均匀设计法优化超声波辅助提取枸杞多糖的工艺

实验采用超声波辅助技术提取枸杞多糖,并通过均匀设计法研究了液料比、提取时间、提取温度和超声功率对枸杞多糖提取的影响.枸杞多糖超声提取的最佳工艺为:液料比21mL/g,提取时间27min,提取温度63℃,超声功率200W,在该条件下枸杞多糖得率为5.16％,且表现稳定.均匀设计法在优化枸杞多糖提取条件中应用效果良好.     

枸杞叶多糖的超声波辅助提取

通过单因素试验考察了样品粒度、提取时间、超声波频率、超声波功率、提取温度、液固比和提取次数对枸杞叶多糖提取率的影响,在此基础上采用正交试验优选到了最佳提取工艺方案:样品粒度80目、提取时间20min、超声波频率20kHz、超声波功率90W、提取温度65℃、液固比20:1(mL/g)、提取次数1次。超声波提取法的提取率显著高于水提醇沉法,重现性较好,为工业化生产提供了依据。     

超声提取防风多糖的抗氧化活性研究

采用不同电功率和频率的超声波辅助提取防风多糖,通过体外抗氧化实验,研究了多糖抗氧化活性与超声电功率及频率的变化规律。实验结果表明:超声频率为135kHz、电功率为290W时,提取的防风多糖得率最高,达到7.12%。超声频率在80kHz和135kHz,电功率范围在150W～220W时提取的防风多糖抗氧化活性较高。超声提取防风多糖能够提高提取效率,选择适当的电功率和频率能达到较好的抗氧化活性效果。     

微波-超声波辅助提取枸杞中的多糖工艺

利用微波-超声波辅助提取枸杞中的多糖物质,采用正交试验法考察料液比、浸提温度、微波和超声波功率以及时间等对枸杞中多糖物质提取效率的影响,得到最佳提取工艺:料液比为1∶10(g/mL),微波提取温度为100℃,微波功率为300W,提取时间6min,超声处理时间20min,超声功率80W,温度为70℃.     

超声波法提取啤酒花中总多糖的工艺

采用超声波法提取啤酒花中总多糖.采用正交试验设计,以总多糖含量为评价指标进行实验.最佳提取工艺为:超声提取2次,加12倍量的水,每次40min,超声功率为160W.本提取工艺合理,啤酒花中总多糖提取率较高.     

超声波强化提取对茯苓水溶性多糖结构影响的研究

以茯苓菌核为原料,采用正交实验法确定超声波辅助热水浸提茯苓水溶性多糖的最佳提取条件,并对超声波辅助提取中药多糖的机理进行初步研究。用苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量,傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团,气相色谱法测定单糖组成,原子力显微镜观察多糖结构,并将测定结果与传统热水法浸提所得茯苓多糖进行对比。实验结果表明:采用超声波辅助热水浸提可以使水溶性茯苓多糖的提取率达到2.71%(传统热水浸提法提取率为1.49%),传统热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPTH)与超声波辅助热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPUH)具有相同的单糖组成,都包含核糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,二者的红外吸收谱也基本相同,原子力显微镜扫描分析显示,PPTH整体呈现网状结构,而PPUH主要以长短不一的近棒状结构存在。     

扣子七中多糖的提取工艺

超声波法提取扣子七多糖.以扣子七多糖的含量为指标,先采用单因素试验获得提取扣子七多糖的最佳料液比、提取时间、提取温度.然后根据单因素实验中的实验结论设定恰当的3个水平,通过正交试验,最后获得多糖提取的最佳提取工艺.对扣子七多糖含量影响因素的大小依次是料液比、提取时间、提取温度.扣子七多糖最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶20、提取温度60℃、提取时间20min/次.     

海参胶囊中海参多糖的提取方法

对海参胶囊中海参多糖进行提取纯化。分别探讨了酶解法、超声波提取方法;双氧水、活性炭脱色法及乙酸钾、三氯乙酸法除蛋白方法对海参多糖的得率的影响。确定最适提取条件:1g胶囊在胰蛋白酶加酶量为8000U/g,温度为37℃,pH 8.1,酶解3h后酶解完全;醇沉得到粗多糖后,经双氧水脱色、乙酸钾除蛋白。     

双低频超声处理偶氮类染料模拟废水的研究

对用双低频超声波处理偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B模拟废水进行了实验研究。探讨了不同超声波之间的功率搭配和超声波探头之间的距离对处理效果的影响。实验表明双频超声降解效果优于单频超声，双频超声存在最佳功率搭配。在给定的实验范围内，两个超声波探头之间的最佳距离为1．5cm，US／Fenton处理污染物的效果（η值为94．90％）高于US与Fenton处理效果之和7．1个百分点。通过UV-Vis分析，观察到活性艳红X-3B处理60min后基本被矿化。     

超声波与光协同降解对氯苯酚水溶液的机理研究

为阐明超声波与光协同作用机理,以对氯苯酚为研究对象,研究了对氯苯酚水溶液在超声波与光(紫外光,可见光)单独及共同辐照下的降解现象,研究发现对氯苯酚水溶液在超声波及紫外光单独辐照下均发牛降解,降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律.在超声波和紫外光共同辐照下,降解过程也符合一级反应动力学规律,同时对氯苯酚水溶液降解呈现显著的声光协同效应,即同一辐照时间内超声波和紫外光共同辐照下对氯苯酚的降解率大于超声波和紫外光单独辐照下各自降解率之和.另一方面,超声波和可见光共同辐照没有呈现出明显的卢光协同效应.超声波和紫外光共同辐照下的声光协同效应被归因于紫外光对超声空化过程中产生的过氧化氢的裂解作用.     

Ultrasound assisted enzymatic depolymerization of aqueous guar gum solution

The present work investigates the effectiveness of application of low intensity ultrasonic irradiation for the intensification of enzymatic depolymerization of aqueous guar gum solution. The extent of depolymerization of guar gum has been analyzed in terms of intrinsic viscosity reduction. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters related to the enzyme activity as well as the intrinsic viscosity reduction of guar gum using enzymatic approach has been evaluated. The kinetic rate constant has been found to increase with an increase in the temperature and cellulase loading. It has been observed that application of ultrasound not only enhances the extent of depolymerization but also reduces the time of depolymerization as compared to conventional enzymatic degradation technique. In the presence of cellulase enzyme, the maximum extent of depolymerization of guar gum has been observed at 60 W of ultrasonic rated power and ultrasonic treatment time of 30 min. The effect of ultrasound on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters as well as the molecular structure of cellulase enzyme was evaluated with the help of the chemical reaction kinetics model and fluorescence spectroscopy. Application of ultrasound resulted in a reduction in the thermodynamic parameters of activation energy (E_a), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) by 47%, 50%, 65% and 1.97%, respectively. The changes in the chemical structure of guar gum treated using ultrasound assisted enzymatic approach in comparison to the native guar gum were also characterized by FTIR. The results revealed that enzymatic depolymerization of guar gum resulted in a polysaccharide with low degree of polymerization, viscosity and consistency index without any change in the core chemical structure which could make it useful for incorporation in food products.     

Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the molecular weight of carboxymethylated chitin-glucan complex from Aspergillus niger

Different factors affecting the efficiency of the ultrasonic depolymerization of the high-molecular-weight carboxymethylated chitin-glucan prepared from the fungal mycelium of Aspergillus niger have been investigated. The influence of the following parameters was examined: concentration of the chitin-glucan complex, duration of ultrasonic irradiation, reaction temperature and volume of the ultrasonicated solution. The optimized conditions for the efficient ultrasonic depolymerization include: polysaccharide concentration--0.2 mg ml-1; volume of the sonicated solution--25 ml; duration of the sonication--10 min; and constant cooling of the sonicated sample in an ice-water bath.     

Polymerization and depolymerization by ultrasound

Ultrasound has been reported to cause both initiation of polymerization and depolymerization. The effects of the rate of flow of argon gas through styrene during exposure to ultrasound on the polymerization rate and the molecular weight distribution of the polymer formed were investigated. The results indicate that initiation of polymerization occurs primarily only when there is sufficient gas present to form a field of bubbles undergoing stable cavitation. With no gas present, transient cavitation occurs, resulting in depolymerization and the formation of coloured compounds similar to pyrolysis reaction products. These observations explain discrepancies in the sonochemistry literature.     

核磁共振技术在生物质转化中的应用

生物质结构的精确分析研究有利于其各个组分的转化利用,而核磁共振（NMR）技术是生物质解聚及结构演变分析中重要的表征技术.本文主要介绍了¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、³¹P NMR和2D HSQC四种NMR技术在生物质结构、产物定性和定量分析、反应路径和催化解聚机理探究中的应用,然后讨论了NMR技术应用于生物质研究中存在的主要问题,并进行了展望.     

Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the molecular weight of carboxymethylated chitin–glucan complex from Aspergillus niger

Different factors affecting the efficiency of the ultrasonic depolymerization of the high-molecular-weight carboxymethylated chitin–glucan prepared from the fungal mycelium of Aspergillus niger have been investigated. The influence of the following parameters was examined: concentration of the chitin–glucan complex, duration of ultrasonic irradiation, reaction temperature and volume of the ultrasonicated solution. The optimized conditions for the efficient ultrasonic depolymerization include: polysaccharide concentration – 0.2 mg ml⁻¹; volume of the sonicated solution – 25 ml; duration of the sonication – 10 min; and constant cooling of the sonicated sample in an ice–water bath.     

基于光谱法研究盐酸胍诱导的人血红蛋白去折叠过程

借助于紫外-可见吸收光谱法、荧光光谱法以及停流-荧光光谱法研究了盐酸胍(GdmHcl)诱导人血红蛋白的去折叠过程。实验发现,盐酸胍诱导的血红蛋白去折叠有两个不同的过程,即随着GdmHcl浓度增加到1.0 mol·L-1左右时,血红蛋白亚基发生解聚,形成中间态;持续增加其浓度时,各亚基发生内部去折叠,最终导致血红素发生崩解。加入还原剂(β-巯基乙醇)对血红蛋白亚基解聚、血红素崩解有协同作用且直接引起亚基和全分子同步变构。血红蛋白去折叠过程从“三态模型”转变为“二态模型”。     

长链非编码RNA XR_923426参与调控电离辐射诱导的微丝骨架变化

细胞微丝骨架是多功能亚细胞结构,是电离辐射的感受器也是效应器。为了明确长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是否参与调控电离辐射引起的微丝骨架动力学变化,采用Swinholide A处理诱导细胞微丝骨架解聚之后,进行lncRNA组学分析并验证差异表达的lncRNA;采用鬼笔环肽染色和微丝网络结构分析等方法评价电离辐射引起微丝骨架动力学变化的程度。结果发现,微丝骨架解聚后,lncRNA XR_923426的表达下调;人为上调lncRNA XR_923426的表达水平能够显著缓解辐射导致的微丝骨架结构异常和微丝网络连接减少。这些发现为微丝通过lncRNA调控辐射导致细胞死亡或肿瘤转移的机制提供了新的研究思路,有望成为肿瘤治疗和正常组织辐射防护的新靶点。     

GAP和GAP/B的红外光谱和热分析研究

采用傅里叶红外光谱测试(FTIR)、热重法(TG)和微商热重法(DTG)研究了GAP和GAP处理硼的样品(GAP/B)在空气和氮气两种环境中的热分解。结果表明：GAP在约170 ℃开始发生叠氮基消除反应,250 ℃左右结束,GAP骨架的解聚反应延后了40 ℃左右;硼(B)改变了GAP的热分解过程,GAP/B在55～70 ℃开始分解,明显提前于GAP本身,而且,叠氮基的消除反应与GAP骨架的解聚反应几乎同时发生。基于Kissinger热分析数据处理方法,对GAP和GAP/B两种体系在叠氮基消除阶段的热分解动力学进行了研究,结果发现在空气环境中,两种体系的活化能E的数值均较低,较易于发生反应,这是由于GAP与空气中的氧发生有氧热解所致。     

Structural subunit organization of molluscan hemocyanins

The quaternary structure of Molluscan hemocyanins is not still defined, in particular the spatial distribution and the structural subunits. It is important to establish the number and the nature of interations between functional units. Here we present two non-proteolytic methods for the depolymerization of hemocyanins. The results suggest that the carbohydrate moieties apparently play a basic role in the organization of the structural subunits.