用非饱和三相孔弹模型研究浅层土壤中地震波的传播特性

研究浅层土壤中声波耦合的地震波的传播特性, 用于声波探雷技术的机理分析. 根据浅层土壤具有孔隙度和可压缩性的特点, 利用非饱和三相孔隙介质中的地震波模型, 研究了土壤孔隙度、含水饱和度等参数对地震波传播特性的影响. 计算结果显示: 在给定的参数条件下, 地震波的传播速度和衰减系数均随频率的增加而增加; 纵波的传播速度随孔隙度的增加而减小, 横波的传播速度随孔隙度的增加而增加; 地震波的传播特性随含水饱和度的增加变化比较复杂. 通过对计算结果与已发表实验结果的比较分析, 讨论了解析方法的可行性, 为声-地震耦合机理及其在声波探雷研究中的应用提供了一定的理论基础. 关键词： 声-地震耦合 地震波 孔隙度 声波探雷     

一维非线性声波传播特性

针对一维非线性声波的传播问题进行了有限元仿真和实验研究. 首先推导了一维非线性声波方程的有限元形式, 含有高阶矩阵的非线性项导致声波具有波形畸变、谐波滋生、基频信号能量向高次谐波传递等非线性特性. 编制有限元程序对一维非线性声波进行了计算并对仿真得到的畸变非线性声波信号进行处理, 分析其传播性质和物理意义. 为验证有限元计算结果, 开展了水中的非线性声波传播的实验研究, 得到了不同输入信号幅度激励下和不同传播距离的畸变非线性声波信号. 然后对基波和二次谐波的传播性质进行详细讨论, 分析了二次谐波幅度与传播距离和输入信号幅度的变化关系及其意义, 拟合出二次谐波幅度随传播距离变化的方程并阐述了拟合方程的物理意义. 结果表明, 数值仿真信号及其频谱均与实验结果有较好的一致性, 证实计算方法和结果的正确性, 并提出了具有一定物理意义的二次谐波随传播距离变化的简单数学关系. 最后还对固体中的非线性声波传播性质进行了初步探讨. 本研究工作可为流体介质中的非线性声传播问题提供理论和实验依据.     

声波在含气泡液体中传播特性及产热效应*

该文对含气泡液体中的声波方程采用线性分析方法,研究了超声波在含气泡液体中的传播特性以及产热效应。当声波在含气泡液体中传播时,气泡的存在会影响声波的传播,在声波频率接近气泡共振频率的频段内,声信号在液体中传播时剧烈衰减,而在声波频率远远高于或低于气泡共振频率时,声波的传播基本不受影响。在接近气泡共振的频段内,声波耗散的能量最终转化为热能。同时液体中的气泡会在声波驱动下径向振动并辐射声波,伴随气泡壁在液体中的粘滞振动,热量随之产生。结果表明,两种产热机制分别在不同频段起主导作用。     

普通物理教学中讲述声波问题的几点体会

声波这一概念在普通物理中是相当重要的．在多年的普通物理教学中我们发现，有的学生根本不知道声波可以在固体中传播，即使知道的学生也认为声波在固体内传播时一定是纵波．而地震波既有横波又有纵波，那么地震波和声波在本质上有什么区别吗?我们知道实际上地震波和声波本质是一样的，这样一来学生就弄不明白了。     

井中动电信号的实验测量与分析*

动电效应测井是一种具有潜在应用价值的油气勘探方法。本文针对小尺寸的砂岩模型井,在实验室内建立了动电测井的实验探头和实验测量系统,进行了声波测井和动电测井的实验测量研究工作。记录了单极源在井中激发的声波信号以及声波传播时诱导的动电转换信号,分析了井中动电信号的传播特性。此外,在实验模型的基础上进行了声波/动电测井的数值模拟研究,并将模拟结果和实验测量结果进行了对比,两者吻合很好。本文研究验证了动电测井理论模拟和实验测量结果的正确性,以及动电测井方法的可行性。     

声波在高炉炉料中传播的研究

从实验和理论两方面研究声波在高炉炉料中的传播规律。高炉炉料是非均匀的随机介质，在实验中采用了空化声源，测得不同频率的声衰减系数。在理论分析中我们采用了输运理论的漫射近似万法。理论和实验的结果基本一致。研究表明，引起声波在炉料中的衰减主要由单个炉料的散射截面和吸收截面的几何平均数与炉料数密度的乘积决定。     

浅层地下物体的高分辨声波探测

本文对地下物体的声波探测进行了初步研究，分析了探测分辨率与声波频率的关系，得出了黄土介质中声波探测的分辨极限，通过对实际目标的探测表明，该方法具有一定的实用性。     

Y旋转切割石英基片上的准纵漏表面声波

在理论和实验上对Y旋转切割石英基片上的准纵漏表面声波(快速声表面波)的传播特性作了比较全面的研究。准纵漏表面声波的相速度可以达到6200m/s～7100m/s,是常规声表面波相速度的两倍,接近纵波速度。理论计算和实验结果均表明:在Y旋转切割石英基片的某些传播方向上,准纵漏表面声波的束偏向角和延迟温度系数均较小。例如,沿欧拉角(0°,155.25°,42°)方向的准纵漏表面声波的相速度和延迟温度系数的实验测量值分别为6201m/s和12.9 ppm/℃。实验还表明,放置于基片表面的液体对准纵漏表面声波的吸收不大,说明此种声波质点振动集中在传播方向(沿表面方向),具有纵波的性质。     

新型功能材料——声子晶体

声子晶体是20世纪90年代初提出的一种新型声学功能材料，这种周期性弹性结构具有许多重要性质，如声波带隙特性，即处于禁带频率范围内的振动或声波将被禁止在晶体中传播。通过求解声波在晶体中的运动方程可以设计一定的声子禁带和允带，而声子禁带与声波异质结构中声子的安德森局域化问题密切相关。文章重点阐述了声子晶体的主要特征、理论研究方法、潜在应用及前景展望。     

声波在二维固/流声子晶体中的禁带特性研究

采用时域有限差分法(FDTD),分析了声波在二维四方点阵铝/空气组合声子晶体中的禁带特性,并利用实验测试验证了理论分析的正确性.在此基础上研究了两种不同声阻抗率比固(实心圆柱和空心圆管)/流系统声子晶体的禁带特性.对于实心圆柱体,分析了有限尺寸结构声子晶体在传播方向上的层数对声波传播特性的影响,得到了这两种系统在不同填充率下取得最大声波禁带宽度所需的最少层数.同时指出,在低声阻抗率比条件下,对于空心圆管填充物,通过选取适当的半径比,可以获得比实心柱体更宽的方向带隙.     

HDP-HSMM的磨削声发射砂轮钝化状态识别*

在高精度金属材料磨削加工中,刀具即砂轮的状态对加工效率和加工质量具有重要的影响。钝化程度较高的砂轮不适于加工精密工件,需提前预警并修整更换砂轮。该文提出一种通过磨削声发射信号来检测砂轮钝化状态的方法。首先,对于采集到的信号进行小波软阈值降噪。然后,将其分割成多个有重叠的帧,并提取每帧信号的8个特征组成声发射数据集。最后,通过分层Dirichlet过程-隐半马尔可夫模型来建立声发射数据集和不同的砂轮钝化状态之间的非线性关系,旨在识别砂轮钝化状态。结果表明,上述检测方法能有效识别砂轮的不同钝化状态并能对整个加工过程中的砂轮钝化程度进行自动划分,其在测试数据集上的准确率达到93.7%,可以为实际工业应用提供理论指导。     

水下吸声覆盖层声管测试的背衬研究

在吸声覆盖层水声声管测试的实验研究中，覆盖层背衬的选择对测量结果有重大影响。在我们二维理论研究的基础上，建立了吸声覆盖层声学特性的传递函数模型，分析比较了不同背衬对吸声覆盖层声学性能的影响。结果表明，不同背衬对吸声覆盖层吸声性能的影响具有明显不同的特性。背衬为双层壳体时，水层对吸声覆盖层的吸声系数曲线有明显的调制现象。背衬为单层壳体或双层壳体时，从整体上讲，吸声系数更趋近于刚性背衬而非软背衬的情况。在实验室小样品声管测试中，以较厚的钢柱作为背衬的测试数据来衡量吸声覆盖层性能更为合适，且易于实现。     

原油中声衰减和声速的温度特性的测量

原油是一种混合物。它的一些性质随温度而变，如原油的声衰减和声速都是温度的函数．本文使用一个换能器发射声波，另一个换能器接收声波，在实验室内测得12t－80℃之间的声波幅度值，利用插值算法，求出该温度范围内原油声衰减的温度特性曲线；利用线性拟合算法，求出原油声速的温度特性曲线。结果表明：随着温度的升高，原油的声衰减和声速都呈下降趋势，而且测量结果与换能器的灵敏度无关．     

An acoustic study of soils that model seabed sediments containing gas bubbles

The acoustic response of gassy seabed sediment is unique. It is a dispersive and extraordinarily attenuative natural material at frequencies which cause gas bubble resonance. It conceals the structure of the seabed from seismic profiling and it dampens acoustic signals that, for example, trigger acoustic mines. In the past, theoretical studies have formulated the probable cause of this response and crude experimental work has partially corroborated theory. This study measures compressional wave velocity and attenuation in a laboratory soil simulating natural gassy soil, and it investigates the structural properties that cause the unique acoustic response. It was confirmed that below the frequencies which cause resonance the soil behaves as a compressible material (containing gas), and above as a relatively incompressible material (containing no gas). Over the frequency range producing bubble resonance it is suggested that the soil should be modeled as a biphasic material of gas and a relatively incompressible saturated soil matrix (particles and fluid). Velocities for gassy soil were found to be as low as 220 m/s at frequencies below resonance and 1500 m/s above resonance; attenuations were found to be as high as 60 dB/cm for moderately gassy soil and as low as 1 dB/cm for soil with almost no gas.     

Application of the ISO 13472-1 in situ technique for measuring the acoustic absorption coefficient of grass and artificial turf surfaces

This paper presents the applicability of an in situ technique based on ISO 13472-1 standard for measuring the acoustic absorption coefficient of grass and artificial turf surfaces for normal incidence from a sound source. The in situ method is based on acoustic impulse response measurement of the material surface. A maximum length sequence (MLS) signal is played through a loudspeaker and the acoustic response from the surface is recorded using a single microphone. The fast Hadamard transform and fast Fourier transform based digital signal post-processing algorithm provides the acoustic absorption coefficient of the surface under test. The normal incidence acoustic absorption coefficient of a commercial artificial quash surface of Dow Co. obtained from this method was compared with the results from the ASTM E1050 impedance tube method for the same surface. The acoustic absorption coefficients of a test-site grass surfaces were measured for 30 mm and 100 mm length of grass blades in wet and dry soil conditions. Substantial difference in the acoustic absorption coefficient was observed for a similar grass-like artificial surface used for estimating sound power of commercial garden equipments and lawnmowers. The advantage of the in situ method lies in its ability to measure the normal incident acoustic absorption coefficient of any planar surface as installed or in situ. Additionally a quick testing time of less than a minute with the use of a laptop sound card based inexpensive data acquisition system is the main feature of this robust method.     

Laser-Doppler Vibrometer measurements of acoustic-to-seismic coupling in unconsolidated soils

Measurements of acoustic-to-seismic coupling ratio, i.e. the ratio of the pressure exerted by an acoustic wave at a point on the surface to the acoustic particle velocity generated at the surface at that point, may be used to determine both elastic and structural properties of poroelastic materials. The sound pressure is measured using a microphone and, usually, the velocities are measured using geophones. Problems with geophone sensors have been shown to include both mass loading of the soil and coupling resonances within the frequency range of interest. The latter can lead to inaccurate amplitude and phase measurements. In an attempt to overcome these problems, the use of a Laser-Doppler vibrometer (LDV) has been investigated. Previous work with compacted plane soil surfaces has been extended to loosely consolidated soils. Good agreement has been found between geophone and LDV measurements of vertical particle velocity for a continuous wave sound source. Problems with poor LDV signal-to-noise ratio in unconsolidated materials have been overcome using local ground treatment. Subsequent modelling shows reasonable agreement between the data and the predicted values of material properties.     

Method and results of estimating acoustic characteristics of bottom-sediment upper layers in the shelf region using seismic exploration instruments

The potential of seismic exploration instruments for estimating the surface layers of soil in the towing zone of an extended multielement array is investigated. In contrast to the well-known method of common depth point, in which the main estimated parameters are the transit times of waves reflected from deep layers of the sea bottom, two-dimensional spectral analysis is used to measure the longitudinal wavenumbers of the modes forming an infrasonic field in the water layer. The measured longitudinal wavenumbers of modes serve initial data for estimating the acoustic characteristics of the upper layers of bottom sediments directly in the towing zone of pulse emitter and extended multielement array. It is concluded that the use of data on the parameters of upper soil layers in seismic exploration should increase the accuracy of contouring oil and gas condensate fields.     

Functional Analysis of Voice Using Simultaneous High-Speed Imaging and Acoustic Recordings

We present a comprehensive, functional analysis of clinical voice data derived from both high-speed digital imaging (HSDI) of the larynx and simultaneously acquired acoustic recordings. The goals of this study are to: (1) correlate dynamic characteristics of the vocal folds derived from direct laryngeal imaging with indirectly acquired acoustic measurements; (2) define the advantages of using a combined imaging/acoustic approach for the analysis of voice condition; and (3) identify new quantitative measures to evaluate the regularity of the vocal fold vibration and the complexity of the vocal output -- these measures will be key to successful diagnosis of vocal abnormalities. Image- and acoustic-based analyses are performed using an analytic phase plot approach previously introduced by our group (referred to as 'Nyquist' plot). Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectral analyses are performed on the same data for a comparison. Clinical HSDI and acoustic recordings from subjects having normal and specific voice pathologies, including muscular tension dysphonia (MTD) and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) were analyzed using the Nyquist plot approach. The results of these analyses show that a combined imaging/acoustic analysis approach provides better characterization of the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds as it correlates with vocal output and pathology.     

Acoustic imaging of objects buried in soil

In this study, we demonstrate an acoustic system for high-resolution imaging of objects buried in soil. Our goal is to image cultural artifacts in order to assess in a rapid manner the historical significance of a potential construction site. We describe the imaging system and present preliminary images produced from data collected from a soil phantom. A mathematical model and associated computer software are developed in order to simulate the signals acquired by the system. We have built the imaging system, which incorporates a single element source transducer and a receiver array. The source and receiver array are moved together along a linear path to collect data. Using this system, we have obtained B-mode images of several targets by using delay-and-sum beamforming, and we have also applied synthetic aperture theory to this problem.