利用环境噪声进行安静目标探测*

该文回顾了近年来该课题组利用环境噪声互相关方法和环境噪声自相关方法进行安静目标探测的主要工作。首先简单回顾了利用环境噪声互相关方法和环境噪声自相关方法进行安静目标探测的理论,然后介绍了两次利用海浪噪声进行安静目标探测的实验。通过海浪噪声实验验证了利用环境噪声互相关和自相关进行安静目标探测的可行性。最后对利用环境噪声互相关进行安静目标探测所需要的累积时间进行了讨论,并给出了累积时间的下界。     

北京市1986年居住环境噪声状况

本文介绍了在1986年对北京规划市区居住环境噪声的测量结果和噪声级的统计分布,叙述了海淀、西城、东城、宣武和崇文等九个行政区和七个不同功能区的噪声概况和全市环境噪声污染图.     

声学消息

全国环境噪声控制工程学术会议简讯 由中国声学学会和中国环境科学学会共同举办的全国环境噪声及控制工程学术会议,于1982年9月19日至22日在安徽黄山举行。108个单位的161名代表参加了这次会议,共发表了128篇论文。中国声学学会理事长马大猷教授在会上作了国际噪声工作发展的学术报告,他指出,近年将是“从声源来控制噪声的年代”,并对气流噪声、撞击噪声、内燃机噪声以及声强测量等研究进展做了介绍。会议中就近年来我国城市环境噪声、工业噪声控制等研究工作进行了学术交流。     

我国城市区域环境噪声标准研究

城市区域环境噪声标准,是城市噪声控制与立法的依据.本文论述了环境噪声对人的睡眠和交谈思考的干扰.以1979年我国噪声标准(建议)和国际标准组织关于修订环境噪声标准的原则为科学依据,结合我国城市环境结构和噪声调查现状,提出了我国城市区域环境噪声标准.本文着重指出我国城市建设只要注意合理布局,制定并实行噪声管制立法措施,此标准的实施是可能的.     

警惕室内环境中的噪声污染

《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》中把超过国家规定的环境噪声排放标准，并干扰他人正常生活、工作和学习的现象称为环境噪声污染．按照国家标准规定，住宅区的噪音，白天不能超过50分贝，夜间应低于45分贝，超过标准，会对人体造成危害．1室内噪声的主要来源 1．1交通运输噪声 随着城乡车辆的增加，公路和铁路交通干线的增多，机车和机动车辆的噪声已成了交通噪声的元凶，占城市噪声的75％．统计表明，北京是世界有名的噪声污染城市．虽然城市车辆不及日本的十分之一，噪声程度却比日本高出1倍．临街建筑，受害极重．     

城市居住环境噪声暴露的研究

1986年3月到8月,在北京的规划市区,用噪声自动测量仪器,按每1km~2取一测点的原则,共对353个点的环境噪声进行了24小时的连续测量,得到了各测点每10分钟的L_(eq)值和L_(50)值.在测量的同时进行了社会调查,收集了与声环境有关的资料及其居民对噪声的反应.根据测量和调查所得数据,本文就环境噪声、影响环境噪声的主要因素及居民对噪声反应等问题进行讨论和分析.     

南海夏季海洋环境噪声与海面风速相关特性分析

海洋环境噪声是影响潜艇作战及远程目标探测和定位的重要参数,由于海洋环境噪声具有很强的时空变异性,因此只能通过试验数据测量和处理了解环境噪声的统计特性。本文以2013年4月30日至8月1日,南海典型海域布放海洋环境噪声测量潜标系统所收录的环境噪声为研究对象,数据处理结果表明,在整个频率范围内,海洋环境噪声与对数风速具有很好的线性关系,但环境噪声随风速变化的斜率与频率相关,在1kHz附近达到最大值。本文通过波束形成分析了海洋环境噪声的垂直指向性,并给出了“垂直方向噪声”、“水平方向噪声”和“全向噪声”与风速相关性分析结果,可以看出,在风浪噪声与远处航船噪声都有贡献的中频段,“垂直方向噪声”与海面风速的相关性好于“全向噪声”和“水平方向噪声”与海面风速的相关性,且“垂直方向噪声”随风速变化的斜率略大于“全向噪声”随风速变化的斜率。     

北极海域海洋环境噪声建模与特性分析

北极海域海洋环境噪声的特殊性在于具有偶发的尖脉冲声，为分析其特性与规律，首先建模仿真分析不同脉冲噪声下高斯分布与α稳定分布的拟合效果，验证后者的鲁棒性。再从实测北极海域噪声中选取三种典型环境噪声为样本，通过对其非高斯性判定及不同分布模型对比，验证α稳定分布在北极海域环境噪声统计特性建模中的有效性，同时研究不同深度、不同频段对模型参数的影响，最后通过各月参数的统计结果与海冰密集度分析冰下噪声成因。由于通道数量有限，没有给出所有深度的变化规律。结果表明，北极海域冰下环境噪声具有明显脉冲成分和非高斯性，利用α稳定分布能更好的描述其统计特性；100Hz可作为冰下环境噪声脉冲性干扰源的划分界限；结冰期环境噪声具有强烈的非高斯性，而冰封期则高斯性较强。     

基于传感器网络的广域噪声监测技术

设计了一种针对城市环境噪声的广域噪声传感器网络系统,采用微型前置放大器和数字化网络采集仪组成检测系统,完成噪声信号的接收和采集,并通过软件设计完成采集的噪声信号存储、分析、显示及处理,实现了对噪声分布的图像化展示。     

用平均有效信息量评价环境噪声的尝试

本文认为噪声是一种声信息，因此，运用信息理论建立起了一种新的环境噪声评价量模式－平均有效信息量，通过实际应用，表明其能较地反映了环境噪声水平。     

从建筑声学到环境声学

本文简述环境声学的发展过程以及在厅堂音质、环境噪声和噪声控制方面的新世纪展望。     

全国声学标准化技术委员会的发展与国家声学基础测量方法标准体系建设

首先回顾了全国声学标准化技术委员会自1980年成立以来,在国家声学标准制、修订方面所取得的一批重要的标准研究成果。经过全国声学领域历届委员和专家30年来的共同努力,截止2009年共制、修订声学方面国家标准166项次,形成了目前归口声标委管理的131项现行有效的国家标准,由此也建立了涵盖声学基础、噪声、建筑声学、超水声四大类标准的国家声学基础测量方法标准体系。这些声学基础测量方法标准体系与国家声环境质量、噪声排放等环保标准和工程建设标准、电声和音视频等标准共同构成了较为完整的国家声学标准体系。最后结合声标委今后要开展的标准工作,提出了进一步完善国家声学基础测量方法标准体系的细部构想,可以相信,将来随着这些标准的陆续出台,我国声学标准体系会更趋完善。     

Review of the roles of noise control and the environmental engineer in building services design

This paper discusses the recent changes in environmental standards and the associated rise in importance of the building services industry. The increasing responsibility that faces the engineer is discussed, along with future needs.The relationship that has existed between acoustics and noise control and systems design is discussed, including the evolution of acoustic consultants, their present importance and future developments in that field.The involvement of acoustics in future equipment design is discussed and some speculative developments for the future put forward.     

小型矢量阵深海被动定位方法

文中提出一种适用于深海条件下并已知各项有关环境参数时,利用七元小型矢量立体阵,借助测定目标辐射噪声由不同途径自声源到达接收点的天顶角及方位角的结果,依据射线声学方法求得目标方位、距离和所在深度的被动定位方法。给出了矢量阵依多极子原理进行波束形成的计算公式,并就一种简单水文模型,给出解析计算公式。     

Application of the Transmission Line Matrix method for outdoor sound propagation modelling – Part 2: Experimental validation using meteorological data derived from the meso-scale model Meso-NH

Outdoor sound prediction is both a societal concern and a scientific issue. This paper deals with numerical simulations of micrometeorological (temperature and wind) fields for environmental acoustics. These simulations are carried out using the reference meso-scale meteorological model at the Meteo-France weather agency (Meso-NH). Meso-NH predictions at very fine scales (up to 3 m), including new developments (drag force approach), are validated both numerically and experimentally under stable, unstable and neutral conditions. Then, this information can be used as input data for the acoustic propagation model. The time-domain acoustic model is based on the Transmission Line Matrix method. Its development has also been promoted for application to outdoor sound propagation, i.e. to take into account topography, ground impedance, meteorological conditions, etc. In part 1, the presentation and evaluation of the Transmission Line Matrix method showed the relevance of this method’s use in the context of environmental acoustics. Finally, simulated noise levels under different propagation conditions were compared to in situ measurements. Satisfactory results were obtained regarding the variability of the observed phenomena.     

Overview of a university course on acoustics and noise

The Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia is a four year degree program. In their fourth and final year, students can choose from a range of technical elective courses, one of those being in acoustics. The acoustics course entitled "Fundamentals of Noise" can also be taken as a postgraduate coursework subject as part of a Masters by Coursework degree. The course covers fundamental topics in acoustics, noise, noise measurement, and noise control. This paper outlines the topics covered in the course, the range of assessment activities conducted by the students, and the use of invited industry guest speakers, all of which aim to maximize student knowledge, interest, and performance in the course.     

局域空间噪声主动控制技术的进展

低频噪声主动控制技术实现实用化，需要同时了解其在声学和电子控制方法上的可实现性，本文在系统的文献检索的基础上，综述了局域空间自适应噪声主动控制技术的发展，内容包括用次级声源控制室外局域噪声，围护结构内的局域空间和室外向室内传播的小范围区域空间噪声主动控制在声学上的限制（原理），以及各种控制策略和算法的应用，本文列出的文献包括了已有的重要研究成果，可为读者进一步了解该领域的研究提供详细的背景材料。     

Structural-acoustic finite element analysis of the automobile passenger compartment: A review of current practice

This paper contains a brief review of the formulation of the finite element method for structural-acoustic analysis of an enclosed cavity, and illustrations are given of the application of this analytical method at General Motors Corporation to investigate the acoustics of the automobile passenger compartment. Low frequency noise in the passenger compartment (in approximately the 20–200 Hz frequency range) is of primary interest, and particularly that noise which is generated by the structural vibration of the wall panels of the compartment. The topics which are covered in the paper include the computation of acoustic modes and resonant frequencies of the passenger compartment, the effect of flexible wall panels on the cavity acoustics, the methods of direct and modal coupling of the structural and acoustic vehicle systems, and forced vibration analysis illustrating the techniques for computing panel-excited noise and for identifying critical panels around the passenger compartment. The capabilities of the finite element method are illustrated by applications to the production automobile, and experimental verifications of the various techniques are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the method.     

人居声环境科学——亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室近年研究进展

本文介绍华南理工大学亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室建筑声学子实验室近年来在人居声环境科学领域所开展的研究工作及取得的研究进展。人居声环境科学涵盖建筑声学、环境声学及声景学三个分支学科,分别对应于人居环境科学的三个主干一级学科,即建筑学、城乡规划学及风景园林学。其研究目的在于体现对人们的听觉关怀,创造一个良好的人居声环境。     

The seismic noise wavefield is not diffuse

Passive seismology is burgeoning under the apparent theoretical support of diffuse acoustics. However, basic physical arguments suggest that this theory may not be applicable to seismic noise. A procedure is developed to establish the applicability of the diffuse field paradigm to a wavefield, based on testing the latter for azimuthal isotropy and spatial homogeneity. This procedure is then applied to the seismic noise recorded at 65 sites covering a wide variety of environmental and subsoil conditions. Considering the instantaneous oscillation vector measured at single triaxial stations, the hypothesis of azimuthal isotropy is rejected in all cases with high confidence, which makes the spatial homogeneity test unnecessary and leads directly to conclude that the seismic noise wavefield is not diffuse. However, such a conclusion has no practical effect on passive imaging, which is also possible in non-diffuse wavefields.