超临界CO2在垂直圆管内对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力CO2在垂直圆管(Din=2mm)内在高进口雷诺数和低进口雷诺数条件下的对流换热进行了实验研究,以研究变物性、浮升力和热加速对流动和换热的影响.实验结果发现,在低进口雷诺数情况下,向上流动中管子入口处出现了局部壁面温度下降,而在向下流动中未观察到此类现象;在高进口雷诺数情况下,向上流动中壁面温度发生了异常分布,这主要是因为向上流动中浮升力使得湍流发生了层流化现象,而在向下流动中未观察到此类现象.     

基于变换流体动力学的文丘里效应旋聚器的设计与非互易特性研究

流动超材料与变换流体动力学的发展丰富了人们对于流体流动控制的方法.本文基于变换流体动力学,耦合流动旋转与放大功能,设计出了具有张量化黏度的流动旋聚器.从数值模拟层面验证了旋聚器可在蠕动流状态下同时实现对流速的放大和旋转功能.在旋聚器中心流域,流体流速被放大,呈现出文丘里效应;在旋聚器外部区域,流体流动状态不会因旋聚器的存在而受到干扰,保持原有的流动状态.除此之外,本文发现并解释了空间坐标变换的非互易性所造成的旋转滞后现象的本质.本文所研究内容扩展并优化了现有的流体流动聚集功能;提出了文丘里效应相关应用的一种新途径;为超材料的非互易坐标变换设计提供了新的思路.     

竖直圆管中超临界压力CO2对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力CO2在竖直加热圆管内的对流换热进行了实验研究,比较了不同流向、不同热流密度等对流动和换热的影响。实验结果表明,管内径为2mm时,在低进口Re条件下,由于浮升力影响导致层流向湍流提前转变, 对流换热增强;与向上流动相比,向下流动更易由层流转变为湍流;向下流动的换热要强于向上流动,表明浮升力对换热有很大影响。对于管内径为0．27 mm的微细圆管,当进口Re高于104时,浮升力的影响可以忽略,对流换热系数的变化完全由物性的变化尤其是cp的变化导致。     

邱克拉斯基结构液池内旋转驱动流动及转变

为了了解旋转对邱克拉斯基(Czochralski)晶体生长结构液池内熔体流动的影响,利用有限差分法进行了三维非稳态数值模拟,坩埚外半径为50 mm,晶体半径为15 mm,液池深度为50 mm。结果表明,当旋转速度较低时,流动为稳态轴对称流动,随着转速的提高,流动会转化为三维非稳态振荡流动;晶体与坩埚同向旋转时,流动转化的临界转速较高,反向旋转时,临界转速较低;晶体单独旋转时,速度波周向速度远小于晶体旋转速度,坩埚单独旋转时,速度波周向速度与坩埚旋转速度保持一致;坩埚转速越快,速度波动幅度和波数越小。     

旋转圆盘系统过流速度场叠加的研究

本文在对应用PIV技术对具有不同径向流动方向、不同的旋转雷诺数Ren、流量系数Cw和间隙比G的强迫过流的旋转圆盘系统的间隙流动进行实验研究的基础上,通过对实验结果的分析,发现了一个重要的物理现象;带有强迫过流的动静盘系统流场的速度分布,是由零过流旋转圆盘系统流场和具有过流双静止盘系统流场的速度合成.本文对该流动现象进行了数值研究,同时提出了旋转圆盘系统间隙内速度合成分布公式,经和实验结果对比,二者符合较好.对叶轮机械的相关设计具有指导意义.     

细圆管内超临界二氧化碳对流换热的实验研究

本文对超临界压力二氧化碳在内径为1 mm的竖直细圆管中的对流换热进行了实验研究.分析了流体的热流密度、进口温度、质量流量以及流动方向对超临界压力二氧化碳对流换热的影响.实验研究发现,热流密度、进口温度、质量流量以及浮升力对细圆管内对流换热的影响很大,对流换热系数在准临界温度附近存在峰值.在加热的前半段向上流动的对流换热强于向下流动,在加热的后半段则相反.随着热流密度与质量流量比值的不断增加,向上流动与向下流动对流换热强弱转换的交点不断向流体进口方向推移,并且向上流动的壁面温度出现峰值,发生换热恶化,而向下流动则没有出现换热恶化.     

圆柱腔体内水凝固过程热对流实验研究

本文通过匹配折射率和标定技术,应用PIV测量了圆柱腔体内水在底部冷却过程中热对流的变化规律．实验发现了主流场的涡结构;另外在底部拐角处出现新的涡,并且不断向上推移;冷却后期整个液相区出现流动反转现象,靠近壁面处水向上流动,中心区域水向下流动。因为存在着复杂的热交换和密度变化,水在凝固过程中存在流动结构失稳,使得液相区内发生强烈的热对流．最后流动强度减弱,重新形成稳定结构。结合泰勒不稳定性分析,本文对这一过程给出了合理解释．     

深径比对邱克拉斯基结构内旋转驱动流动的影响

为了了解深径比对邱克拉斯基(Czochralski)结构内旋转驱动流动的影响,利用有限容积法进行了三维非稳态数值模拟。结果表明:随着液池深径比的增加,流动逐渐加强,当旋转速度超过某一临界值后,流动转变为三维非稳态振荡流动。随着液池深径比的增加,速度波振荡幅度增大,速度波波数和周向传播方向都随之改变;浅液池内坩埚旋转作用占主导地位,速度波传播方向与坩埚旋转方向相同,深液池内晶体旋转大于坩埚旋转对流动的影响,速度波传播方向和晶体旋转方向相同。     

旋转热管流动和传热数值模拟

本文对旋转热管内部工质的流动和传热机理开展研究,建立数学模型,采用VOF模型描述两相流动和传热传质过程,考虑了相变饱和温度和饱和压力的依变关系,获得了工质的速度、温度以及两相分布特性。研究表明,冷凝端和绝热端交界处热阻较大,壁面过冷度大;旋转热管轴向热阻很小,具有较好的等温性;随着传热量增大,冷凝端过冷度和蒸发端过热度均增大,总热阻增大。结果表明该方法可以较好地模拟旋转热管内工质的流动和传热特性。     

叶轮机械内的分离旋涡流动

本文首先从粘性流体流动的基本涡量方程入手,对产生于旋转叶轮机械内的各类旋涡流动进行了深入细致的分析;在此基础上,分析描述了水洞模拟中典型叶片通道流场的各种分离旋涡流态,并对比了不同处理方法下这些旋涡流态的变化。通过上述的理论分析,以及结合实验研究工作中的结论,提出了减小旋转叶轮机械内分离旋涡流动的五点方法和结论,这些方法和结论对航空发动机和民用叶轮机械均有实践指导意义。     

基流对热对流涡旋结构影响的实验结果初步分析

用实验室模拟方法研究了径向温度梯度对热对流涡旋的影响,结果表明,径向温度梯度所引起的基流使热对流涡旋的对称性结构被破坏,使涡旋变成非对称结构,并使涡旋向基流下游偏移,其强度随基流的加强而减弱,直至消失.热对流涡旋越强其对称性结构越稳定,基流对它的影响越小 关键词： 转盘实验 基流 热对流涡旋     

Application of vortex sound theory to vortex-pairing noise: sensitivity to errors in flow data

Aeroacoustical analogies allow one to extract acoustical information from limited information about the flow. In the particular case of low Mach number compact flows, vortex sound theory has been quite successful. In the present paper, different formulations of the vortex sound theory are compared on the basis of their ability to provide realistic results for vortex-pairing sound when approximate flow models are used. In particular, these theories do not perform equally well when applied to a flow model in which the effective conservation of momentum and kinetic energy is not respected, as it should be in the absence of external forces and neglecting viscous dissipation and compressibility effects. A conservative form of the vortex sound theory is obtained by reiterating the assumptions of conservation of these flow invariants. This alternative form of the analogy allows one to obtain more robust results when applied to perturbed analytical flow models and experimental data.     

小流量涡流管特性的实验研究

本文用实验方法研究了小流量涡流管制冷的特性。实验中分别对入口压力和工质等因素对涡流管特性的影响进 行研究。在实验中发现了涡流管冷端制热和热端制冷的反常现象,并对其进行了解释。     

Dynamical matching of Josephson vortex lattice with sample edge in layered high-Tc superconductors: origin of the periodic oscillation of flux flow resistance

We numerically investigate Josephson vortex flow states in layered high-T(c) superconductors motivated by a recent experimental observation for accurate periodic magnetic field dependences of the Josephson vortex flow resistance over a wide range of magnetic field (0.5-4.0 T). We confirm in our mesoscale simulations that dynamical matching of Josephson vortex lattice with sample edge is responsible for the periodic dependence. The present simulations reveal that the Josephson vortex lattice flow speed is particularly suppressed when the moment of vortex entry matches that of vortex escape. Thus, the possible matching situations are taken into account and the observed periodicity is successfully explained.     

Visualization of two-dimensional vortex flows in thin oscillating liquid films

A possibility of visualizing flows using random inhomogeneities of film thicknesses of different colors as particles for visualization is shown on an example of a vortex flow structure in an oscillating thin liquid film. Formation of vortex flows in a thin liquid film containing surface-active substances is investigated in experiments. The film is fixed horizontally along the edges of the cell vibrating in the vertical direction. Spatially homogeneous oscillations of the liquid film can excite different types of waves that generate two-dimensional vortex flows due to nonlinearity. We present results of experimental investigation of the structure of vortex flows in a thin film (0.5–10 μm) with rectangular boundaries. It has been revealed that, if the horizontal size of an inhomogeneous region is much smaller than the size of vortices, the inhomogeneities are transported by vortices and their interference pattern can be used for visualization of vortex flows.     

Numerical and Experimental Comparative Study on Nanofluids Flow and Heat Transfer in a Ribbed Triangular Duct

Numerical and experimental investigation is carried out to study the effect of combined vortex generator and nanofluids on turbulent heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in an equilateral triangular duct. A triangular duct provides a lower heat transfer rate and lower pressure drop compared to other duct configurations. The improvement of heat transfer of these ducts increases their importance for providing higher heat transfer and lower pressure drop. Two different types of nanoparticles, namely Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, suspended in distilled water with two particle concentrations are successfully prepared and experimentally tested. The numerical and experimental results show dramatic heat transfer enhancement by using a vortex generator and nanofluids, simultaneously accomplished with a moderate increase in the friction factor. A low deviation has been seen between the present numerical and experimental results.     

直流式旋风除尘器流动特性及性能的试验研究

1前言近几十年来一些特殊场合的净化除尘问题显得尤为突出，如沙漠地带运行的汽车、坦克和直升机的发动机沙粒磨损所导致的进气中沙粒分离问题，一些电站和锅炉的引风机的固粒磨也会降低其效率和使用寿命，尽管电站一般使用了大型静电除尘装置，但由于烟气的温度较高，使除尘器中电极产生固粒积污现象，降低了其除尘效率。在发动机与风机前装设气固分离装置可降低叶轮机械的磨损，但这要求分离装置必须容积小、压降低及除尘效率高，现有的离心式气固分离设备还不能满足这些要求。本文提出研究发展轴向直流式旋风除尘装置来解决这种除尘问题…     

Introduction to the vortex sheet of superfluid He-A

It is well known that superfluids respond to rotation by forming vortex lines. It has been recently discovered that a different type of state consisting of a vortex sheet, instead of lines, can be created in the A phase of superfluid ³He. This paper presents an introduction to the vortex sheet. We first discuss ⁴He, where a vortex sheet is unstable. The way to realize a stable sheet in ³He-A is called a vortex soliton. It consists of a topologically stable domain wall to which nonsingular vorticity is bound. The vortex soliton has been observed by nuclear magnetic resonance, and its most prominent experimental properties are explained. The macroscopic shape of the sheet and the superfluid flow in a rotating container are discussed.     

Numerical Investigation and Wind Tunnel Validation on Near-Wake Vortical Structures of Wind Turbine Blades

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used by numerous researchers for the simulation of flows around wind turbines. Since the 2000s, the experiments of NREL phase VI blades for blind comparison have been a de-facto standard for numerical software on the prediction of full scale horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) performance. However, the characteristics of vortex structures in the wake, whether for modeling the wake or for understanding the aerodynamic mechanisms inside, are still not thoroughly investigated. In the present study, the flow around NREL phase VI blades was numerically simulated, and the results of the wake field were compared with the experimental ones of a one-to-eight scaled model in a low-speed wind tunnel. A good agreement between simulation and experimental results was achieved for the evaluation of overall performances. The simulation captured the complete formation procedure of tip vortex structure from the blade. Quantitative analysis showed the streamwise translation movement of vortex cores. Both the initial formation and the damping of vorticity in near wake field were predicted. These numerical results showed good agreements with the measurements. Moreover, wind tunnel wall effects were also investigated on these vortex structures, and it revealed further radial expansion of the helical vortical structures in comparison with the free-stream case.