基于非球面基底的红外谐衍射元件设计

根据谐衍射透镜的特点以及非球面校正像差的独特性能,将谐衍射面制作在非球面基底上制成单透镜,该单透镜应用于红外系统中,能够在两个波段1．8～2．4μm和3．4～4．8μm内同时较好地校正系统的色差,有效地校正此单片镜系统的像差,在设计波段内大幅度提高了衍射效率,成像质量接近衍射极限。     

红外双波段双层谐衍射光学系统设计

将谐衍射透镜应用在传统红外单波段佩茨瓦尔(Petzval)物镜上,设计得到工作波段处于3.4~4.2μm和8~11μm的红外双波段单层谐衍射光学系统。但单层谐衍射元件的衍射效率只在设计波长处衍射效率最高,随着波长相对设计中心波长向两侧偏离,主衍射级次的衍射效率逐渐下降。为提高含单层谐衍射元件光学系统的衍射效率,基于双层衍射元件衍射效率表达式研究了双层谐衍射元件的结构优化,给出了优化方法。设计出佩茨瓦尔型红外双波段双层谐衍射光学系统,其在3.4~4.2μm和8~11μm两个工作波段的衍射效率均达到90%以上,相比含有单层谐衍射面的光学系统衍射效率有了很大提升,提高了像面衬比度,完善了系统成像质量。     

一种宽温双光谱红外搜索跟踪系统的设计

基于谐衍射光学元件特殊的色差和热差特性,将谐衍射元件应用于红外搜索成像系统中, 设计了一个双光谱宽温度范围的红外搜索跟踪成像系统,该系统工作波段为3.7—4.8 μm和8.7—11.3 μm, F数为2.5,有效焦距为200 mm,全视场角为5°, 环境温度为-80 ℃—200 ℃. 设计结果表明,使用谐衍射透镜不仅可以使系统在两个波段范围成像优良, 而且结构简单紧凑、透射比高、具有良好的消热差特性. 关键词： 光谱成像 红外搜索 热差     

谐衍射双波段红外超光谱探测系统研究

根据谐衍射元件的特殊色散原理及红外波段的窗口特性，将谐衍射透镜应用于红外超光谱探测器中.阐述了利用衍射光学元件色散特性的新型红外双波段超光谱探测成像的基本原理，给出了具体的系统设计实例.设计结果表明，此系统提高了图像的分辨率,增大了接收光能量的能力.在两个波段内同时较好地完成了系统的像差校正，波前差都小于1/4波长.在20线对/mm时, 光学传递函数在这两个波段内的各个变焦位置均达到衍射极限. 关键词： 谐衍射元件 超光谱探测 光学设计     

双波段多层衍射光学元件的基底材料选择方法研究及其在变焦系统中的应用

基于双波段系统的多层衍射光学元件(MLDOE)的带宽积分衍射效率(PIDE),建立其与入射角度和基底材料关系的数学模型,提出一种双波段斜入射多层衍射光学元件基底材料的选择方法,并通过该方法选择出双波段多层衍射光学元件基底材料的最佳组合方案。方法的提出以及数学模型的建立,解决了光线斜入射时基底材料选择不当导致多层衍射元件衍射效率和带宽积分衍射效率下降的问题,为多层衍射元件在多波段和宽波段系统中的应用提供理论指导。依据该方法,设计了适用于中波红外3.7～4.8μm(MWIR)和长波红外7.7～9.5μm(LWIR)双波段的多层衍射光学元件,并利用该衍射元件设计了10倍中长波折衍混合双波段红外变焦系统。结果表明,该系统在中波红外奈奎斯特频率处的调制传递函数(MTF)均大于0.52,在长波红外奈奎斯特频率处的MTF均大于0.35。     

制冷型折衍混合双波段红外光学系统无热化设计

基于衍射元件的特殊成像性质,使用双层衍射元件进行双波段红外光学系统设计已成为研究热点。使用双层衍射元件能够有效提升宽波段的衍射效率,在简化系统结构的基础上提高像质。将红外成像系统设计为制冷型结构,能够消除背景噪声干扰,保证100%的冷光阑效率。基于带宽积分平均衍射效率最大化方法,设计了一款含有双层衍射元件的制冷型双波段红外光学成像系统,实现了在双波段红外和宽温度范围下的无热化设计。光学系统含有三片透镜,仅由两种材料组成,入瞳直径为80 mm,焦距为100 mm,F数为1.25,有效视场为6°,工作波段为3.7～4.8μm和8.0～12.0μm,工作环境温度为-40～60℃。分析结果表明,在整个温度范围内,在17 lp/mm截止频率处,双波段红外光学系统所有视场的调制传递函数分别高于0.78和0.59,同时双层衍射元件在红外双波段的带宽积分平均衍射效率分别为99.35%和98.73%,综合带宽积分平均衍射效率为99.04%。此光学系统的结构设计简单,成像质量好,在军事和商业应用中具有一定优势。     

折射/谐衍射红外双波段成像光谱仪系统研究

为了获取足够的目标信息,充分利用中波红外和长波红外的光谱信息,建立了谐衍射中、长波红外超光谱成像系统.利用谐衍射元件独特的色散特性,将谐衍射透镜应用于中、长波红外超光谱成像系统中,使系统在中波红外3.7—4.8 μm和长波红外8—12 μm的2个红外大气窗口内获取数百个光谱图像.设计结果表明,中波红外波段,在18对线/mm处光学系统的调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.55,长波红外波段,在13对线/mm处光学系统的MTF大于0.5,光学系统的衍射环绕能,在中波红外波段30 μm半径范围内大于85%,在长波红外     

含有双层衍射光学元件的中波/长波消热差光学系统的设计（英文）

建立了工作在一定入射角度范围内的多层衍射光学元件的复合带宽积分平均衍射效率的分析模型。基于衍射光学元件所具有的独特的消色差和消热差性质,设计了一个含有双层衍射光学元件的工作在(3.7～4.8)μm和(7.7～9.5)μm红外双波段光学系统。光学系统的焦距为200 mm,F#为2。采用像元数为320×256、间距为30μm的制冷型探测器。该系统在空间频率17 lp/mm时,中、长波红外MTF分别高于0.66和0.54;最大RMS半径小于11.702μm;波前像差小于0.191 7λ;最大离焦量小于焦深;在-55℃～71℃范围内实现了无热化设计。入射到衍射面上的角度为0°～5.19°,该双层衍射光学元件在中波和长波波段的复合带宽积分平均衍射效率分别为99.81%和97.36%。含有双层衍射光学元件的红外双波段光学系统结构简单,像质优良,可以广泛应用于军事探测系统中。     

红外双色宽波段高衍射效率衍射光学系统设计

采用双层Kinoform型衍射光学元件,设计了一种能够同时在红外中波(MWIR)3~5μm和长波(LWIR)8~14μm波段内工作的双波段光学系统。系统仅使用两种材料(ZnS和ZnSe)和四片透镜,实现了焦距100mm、F数1.2的长焦距、大相对孔径光学系统设计。通过数值仿真运算,合理地选择双层衍射光学元件的两种基底材料及设计波长,衍射光学元件的带宽积分衍射效率超过96%。系统像差得到了很好的校正,成像质量良好,中波所有视场调制传递函数(MTF)(14.3lp/mm)大于0.7,长波大于0.65,且接近衍射极限,同时分析了衍射效率对系统MTF的影响。最后利用Matlab软件绘制了衍射表面微结构仿真图,两个衍射面的最大闪耀深度分别为179.3μm和159.4μm,最小特征尺寸为1.41mm,完全满足目前金刚石车削工艺的加工要求。     

无热化双谱段复合成像光学系统

针对机载小型轻质和宽温度场的使用需求,基于光学被动消热差理论,设计了共孔径共视场分光路可见光和红外双波段无热化成像光学系统。两个谱段共用卡塞格林主光学系统,采用分色片实现双谱段分光。分光后两个谱段采用相互独立的中继透镜组。红外波段通过二次成像,实现双波段冷光阑100%匹配。通过共视场设计提高不同探测波段目标的信息一致性。可见光和红外谱段焦距分别为1750mm和1000mm,工作谱段为0.45~0.9μm、3~5μm,入瞳孔径为250mm,视场角1.1°,光学系统各谱段耐奎斯特频率处调制传递函数接近衍射极限,在宽温度场范围内像质稳定,完全能够满足实际使用需求。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.