硅基异质结太阳电池新进展

非晶硅/晶体硅异质结太阳电池(SHJ)是在晶体硅上沉积非晶硅薄膜,它综合了晶体硅电池与薄膜电池的优势,具有结构简单、工艺温度低、钝化效果好、开路电压高、温度特性好、双面发电等优点,是高转换效率硅基太阳电池的热点方向之一。本文首先综述了近几年SHJ电池制造工艺技术的进步,包括臭氧清洗硅片、热丝化学气相沉积技术沉积非晶硅薄膜、透明导电薄膜沉积方法和材料的改进,以及新型金属化电极技术在SHJ电池中的应用所取得的进展。然后介绍了结合背面结技术、载流子选择性钝化接触技术的硅异质结电池以及薄型硅异质结太阳电池最新研究情况。进一步分析了与叉指式背接触技术相结合的硅异质结电池、与钙钛矿太阳电池技术相结合的钙钛矿/硅异质结两端叠层太阳电池的研究现状,指出硅基异质结太阳电池是迈向更高效率太阳电池的基石。     

石墨烯在太阳能电池中的应用

正太阳能作为一种新型绿色能源受到人们广泛的重视,也加大了对各种太阳能电池的开发力度,例如晶体硅太阳电池、非晶硅薄膜太阳电池、染料敏化太阳电池和有机染料太阳电池。2004年,盖姆(A.Geim)研究小组采用胶带剥离法(Scotch Tape Method)首次制备出稳定的石墨烯,引发了人们对石墨烯材料的空前关注。石墨烯具有优异的材料     

非晶硅锗电池性能的调控研究

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术, 研究了非晶硅锗薄膜太阳电池. 针对非晶硅锗薄膜材料的本身特性, 通过调控硅锗合金中硅锗的比例, 实现了对硅锗薄膜太阳电池中开路电压和短路电流密度的分别控制. 借助于本征层硅锗材料帯隙梯度的设计, 获得了可有效用于多结叠层电池中的非晶硅锗电池. 关键词： 非晶硅锗薄膜太阳电池 短路电流密度 开路电压 带隙梯度     

低成本衬底上多晶硅薄膜电池的探索

在低成本、两种纯度的P^ 颗粒硅带衬底(SSP)上，采用RT化学气相沉积(CVD)技术制备了多晶硅薄膜电池。无论高纯硅粉还是低纯硅粉制备的SSP衬底杂质含量都很高且表面凹凸不平；采用4μm／min的沉积速率和钝化作用得到了高质量外延多晶硅薄膜。通过扩散工艺制成的多晶硅薄膜太阳电池的转换效率分别为6．25％(高纯硅粉制成的SSP衬底)和4．5％(低纯硅粉制成的SSP衬底)。     

异质结及其技术在新型硅基太阳能电池中的应用

文章综述了异质结及其技术在新型硅基太阳能电池中的应用.从太阳能电池特性角度,点评了其在晶体硅、非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池及新结构太阳能电池应用中的研究热点和研究现状.在此基础上,讨论了其在不断与晶体硅、薄膜硅太阳能电池融合中的发展动态.     

晶体硅太阳电池数值模拟软件及其应用

提出一种在Matlab/GUI环境下设计的晶体硅太阳电池数值模拟软件,通过光生少数载流子连续性方程建立了单晶硅N⁺/P/P⁺结构太阳电池的物理模型。通过引进有效迁移率和有效少子扩散长度概念,并考虑多晶硅中晶界复合后,实现了对单晶硅、柱状多晶硅太阳电池的开路电压、短路电流、填充因子、转化效率、串并联电阻等电池性能的参数指标的数值模拟。程序模拟结果通过数值和图形两种方式输出,模拟结果与实验结果接近,能够为晶体硅太阳电池的设计与制备起到较好的指导作用。本程序对于以N型材料为衬底的晶体硅太阳电池同样适用。     

钙钛矿太阳电池中各功能层的光辐照稳定性研究进展

钙钛矿太阳电池简单的制备工艺、低廉的成本和优异的性能使其有望替代已产业化的硅太阳电池,革新现有能源供给结构,然而,钙钛矿太阳电池的稳定性差制约了其产业化进程,本文分别介绍了光辐照下,钙钛矿薄膜内部本征的离子迁移行为和由此产生的磁滞、荧光淬灭/增强和电池失效问题;以及典型的TiO2/钙钛矿界面的紫外光不稳定、空穴传输层和金属电极不稳定问题.作为依光器件深刻理解其光辐照稳定性对顺利解决电池各种环境稳定性问题至关重要.     

压强对低频PECVD制备SiNx:H薄膜特性的影响

氢化氮化硅薄膜在晶体硅太阳电池工艺中是一种有效的减反射、钝化薄膜．利用Centrotherm公司的直接法低频PECVD设备在抛光后的p型硅衬底(1.0 Ωcm)表面制作氢化氮化硅,得到了具有较好钝化效果且折射率为2.017～2.082的薄膜．随着压强的增加,薄膜的折射率略有增加．利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术研究了薄膜中成键结构特性随压强的变化．结果表明沉积压强强烈的影响了H键的浓度和Si-N键的浓度．其中硅的悬挂键浓度是影响薄膜钝化特性的关键因素．最后给出了样品有效少子寿命随时间的衰减特性,并利用成键结构对钝化的影响给出了这种衰减的原因.     

硅锗量子阱结构在硅异质结太阳电池中应用的数值模拟

利用半导体工艺和器件仿真软件silvaco TCAD(Technology Computer Aided Design),模拟研究了采用硅/硅锗合金(silicon/silicon germanium alloy,Si/Si_(1-x)Ge_x)量子阱结构作为吸收层的薄膜晶体硅异质结太阳电池各项性能.模拟结果显示,长波波段光学吸收随锗含量的增加而增加,而开路电压则因Si_(1-x)Ge_x)层带隙的降低而下降.锗含量为0.25时,短路电流密度的增加补偿了开路电压的衰减,效率提升0.2%.氢化非晶硅/晶体硅(a-Si:H/c-Si)界面空穴密度以及Si_(1-x)Ge_x)量子阱的体空穴载流子浓度制约着空穴费米能级的位置,进而影响到开路电压的大小.随着锗含量增加,a-Si:H/c-Si界面缺陷对开压的影响降低,Si_(1-x)Ge_x)量子阱的体缺陷对开压的影响则相应增加.高效率含Si_(1-x)Ge_x)量子阱结构的硅异质结太阳电池的制备需要a-Si:H/c-Si界面缺陷的良好钝化以及高质量Si_(1-x)Ge_x)量子阱的生长.     

p型多晶硅薄膜应变因子与掺杂浓度关系理论研究

多晶硅薄膜具有良好的压阻特性,晶粒结构和掺杂浓度决定其压阻特性.一般通过调节掺杂浓度改变压阻参数,但现有的多晶硅薄膜压阻系数与掺杂浓度的理论关系和适用范围不够全面.为了完善多晶硅薄膜压阻理论,基于多晶硅纳米薄膜隧道压阻模型,以及硅价带和空穴电导质量随应力改变的机理,提出了一种p型多晶硅薄膜压阻系数算法.该算法分别求取了晶粒中性区和复合晶界区的压阻系数π_(11),π_(12)和π_(44)的理论公式,据此可以计算任意择优晶向排列多晶硅的纵向和横向压阻系数.根据材料的结构特性,求取了p型多晶硅纳米薄膜和普通多晶硅薄膜应变因子,绘制了应变因子与掺杂浓度的关系曲线,与测试结果比较,具有较好的一致性.因此,该算法全面和准确,对多晶硅薄膜的压阻特性的改进和应用具有重要意义.     

High-temperature processing of crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells

The crystalline silicon thin-film solar cell combines, in principle, the advantages of crystalline silicon wafer-based solar cells and of thin-film solar cell technologies. Its efficiency potential is the highest of all thin-film cells. In the “high-temperature approach” thin silicon layers are deposited on substrates that withstand processing temperatures higher than 1000 °C. The basic features of the high-temperature crystalline silicon thin-film cell technology are described and some important results are discussed. Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 March 1999 / Published online: 24 June 1999     

Potential of amorphous silicon for solar cells

This paper reviews recent developments in the field of amorphous-silicon-based thin-film solar cells and discusses potentials for further improvements. Creative efforts in materials research, device physics, and process engineering have led to highly efficient solar cells based on amorphous hydrogenated silicon. Sophisticated multijunction solar cell designs make use of its unique material properties and strongly suppress light induced degradation. Texture-etching of sputtered ZnO:Al films is presented as a novel technique to design optimized light trapping schemes for silicon thin-film solar cells in both p-i-n and n-i-p device structure. Necessary efforts will be discussed to close the efficiency gap between the highest stabilized efficiencies demonstrated on lab scale and efficiencies achieved in production. In case of a-Si:H/a-Si:H stacked cells prepared on glass substrates, significant reduction of process-related losses and the development of superior TCO substrates on large areas promise distinctly higher module efficiencies. A discussion of future perspectives comprises the potential of new deposition techniques and concepts combining the advantages of amorphous and crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells. Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 March 1999 / Published online: 14 June 1999     

Advanced solar materials for thin-film photovoltaic cells

As one of the most promising solutions for the green energy, thin-film photovoltaic cell technology is still immature and far from large-scale industrialization. The major issue is getting low cost and stable module efficiency. To solve these problems, a large amount of advanced solar materials have been developed to improve all parts of solar cell modules. Here, some new solar material developments applied in different critical parts of chalcogenide thin-film photovoltaic cells are reviewed. The main efforts are focused on improving light trapping and antireflection, internal quantum efficiency and collection of photo-generated carriers.     

Enhanced broadband light absorption in silicon film by large-size lumpy silver particles

Broadband light absorption enhancement in crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells by rear-located 400 nm lumpy silver particles has been studied, based on the theoretical simulations of 3D finite-difference time-domain method. By simulations, we have investigated the light scattering properties of 400 nm lumpy Ag particles and put it to silicon thin-film solar cells. In addition, the varying rear-located Ag particles coverage and two surface situations of silicon films, which could influence on the light absorption of solar devices, have also been comprehensively considered. The results have shown that rear-located 400 nm lumpy Ag particles would enhance the absorption in silicon films in a broadband range. And it has been proved that 20 % coverage density of rear-located Ag particles is optimal for improving the light absorption of smooth silicon thin-film solar devices. When we create rough surface on one or both sides of silicon films, the absorbed light would further increase, and the theoretical maximum enhancement is 15.1 % compared with the smooth silicon thin-film solar cell without Ag particles.     

Recent progress in thin-film solar cells

The depletion of energy resources should produce an increase in the range of applications for terrestrial solar cells. The main factor determining the extent of this increase will be cost. In this respect, thin-film solar cells are particularly promising. Recent work on cells based on doped amorphous silicon is reviewed in detail. The properties of this relatively new material are still poorly understood.     

Top PV market solar cells 2016

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies which play a role in PV market are divided into basic two types: wafer-based (1st generation PV) and thin-film cell (2nd generation PV). To the first category belong mainly crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells (both mono- and multi-crystalline). In 2015 around 90% of the solar market belonged to crystalline silicon. To the 2nd generation solar cells belongs thin film amorphous silicon (a-Si) or a combination of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon (a-Si/μc-Si), compound semiconductor cadmium telluride (CdTe), compound semiconductor made of copper, indium, gallium and selenium (CIS or CIGS) and III–V materials. The PV market for thin film technology is dominated by CdTe and CIGS solar cells. Thin film solar cells’ share for all thin film technologies was only 10% in 2015. New emerging technologies, called 3rd generation solar cells, remain the subject of extensive R&D studies but have not been used in the PV market, so far.In this review the best laboratory 1st and 2nd generation solar cells that were recently achieved are described. The scheme of the layer structure and energy band diagrams will be analyzed in order to explain the boost of their efficiency with reference to the earlier standard designs.     

基于FDFD方法研究含石墨烯薄膜太阳能电池的电磁特性

近年来, 基于非晶硅太阳能电池在提高能量转换效率和降低成本等方面的研究越来越受到学者的关注, 其中, 太阳能电池吸收峰值的位置, 反映了电池对该频点及其附近频谱光波吸收具有较好的效果. 然而, 非晶硅太阳能电池的吸收峰位置主要是由非晶硅和金属电极的参数决定, 很难实现位置的可调以及进一步的吸收效率增加. 所以, 在周期结构太阳能电池的金属光栅结构中引入单层石墨烯薄膜, 借助石墨烯的特殊光电特性, 即介电常数可通过改变化学势μ_c来调谐, 并结合频域有限差分方法的数值模拟, 理论上实现了对太阳能电池能量吸收峰位置的调谐. 针对石墨烯电导率的虚部出现奇异点, 本文提出了采用数值拟合予以解决奇异点的方法, 数值结果表明近似表达式的最大绝对误差为0.8%. 本设计结构的理论结果可为实际有机薄膜太阳能电池在工作频段的调节和优化提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

Polycrystalline silicon on glass for thin-film solar cells

Although most solar cell modules to date have been based on crystalline or polycrystalline wafers, these may be too material intensive and hence always too expensive to reach the very low costs required for large-scale impact of photovoltaics on the energy scene. Polycrystalline silicon on glass (CSG) solar cell technology was developed to address this difficulty as well as perceived fundamental difficulties with other thin-film technologies. The aim was to combine the advantages of standard silicon wafer-based technology, namely ruggedness, durability, good electronic properties and environmental soundness with the advantages of thin-films, specifically low material use, large monolithic construction and a desirable glass superstrate configuration. The challenge has been to match the different preferred processing temperatures of silicon and glass and to obtain strong solar absorption in notoriously weakly-absorbing silicon of only 1–2 micron thickness. A rugged, durable silicon thin-film technology has been developed with amongst the lowest manufacturing cost of these contenders and confirmed efficiency for small pilot line modules already in the 10–11% energy conversion efficiency range, on the path to 12–13%.     

Microstructured design of metallic diffraction gratings for light trapping in thin-film silicon solar cells

In thin-film silicon solar cells, a flexible optical design for light collection is developed that can enhance the optical path length in absorber layer. In this paper, we demonstrate the rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular metallic diffraction gratings as back reflectors. The potential of the structures in the solar cells is investigated by means of numerical simulations, i.e., the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis enhanced by the Modal Transmission Line theory. The results show that the 0-order reflection can be suppressed and the energy can be transferred to high diffraction orders by metallic diffraction gratings, especially the triangular metallic diffraction gratings.