光学元件亚表面缺陷偏振双向反射分布函数

 利用琼斯散射矩阵,借助右手正交基组来表示入射场和散射场,推导出光学元件亚表面缺陷或微粒在不同偏振状态下的双向反射分布函数的表达式。给出了亚表面缺陷在不同入射角条件下,不同偏振状态下的双向反射分布函数与散射方位角之间的关系,以及不同入射角下p偏振入射产生的p偏振双向反射分布函数的3维散射图。结果表明:p偏振入射产生的p偏振双向反射分布函数强烈依赖于入射角、散射角和方位角,且随着入射角的增加,其最小值点所对应的方位角逐渐减小。     

表面上方微粒及微粗糙度偏振光散射特性

为了区分由表面上方微粒和表面微粗糙度两种散射机理引起的散射光,利用偏振双向反射分布函数,并借助于由,■,■组成的正交右手基组表示了入射电场和散射电场。从理论上给出了两种不同散射机理在不同偏振状态下的双向反射分布函数与入射面外方位角之间的变化关系,并通过对这两种散射机理下的偏振双向反射分布函数的比较发现,利用p偏振入射产生的p偏振散射光(BRDFpp)可以将表面上方微粒和表面微粗糙度两种散射机理区分开来。     

微粗糙光学基片表面与上方冗余粒子的差值场散射特性研究

基于小波距量法(MOM)研究了微粗糙光学基片表面与上方冗余粒子的差值光散射特性。从基本电场积分方程出发,推导出冗余粒子目标与光学基片微粗糙面的积分方程,得到阻抗矩阵,进而推导出散射耦合场及差值场,给出复合散射模型双站散射截面的计算公式,数值计算并分析了不同入射角度,不同材质的单个及双个冗余缺陷粒子与微粗糙光学基片表面的双站散射截面及差值双站散射截面的散射角分布,给出冗余粒子及微粗糙面的散射贡献及差值场散射角分布。     

计算水下凹面目标散射声场的声束弹跳法

为了解决含有多次散射时水下目标声散射场的计算问题,提出了一种声束弹跳方法。把入射声波划分为若干声束,根据几何声学方法计算每条声束在目标表面的反射方向和能量损失,利用物理声学方法计算最后一次反射的声束所对应的面元的散射场,通过计算所有声束产生的散射场的叠加得到整个目标的散射场。计算了直角凹面圆锥体的散射声场,并对具体模型进行了水池测量实验,理论计算和实验测量结果一致。表明该方法作为一种高频近似的数值计算方法,可以计算存在多次散射时水下目标的散射声场。      

复介电常数的K-K修正对金属纳米球阵列结构光学特性的影响

对金属的复介电常数虚部进行了Kawabata-Kubo(K-K)修正,定量描述了表面等离激元产生的光学散射和吸收特性;利用米氏理论和电偶极子理论计算并分析了光入射到单个椭球状金属纳米微粒产生的消光特性;建立了椭球状纳米微粒周期阵列分布的光学偏振结构模型,利用COMSOL软件模拟计算了可见光到近红外波段的偏振光输出特性。以椭球的有效半径替代球半径,将K-K修正应用于金属椭球阵列结构的有限元模拟。修正后的金属纳米椭球阵列的透过率减小,消光光谱带宽增大,这与实验中单个金属颗粒的宽带强吸收特性趋势一致。     

划痕缺陷对熔融石英光诱导损伤特性的影响分析

激光辐照光学材料时,经后表面反射的部分光束与入射光束干涉,在材料内部形成驻波场.若材料表面存在缺陷,缺陷会对入射光进行调制,导致材料内驻波场分布不再均匀,局部区域光强增大.为分析光学材料的场损伤特性,建立了一个划痕缺陷影响下的光学材料损伤分析模型.从电子增值理论出发,分析了划痕数量及其所在位置对材料驻波场和损伤特性的影响,并针对熔融石英材料进行了具体计算.结果表明,在入射光场不变的前提下,随着划痕数量增加,对光场的调制作用增强,材料内部驻波场的最大场强增大,熔融石英损伤阈值降低.相对亚表面和后表面划痕缺陷而言,材料上表面的缺陷对光场具有最大的调制作用,因此更容易导致材料损伤.     

大尺度分层介质粗糙面电磁散射的特性研究

首先建立大尺度分层介质粗糙面散射的物理模型, 基于Stratton-Chu积分方程和Kirchhoff近似导出了粗糙面散射场的计算公式. 采用高斯随机粗糙面来模拟实际的分层介质粗糙面, 通过数值计算得到了正下视单站雷达接收到的后向散射回波. 理论推导了散射场强度与表面粗糙度之间的定量关系, 并从数值仿真的角度分析了表面和次表面的粗糙度对散射回波的影响, 给出了散射场随粗糙度变化的曲线. 最后考察了分层介质的电特性参数(介电常数和电导率)对分层粗糙面散射场的影响, 并对计算结果做出了分析.     

用物理声学方法计算界面附近目标的回波

用物理声学（KIRCHHOFF近似）方法研究界面附近目标的声散射。导出了计算形态函数或目标强度的积分表示式．所产生的散射场由三部分组成：（1）不存在界面时目标的散射场;（2）入射或散射波之一经受界面反射时的散射场,如同双站散射场;（3）目标相对于界面的镜象产生的散射场,其中入射和散射波都经受界面反射．对于一个自由界面下的刚硬球,数值比较说明本文的方法与严格的解析方法符合良好．本文提供了一种计算沉浸在海面下或躺在海底上的水下目标的回波计算方法．     

基于数值方法的激光海面漫反射通信能量分布特性

 针对激光点对点通信方式的不足,提出了利用海面作为激光漫反射媒介进行组网通信的设想,采用前后向迭代的数值方法结合Green函数谱积分加速算法(FBM/SAA)对激光海面漫反射通信的能量分布特性进行了研究。通过对激光光束入射海面后产生的散射场的分析、计算及实验验证,得出了较为准确的2维激光海面双站散射系数,并对激光光束入射海面后的散射场进行了分析。研究结果表明：入射激光束经过粗糙海面散射后,能量大部分集中在前向散射区域上,而后向散射强度很弱,且在散射场的边缘处能量迅速衰减,说明了激光海面漫反射组网通信方法的可行性。通过与前后向迭代法和Kirchhoff近似方法的计算结果的比较,说明了FBM/SAA是一种高效、准确的计算方法。     

表面纳米粒子缺陷的偏振散射特性区分

为了区分纳米量级的表面上方颗粒物灰尘与表面下方气泡粒子这两种表面缺陷,且获得该方法的适用环境与最佳观测条件,根据瑞利散射理论结合偏振双向反射分布函数,建立了两种表面缺陷的偏振散射模型并进行了验证。在此基础上,通过仿真分析得到不同缺陷环境、不同观测条件对两种表面缺陷粒子偏振散射特性的影响。结果表明:利用p偏振光入射表面,而后探测p偏振光的双向反射分布函数值随散射方位角的变化趋势可区分两种表面缺陷;无论表面下方气泡粒子位置如何改变,均不影响该趋势的变化情况;不同光学元件表面材料、缺陷粒子种类、缺陷粒子大小对两种表面缺陷的偏振散射模型有一定影响,但整体趋势不变。实验中,针对本文所述两种表面缺陷进行区分时,可选取入射角度和探测散射角度均为45°,采用较小波长入射光进行实验。     

Frequency shifts of spectral lines induced by scattering from a rotational anisotropic particle

We investigate the scattering of a polychromatic plane light wave incident upon an anisotropic particle. It is different from light wave scattered by an isotropic particle that the frequency shifts of spectral lines will be induced by the rotation of the anisotropic particle. The analytical expression for the spectrum of the scattered field is derived and numerical examples are also illustrated. We suggest an application that the angular speed of rotation of the anisotropic scatterer can be scaled by measurement of the spectrum of the scattered field.     

Scattering of a Rayleigh surface acoustic wave by a small-size inhomogeneity in a solid half-space

We use the Born approximation of the perturbation method to solve the problem of scattering of a harmonic Rayleigh surface acoustic wave by a weak-contrast inhomogeneity that is small compared with the wavelength and is located in a solid half-space near its boundary. The material of the inhomogeneity differs from the material of the half-space only in its density. The Rayleigh wave incident on the inhomogeneity is excited by a monochromatic surface force source acting normally to the half-space boundary. We derive expressions for the displacement fields in the scattered spherical compressional and shear (SV- and SH-polarized) waves. Scattering of the Rayleigh wave into a Rayleigh wave is studied in detail. We find expressions for the vertical and horizontal components of the displacement vector in the scattered Rayleigh wave as well as its radiated power. It is shown that the field of the scattered surface wave is mainly formed by vertical oscillations of the inhomogeneity in the field of the incident wave. In this case, the radiated power for the scattered Rayleigh wave formed by vertical motion of the inhomogeneity in the incident-wave field depends on the depth of the inhomogeneity as the fourth power of the function describing the well-known depth dependence of the vertical displacements in the Rayleigh surface wave. Correspondingly, the dependence of the radiated power for the scattered Rayleigh wave formed by horizontal motion of the inhomogeneity depends on its location depth as the fourth power of the depth dependence of the horizontal displacements in the Rayleigh surface wave. We perform calculations of the ratio between the powers of the scattered and incident Rayleigh waves for different ratios between the velocities of the compressional and shear waves in a solid. It is shown that the radiated power for the scattered surface wave decreases sharply with increasing depth of the subsurface-inhomogeneity location. Thus, the scattering of a Rayleigh wave into a Rayleigh wave is fairly efficient only when the location depth of the inhomogeneity does not exceed about one-third of the wavelength of the shear wave in an elastic medium.     

The acoustics of diagnostic microbubbles: dissipative effects and heat deposition

We discuss the effectively detectable scattered intensity of ultrasound from diagnostic microbubble suspensions, taking dissipative mechanisms in the liquid medium into account. In particular, we conclude that neither non-linear wave steepening of the incident (driving) wave nor of the outgoing (scattered) wave has a large effect on the scattered signal from typical bubbles. It is shown that, paradoxically, the far-field solution of the wave field is sufficient to compute the magnitude of expected temperature rises in the medium due to acoustic heat deposition, although appreciable heating is limited to intermediate-field distances from the bubble surface.     

Corrections to the Thomson cross section caused by relativistic effects and by the presence of the drift velocity of a classical charged particle in the field of a monochromatic plane wave

An approach to the solution of the relativistic problem of the motion of a classical charged particle in the field of a monochromatic plane wave with an arbitrary polarization (linear, circular, or elliptic) is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the 4-vector equation of motion of the charged particle together with the 4-vector and tensor equations for the components of the electromagnetic field tensor of a monochromatic plane wave. This approach provides analytical expressions for the time-averaged square of the 4-acceleration of the charge, as well as for the averaged values of any quantities periodic in the time of the reference frame. Expressions for the integral power of scattered radiation, which is proportional to the time-averaged square of the 4-acceleration of the charge, and for the integral scattering cross section, which is the ratio of the power of scattered radiation to the intensity of incident radiation, are obtained for an arbitrary inertial reference frame. An expression for the scattering cross section, which coincides with the known results at the circular and linear polarizations of the incident waves and describes the case of elliptic polarization of the incident wave, is obtained for the reference frame where the charged particle is on average at rest. An expression for the scattering cross section including relativistic effects and the nonzero drift velocity of a particle in this system is obtained for the laboratory reference frame, where the initial velocity of the charged particle is zero. In the case of the circular polarization of the incident wave, the scattering cross section in the laboratory frame is equal to the Thompson cross section.     

Detection of Deposited Particles from the Backside of a Glass Plate

Microcontamination of product surfaces by deposited particles is an important problem in clean technologies. A most sensitive product to contamination by particles is a wafer during chip production. Therefore, methods for monitoring particle deposition on wafer surfaces have been developed in the last decade. A wafer with an unstructured and reflecting surface is inserted into the process equipment. After some time, depending on the process, this wafer is removed from the process equipment and is analysed with respect to the number of deposited particles using a wafer scanner. However, in situ particle detection in a process chamber is not possible with this technique. This would be possible if, instead of a monitor wafer, a transparent glass plate is mounted, e.g. in the housing of the process equipment. Then the illuminating and scattered light detection equipment can be mounted outside the process equipment. Since both the illuminating laser beam and the scattered light have to be transmitted through the glass plate, losses will occur, which will reduce the lower limit of detection with respect to particle size. In this article we estimate the detection possibilities theoretically and experimentally. A simple model based on Mie and vector scattering theory has been developed to describe the light-scattering behavior of a single spherical particle on a glass plate with random surface irregularities. The scattered light of individual particles of four particle sizes (1.03, 1.6, 2.92 and 4.23 μm) on the same glass surface and from the uncontaminated area of the glass plate was measured for unpolarized and normally incident light. The values of the scattered light from this model were compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement of the angular distribution of the scattered light. The developed model is used to predict the lower limit of detection for particles on a transparent surface. The theoretical estimations show that it should be possible to detect particles of a diameter down to 0.2 μm with the described measurement technique.     

平行柱体对平面波/高斯波束电磁散射

基于等效原理和互易性定理，研究了N个相互平行二维柱体对平面波/高斯波束的电磁散射特性，给出了求解N阶散射场公式.一阶散射可通过求解单个柱体的散射场得到，但对于高阶散射场而言，由于耦合散射的复杂性，很难给出精确的解析解.为了解决这一问题，借助等效原理和互易性定理给出了求解N阶散射场的面积分公式.只要给出柱体的i-1阶散射场及相关目标表面上的等效电流和(或)等效磁流，就可应用此公式求解i阶散射场.应用该近似方法计算了相互平行非均匀等离子体涂层导体圆柱的单/双站散射宽度，讨论了束腰半径、等离子体涂层厚度、电子密度、碰撞频率及雷达频率等对散射结果的影响.     

Coherence properties of the scattered electromagnetic field generated by anisotropic quasi-homogeneous media

The coherence properties of the scattered field generated by linearly polarized and uniformly unpolarized electromagnetic plane waves incident on anisotropic quasi-homogeneous media are studied. The analytical expressions for the spectral density and the spectral degree of coherence of the three dimensional scattered field are derived. The results of the numerical simulations indicate that not only the properties of the anisotropic media have a great effect on the coherence properties of the scattered field, but also the polarization of the incident wave. And most important, the effect of the polarization of the incident wave on the coherence properties of the scattered field nearly concerns the properties of the anisotropic media. There are also close and interesting relations between the coherence properties of the scattered field that generated by the anisotropic media and by the corresponding isotropic media.     

二维粗糙海面散射回波多普勒谱频移及展宽特征

基于二维线性海面模型及粗糙面电磁散射的一阶小斜率近似公式,研究了海面回波各阶多普勒谱的频移特性,得到了多普勒谱频移所对应的理论公式,与经典多普勒频移公式相比考虑到了风速、大尺度波浪轨道运动等因素对多普勒谱频移的影响;同时根据粗糙面的双尺度模型,基于多普勒谱频移的物理机理,给出了求解散射场多普勒谱展宽的理论公式.最后将理论公式计算所得结果与模拟结果及实测数据进行了比较,讨论了风速、入射波频率及入射角等因素对多普勒频移及多普勒谱展宽的影响.通过比较可以发现,给出的理论公式可以对多普勒谱频移和展宽进行一定程度的预测. 关键词： 粗糙海面 电磁散射 多普勒谱     

Acoustic scattering from a rough sea surface: the mean field by the integral equation method

The scattering of an acoustic signal incident from below at low angles on a rough sea surface is treated by the integral equation method in the parabolic approximation. Equations are obtained allowing the mean scattered field to be calculated even when the surface causes a large phase modulation in the incident wave. Solutions are found using the method of Laplace transforms and some results are presented for a specific type of rough surface.     

Scattered wave packet formalism with markovian outgoing wave boundary conditions for open quantum systems

The scattered wave formalism is developed for a quantum subsystem interacting with the external environment through open boundaries. The total wave function is divided into incident and scattered components and Markovian outgoing wave boundary conditions are applied to the scattered wave function. This formalism significantly reduces the computational effort relative to other methods which rely on Green functions and memory kernels. The method is applied to one-dimensional barrier scattering and to a three-dimensional model for the field effect transistor.