微通道板及其应用(Ⅱ)

4.渡越时间 微通道板中的电子的渡越时间,同光电倍增管的分离式的打拿极系统比较起来,有显著的改进[8].这是因为微通道板的电子通道短得多(比光电倍增管约短100倍),和所加的场强大得多(比光电倍增管约大100倍).它的渡越时间小干1ns,而通常快的光电倍增管是30ns.对于Chevron组合式的微通道板输出的脉冲宽度,用1000MHz示波器测量,渡越时间为几个ns,而上升时间为0.5ns.5.探测效率 通道倍增器对各种不同辐射源的探测效率由Schagen总结在表1中[5].这个表包括了单通道倍增器和微通道板的数据. 探测效率的定义是[4]:在通道板输出端产生可探测的脉…     

光电倍增管抗饱和门在激光测量方面的应用

本文介绍光电倍增管抗饱和门的工作原理。用它测量了强流电子束在靶上能量沉积产生冲击波的速度,由光电倍增管探测连续波He-Ne激光束照射靶的后表面的反射光束。为避免激光束长时间照射引起光电倍增管饱和,只让电子束到达靶前几十微秒时光电倍增管处于工作状态(开态),其它时间在非工作状态(关态),抗饱和门的作用象一个开关。我们采用低压脉冲控制抗饱和门,在实验中用这种方法探测强激光没有饱和。     

Graphical offline analysis software of electron multiplier pulse signals北大核心CSCD

电子倍增器（electron multiplier,EM）工作于脉冲状态下,其阳极上输出离散的信号,考虑到电子倍增过程具有一定的统计性规律,研究EM在脉冲状态下的性能参数,需要对阳极输出的脉冲信号进行大量测试和分析。以基于打拿极电子倍增器的光电倍增管（photomultiplier tubes,PMT）为例,通过改变入射光强度使其工作在脉冲状态,利用高带宽、高采样率示波器采集其阳极输出信号。基于Python开发了一种图形化数据分析软件,用来对示波器采集的大量脉冲信号数据进行离线分析,从中可以获得PMT的电荷积分谱、增益、分辨率、后脉冲率、前沿时间等性能参数,软件采用模块化结构,根据不同的测试需求各个模块可以单独工作。该软件可以快速实现EM在脉冲状态下的性能参数分析,为EM制作工艺的优化及其在微弱信号探测领域中的应用提供了一种便利的分析手段。     

DT聚变脉冲中子产额的活化测量法

设计了一个测量高强度DT聚变脉冲中子产额的活化探测器.该探测器由中子慢化体、天然银片、塑料闪烁体和光电倍增管组成,其输出电流通过一个小电流计来获取.通过分析探测器在直流标定和脉冲测量两种状态下输出电流的变化曲线,求解出了特征参数,进而推导计算出DT聚变脉冲中子源的产额.实践证明,这种测量方法与传统的活化法相比,减少了对...     

Mark-J探测装置的计数器监测系统

我们建立了一组氙闪光管-光导纤维装置,作为Mark-J探测装置的计数器监测系统,监测208个光电倍增管的输出,可以随时校正计数器的脉冲输出幅度,并给出计数器系统间的时间关系。由于引入了参考管系统,改善了系统的稳定性,提高了测量精度(±1％),经过长期的运转,证明性能良好,稳定可靠。     

光电倍增管选通实验

本文的目的是研究等离子体90°汤姆逊散射实验中,提高光电倍增管接收信号信噪比,防止管子饱和等问题。这是托克马克装置散射实验必不可少的措施。这一工作国外很多装置实验都进行了研究。 我们采用破坏光电倍增管正常工作链电压的方法,使4个打拿极处于非通路状态。当激     

光电倍增管固有脉冲幅度分辨率的测量

一、测量的目的及意义 光电倍增管在高能物理和石油勘探等领域中被广泛地应用,脉冲幅度分辨率这一参数的优劣对测量至关重要.为了鉴别光电倍增管的分辨能力,我们开展了光电倍增管固有脉冲幅度分辨率的测量. 光电倍增管在入射脉冲光的光谱成分不变的情况下,将产生一个与入射于光     

采用光纤和YAP晶体的小型γ相机的蒙特卡罗模拟

基于波长位移光纤(WSF)耦合YAP晶体中的光子传输特性，用GEANT4软件包建立了一个蒙特卡罗模拟程序.对采用波长位移光纤耦合平板式YAP晶体的小型单管γ相机的性能进行了计算机模拟.采用波长位移光纤耦合光电倍增管光阴极面的读出方式，和晶体直接耦合光电倍增管光阴极面相比，在相同的晶体面积大小条件下，PSPMT光阴极面积可大大缩小，使费用降低.模拟结果表明：γ射线与晶体发生作用的地方所对应的光纤输出的平均光子数最少为15个，位置灵敏光电倍增管完全可以探测到.说明采用闪烁晶体－WSF－位置灵敏光电倍增管的读出方式是可行的；在用硅油耦合波长位移光纤和YAP晶体的情况下，获得的空间分辨率为1.28 mm(FWHM).模拟结果也说明了增加平均光子数对提高空间分辨率的重要性.     

空气簇射切伦科夫光观测

用快、慢光电倍增管分别构成两种探测装置,记录了广延空气簇射(EAS)切伦科夫(C)光的脉冲形状和光强.测量了海平面EAS(能量E₀>5×10¹⁴eV)C光脉冲的半高全宽(FWHM)分布和光子密度谱.两种光强探测结果的比较表明:由GDB100慢光电倍增管和峰值ADC组成的光强测量系统,对于测定EAS C光的光强是一种简单和经济的好方法.     

GDB-223型端窗式超小型光电倍增管

GDB-223型超小型光电倍增管,由于其体积小、灵敏度高、上升时间快和信噪比高等特点,已在许多领域得到广泛应用,尤其为仪器小型化开辟了广阔的前景,下面对该管作一简单介绍. GDB-223型光电倍增管是目前我国端窗式光电倍增管的最小管种,也是目前世界上分列式倍增系统的最小管型之     

硅光电倍增管自动增益校正系统设计

温度会使硅光电倍增管的增益产生较大的漂移,进而影响硅光电倍增管的增益精度。为了使硅光电倍增管增益不随温度发生较大变化,设计了硅光电倍增管的自动增益校正系统,包括基于单片机的高压电源设计与采集系统设计。高电压模块精确工作的温度范围为?10～60 ℃,电源噪声约为30 mV,满足硅光电倍增管性能测试的需求。采集系统经过扫频测试与激光照射测试,可以较好地通过60 MHz的交流信号,并将光信号转变为较明显的电信号。该系统可以向京邦公司的硅光电倍增管阵列JARY-TP3050-8X8C提供工作电压与采集电路。     

Selection of CO laser single nanosecond pulse by electro-optic CdTe shutter

To select a single laser pulse from a train of nanosecond pulses emitted by a mode-locked CO laser with wavelengths from ∼5 to 6 μm, an electro-optic shutter based on CdTe Pockels cell was developed. A contrast between the selected pulse and unselected laser emission was equal to 20 and twice as much decreased in a CO laser power amplifier. To increase the contrast, a feasibility of applying a narrow-gap semiconductor as a saturable absorber is discussed.     

飞焦级脉冲激光能量测量方法研究

为解决1 fJ～1 pJ脉冲激光能量的测量问题,提出了一种基于时域波形积分的飞焦级脉冲激光能量测量方法。该方法采用光电倍增管（PMT）获得飞焦级脉冲激光的响应信号,该微弱响应信号经放大、校准与激光脉冲时域波形积分后实现飞焦级脉冲激光能量测量。根据该方法设计了飞焦级脉冲激光能量测量装置,并分析了该装置的测量不确定度。实验表明,该装置实现了波长1 064 nm、脉冲宽度5 ns～1 s、能量范围1 fJ～1 pJ的脉冲激光光源的能量测量,测量不确定度为15.8%。     

The development of a Townsend discharge in N2 up to breakdown investigated by image converter,intensifier and photomultiplier techniques

The processes leading to breakdown in a pure N₂ discharge were studied by means of streak and shutter photography using image converter and intensifier techniques, and the results correlated with current, voltage and photomultiplier measurements. The experiments were carried out in a plane parallel 2 cm discharge gap under pressure of 300 Torr (20 °C). An overvoltage of 7.56% was applied to the gap and the discharge was initiated by an U.V. flash which emitted ～400 electrons from a small area on the cathode. Under these conditions the initial development of the spark takes place by the Townsend mechanism. After four generations a series of luminous fronts traverse the gap, resulting in an increase in current to the ampere range, where a quasi-stable glow-like discharge forms. Each front may be associated with a local increase in field strength which is displaced through the gap, and the magnitude and form of these fields is estimated from the temporal growth in light output at different points along the axis of the discharge. It is found that distortions of typically 10–20% of the applied field are produced. The results of streak and shutter photographs of the processes occurring in the further transitions from the diffuse discharge to the constricted spark channel are reported.     

30-W Yb<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-pulsed fiber laser with wavelength tuning

We have investigated various pulsed operation regimes of a diode-pumped Yb³⁺-doped fiber laser with both an acoustooptic filter and a shutter inside the resonator. To imbed the polarization-sensitive acoustooptic-tunable spectral filter into the polarization-nonmaintaining resonator, based on an “isotropic” single-mode fiber without “polarization’ losses, we have used a CaCO₃ single-crystal nondispersive thermostable polarization splitter. Stable smooth bell-shaped laser pulses were obtained in the Q-switch generation regime across the entire wavelength tuning band. Their duration depended on the resonator travel time and their repetition rate was determined exclusively by the outer high-frequency generator controlling the acoustooptic shutter. A pulsed laser radiation tuning bandwidth of more than 20-nm at a repetition rate band of 10–100 kHz was observed in the amplification band of the Yb³⁺-doped fiber. A stable average power of 30 W of the pulsed 70-ns 100-kHz laser radiation in a near Gaussian beam was reached by means of the two-stage amplifier based on Yb³⁺-doped fibers with an enlarged mode field diameter (14 μm). The amplifier was pumped by λ = 975 nm CW multimode laser diodes with a maximum average power of 42 W.     

Parametric studies on generation of short CO2 laser pulses for IR-laser chemistry

Results of parametric studies on short CO₂ laser pulse generation by laser induced dielectric breakdown in a plasma shutter cell are described. From the rise time of such short pulses obtained, threshold breakdown intensity (I_th) has been estimated for different gases. The technique is further extended to obtain 40 ns pulses on two-frequency emission from a single TEA CO₂ laser. Pressure dependent studies of I_th are utilised to model the process of such laser induced plasma.     

In Situ Determination of Macroparticle Velocities in a Copper Vacuum Arc

The velocity components of individual macroparticles (molten droplets) moving through the interelectrode plasma of copper vacuum arc were measured by applying the forward-scattering laser Doppler anemometry method (LDA). The arc was sustained between two cylindrical copper electrodes, 14 mm in diameter and spaced 4 mm apart. Two current waveforms, with rise times to peak currents of 1 and 6 ms and duration of about 5 and 30 ms, respectively, were used in the experiment, while in both cases peak currents were either 1 or 2 kA. Macroparticles traversing through the ellipsoid shaped "probe-volume," which was produced by the intersection of the two He-Ne laser beams, scattered the laser light, through a monochromator, used as a 1.7-A bandpass filter, onto a photomultiplier. The Doppler-frequency component of the photomultiplier was recorded after appropriate filtering and amplification. The macroparticle velocity component obtained from the Doppler frequency was in the plane defined by the illuminating laser beams and directed perpendicularly to the optical axis. Macroparticles were detected during the whole period of the discharge, and their velocity was determined either at the instant of peak current or when the current decreased to 10 percent of its peak value, at several spatial locations inside the discharge volume. The measured macroparticle velocity components ranged from about 10-20 m/s up to about 700 m/s, showing a systematic dependence on the instantaneous value of the arc-current and on the spatial position of the "probe-volume," e. g.     

Optical Super-Resolution Pickup Using a Liquid Crystal Shutter for CAD-MSR Magnetooptical Disk

We demonstrated characteristics of an optical super-resolution pickup using a liquid crystal (LC) shutter as a shading plate. The problem of laser power loss was solved by an LC shutter which was turned off for writing and turned on for reading. Combining this with CAD-MSR disk, we obtained good signals of high-density recording. This combination increases efficiency of laser power and does not require a slit to eliminate side-lobes. The laser power efficiency for writing is as high as 34% and linear bit density reaches 0.255 μm/bit even with a wavelength of 680 nm and an objective lens NA of 0.60.     

一种实现显微荧光寿命图的测量方法

将脉宽120fs、重复率76MHz激光引入激光扫描显微镜的激发光路,利用其扫描系统对荧光标记样品激发扫描,将激发出的荧光从荧光探测光路引入备用的外部探测口;在探测口接一快速光电倍增管,将光电倍增管的信号送给时间相关单光子计数器,获得时间相关的荧光强度图;最后通过计算机处理获得荧光寿命图。应用此系统对青色荧光蛋白(CFP)、黄色荧光蛋白(YFP)荧光寿命进行了测量,并应用CFP、YFP实现荧光共振能量转移的测量。通过实验看出利用已有的激光扫描显微镜,配合较先进的寿命测量方法,可以很好地实现显微荧光寿命图的测量。