spectrum using Capon estimator firstly,then integrate over a region separated from the desired signal direction to reconstruct the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix,and finally caleulate the adaptive beamformer weights with the reconstructed matrix.The design of beamformer is formulated as a convex optimization problem to be solved.Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is almost always close to the optimal value across a wide range of signal to noise ratios.     

Design of broadband beamformers based on an expected response interpolation technique

A method for designing broadband beamformers based on an expected response interpolation technique was proposed, with the aim of reducing the heavy optimization burden in the broadband beamformer design problem. In the method, some typical frequencies in the designing frequency band are selected and the optimal array weights are designed on these typical frequencies, based on which a broadband expected response function is constructed. Then, FIR filters are designed to realize the broadband beamforming over the whole designing frequency band, via the interpolation technique which is utilized to the expected responses of the FIR filters. Broadband beamforming can be fulfilled by applying these filters to each of the sensors in the array. By using the proposed method, designers need not to divide the whole designing frequency band into narrow subbands so as to make the narrow band assumption valid, which not only reduces the heavy designing burden, but also releases the requirement for measurements at fine frequency grids in the robust beamformer design. Results of both computer simulations and watertank experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Speckle suppression and contrast enhancement in reconstruction of freehand 3D ultrasound images using an adaptive distance-weighted method

In three-dimensional (3D) freehand ultrasound (US), reconstructing a set of B-scans into a regular voxel array is the key procedure for consequent visualization and analysis. This paper presents a new adaptive interpolation algorithm for computing the voxel array to suppress speckle noises and enhance contrast. The local statistics of homogeneous regions including mean and variance were measured and the ratio of variance to mean was used as homogeneity criteria. For the computation of each voxel, the interpolation method was adaptively determined with respect to its local statistics. If the neighbouring pixels of a voxel satisfied the homogeneity criterion, its value was computed with an arithmetic mean filter. Otherwise, the voxel was probably locating in an inhomogeneous region and an adaptive distance-weighted (ADW) interpolation method was employed to compute its value. A resolution phantom and a subject’s forearm were reconstructed using the proposed algorithm and two other well-known methods - conventional distance-weighted (DW) and voxel nearest neighbourhood (VNN) interpolations. The comparison results demonstrated that the adaptive interpolation algorithm was able to suppress speckles, preserve edges and enhance contrast effectively for the volume reconstruction.     

宽带波束形成器的设计与实现（英文）

The designs and implementations of broadband beamformers are reviewed and discussed.Broadband beamformer includes discrete Fourier transform(DFT) implementation of a frequency-domain beamformer and finite impulse response(FIR) implementation of a timedomain beamformer.The designs of weights at each frequency bin for the DFT beamformer and that of FIR filters associated with each sensor for the FIR beamformer are both introduced.Performance analysis and comparisons for several typical approaches to them are presented.A unified approach,i.e.,multiple-constrained approach,to narrowband beamformer is provided and is extended to the FIR implementation of broadband case.The unified approaches include the existing individual approaches as their special cases,which leads to much more flexible designs.Design examples of broadband robust adaptive beamformer with constant mainlobe response and controlled sidelobes are given to illustrate the behavior.     

A postbeamformer adaptive noise cancelling system

I.IntroductionApostbeamformernoisecancel1erisasing1e-channeladaptiveprocessorinbeamspace['l.Ithasnotonlysimplerstructure,buta1sobetterpropertiesthane1ementspaceprocessorinimp1ementation.L.C.GodaraandA.Conto1ihavestudiedthesignaltonoiseratioofthebroadbandPIC[1].Theauthorshavesolvedtheprob1emofapplicationconditionsofnarrowbandPIC['],andproposedthatRMGSEFa1gorithmistheoptimuma1gorithminthenarrowbandPICadaptiveprocessing['1.Atpresent,thepfob1emofadaptivecance11ingofbroadbandtowing-shipnoi…     

浅海非均匀水平阵宽带声场信号无源孔径扩展

大孔径水平阵对于浅海低频水声物理实验研究和应用至关重要,然而受实际情况制约,通常使用的水平基阵孔径十分有限,通过孔径扩展处理来扩展基阵孔径是一条重要途径。传统的无源孔径扩展方法是建立在均匀线阵、匀速相对运动和相干窄带连续信号的基础上的,难以适用于非均匀阵以及非连续宽带声源的情况。针对这些问题,提出了非均匀阵宽带声场信号的无源孔径扩展方法。使用静止布设在海底的非均匀水平短阵接收运动声源重复发射的宽带声信号,先开展均匀空间插值,然后在阵元域和波束域进行宽带扩展孔径处理。仿真和实验结果表明,在水深约70 m的浅海波导环境中,纵向间隔27.5 m的2个阵元接收20~200 Hz宽带声场,其空间插值结果与真值的相关系数大于0.99,说明宽带声场插值方法的合理性。在水平非均匀、纵向孔径250 m的短阵接收声场无法分析简正波频散特征的情况下,仿真和实验数据经过宽带无源孔径扩展处理得到孔径大于1 km的均匀线阵的声场,能高分辨区分各阶简正波,证明所提方法是有效的。      

Waveguide invariant focusing for broadband beamforming in an oceanic waveguide

The performance of broadband sonar array processing can degrade significantly in shallow-water environments when interference becomes angularly spread due to multipath propagation. Particularly for towed line arrays near endfire, elevation angle spreading of multipath interference often results in masking of weaker sources of interest. While adaptive beamforming in a series of narrow frequency bands can suppress coherent multipath interference, this approach requires long observation times to estimate the required narrowband covariance matrices. To form wideband covariance matrices which can be estimated with less observation time, plane-wave focusing methods have been used to avoid interference covariance matrix rank inflation. This paper extends wideband focusing to the case of coherent multipath interference. The approach presented here, called waveguide invariant focusing (WIF), exploits a robust relationship for the frequency dependence of horizontal wave number differences. Unlike matched-field methods, WIF does not model multipath wave fronts but rather makes the interference appear to occupy the same rank-one subspace across frequency. This permits formation of wideband covariance matrices without interference rank inflation. Simulation experiments in a realistic ocean environment indicate that adaptive beamforming using WIF covariance matrices can provide a significant array gain improvement over conventional adaptive methods with limited observation time.