冲击响应法测量扬声器频率特性教学实验

在常规实验室条件下采用信号发生器、录音笔和Cool Edit pro2.0声音处理软件,采用冲击法测量扬声器的频率特性,得出了实验所用3个扬声器频率特性的优劣顺序,使得测定扬声器频率特性的教学实验不需要在消声室中即可进行.     

应用数字技术测量扬声器的特性

扬声器的主要特性是灵敏度频率响应,习惯上指幅度频率特性。通常是在消声室内用正弦信号扫描方法测量。扬声器的测量技术从50年代以来进展缓慢。考虑到语言和音乐本质上是一种瞬态信号,因此一度建议使用猝发声、阶梯波和脉冲来测量扬声器的响应。但是在使用模拟式测量设备时,脉冲的能量很小,使信噪比很低,数据分析也有困难,使它们无法实用。最近,数字计算机的应用,快速傅里叶变换的出现,使一种测量扬声器脉冲响应再计算其转移函数的新方法获得了实际应用。它不但用于扬声器的设计和研制,也已应用于生产中。     

混响室内声源的声功率输出及声强分布

本文讨论了混响室内的声强分布,指出混响室内声强分布与自由场一样,对点声源服从平方反比律。对混响室及消声室的声压及声强随时间的起伏作了初步摸索,得到了几条实验规律,指出声强起伏比声压起伏更大。采用声强测量方法对同—声源在消声室及混响室内的声功率输出作了测量,说明声源的声功率输出是随环境变化的声学量,在混响室内声源的低频发射要比消声室内的发射要低。     

卦限消声室的特性

卦限消声室是马大猷教授设计的一种新型特殊消声室。 本文中报告用平方反比定律来验证室内所建立起的声场是否符合自由声场要求的测试结果。测试采用的实验装置如图1所示。扬声器通过一个细管安置在     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。     

利用遗传算法由电阻抗计算四阶带通箱的低频响应

提出了一种基于电阻抗得到四阶带通扬声器系统低频频率响应的方法。该方法无需消声室,首先建立扬声器系统的电阻抗集中参数电路模型并测量得到电阻抗曲线,然后运用遗传算法优化模型中的元件参数值,使得由模型计算得到的阻抗曲线与测得的阻抗曲线相吻合,再根据模型计算得到低频响应曲线。测量结果表明理论曲线与实测曲线相吻合,说明基于电阻抗得到低频响应的方法是可行的和有效的。     

基于声场重建的材料吸声系数测量方法

针对现有方法对材料吸声系数进行现场测量时存在低频测量误差大的问题,本文提出了一种利用扬声器线阵列对材料吸声系数进行现场测量的新方法。该方法使用基于能量比值约束的最小二乘法在待测材料表面进行平面波声场重建并结合双传声器传递函数法对材料的吸声系数进行测量。数值仿真表明在100～1600 Hz频率范围内,新方法在未加约束时能够对材料的吸声系数进行准确测量。在半消声室中利用新方法测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了能量比值约束值对测量结果的影响,并和阻抗管以及其它两种现场测量方法的测量结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法能够对吸声材料在160～1600 Hz频段内的吸声系数进行准确测量,并且相较于现存的现场测量方法,新方法具有更低的测量频率下限。     

平板扬声器用于结构声有源噪声控制实验研究

对NXT技术的分布式平板扬声器和集中参数扬声器的频响和指向性等进行了对比测量，通过对组合平板扬声器的声场研究及有源消声实验，证明了平板扬声器用于有源噪声控制的可行性。综合平板扬声器和集中参数扬声器的物理特点和声场特性，根据基于平面声源有源噪声控制的已有的理论研究结果和本文的实验结果，可以认为，NXT平板扬声器适合作有源噪声控制的次级源，有利于有源噪声控制的工程推广应用。     

混响场中用相关传声器识别声源直达声的近似工程法

本文研究了在混响场中用相关传声器识别主声源直达声的近似工程法，包括理论及实验技术。采用该方法对一个置于混响声污染下的恒定声源进行了直达声测量，并将测量结果与该恒定声源的消声室测量结果进行了比较，结果表明：相关传声器近似工程法在很大程度上能减少混响声对主要源声压测量的干扰，从而能在混响声场中获取一定精度的主声源声压级。     

环形扬声器阵列的警报系统设计*

针对工厂车间中局部异常需警报及时提醒的情况，设计一款36通道的环形音频警报系统，实现局部警报声播放的效果，并验证所设计系统的可行性。为达到输入输出实时运算的目的，该基于环形扬声器阵列的警报系统以高性能数字信号处理为核心展开，通过多通道模拟数字转换器、数字模拟转换器及功率放大器等硬件电路，利用最小二乘法将警报信号传递到相应区域。在全消声室环境下，该系统通过PC机产生单频信号，实现了音频的指向性，验证了所设计系统的可行性。     

四阶带通箱的自回归滑动平均模型*

建立扬声器系统的离散时间模型是对其进行数字控制的基础。研究给出了使用LR-2理论优化的四阶带通箱的自回归滑动平均(Autoregressive moving average,ARMA)模型,推导其传递函数方程组,构建其时域差分迭代式,形成离散时间形式的表述,用以描述系统的瞬态行为。实验结果表明,与基于状态空间方程的差分求解方法相比,本文给出的自回归滑动平均模型更为稳定精确,对采样率的要求更低。     

An analytical model for a dodecahedron loudspeaker applied to the design of omni-directional loudspeaker arrays

The dodecahedron (12 sided) loudspeaker is used extensively for acoustic measurements as an approximation to an omni-directional sound source, for example in building acoustics and automotive applications. In many instances its use is favoured above other omni-directional source approximations e.g. open pipe because of its greater power. However, analysis by other authors has shown that the radiation deviates from omni-directional above a certain frequency. In this paper an analytical model of the sound pressure field generated by a dodecahedron loudspeaker is constructed. The sound pressure field generated by the model is then compared with measured data and good agreement is demonstrated. Having established and validated the model, it is adapted to form alternative spherical loudspeaker arrays based on Platonic and Archimedean solid geometry and also a number of spherical packing routines. The aim of the analysis is to determine the optimal geometry for an omni-directional source using pistonic loudspeakers.The analysis shows that constructive interference of the pressure field across the spherical baffle surface and not individual loudspeaker pistonic radiation characteristics is the most significant factor with respect to deviations from omni-directional radiation for a complete spherical array. Consequently, loudspeaker elements which physically occupy the spherical baffle surface to their maximum extent provide the most extended frequency range of omni-directional operation. The most optimal spherical array distribution is shown to be the dodecahedron.     

夫琅和费衍射颗粒粒度测量中的改进Chin-Shifrin反演算法

在基于线阵CCD的夫琅和费衍射颗粒粒度测量中,采用Chin-Shifrin积分变换反演算法使得反演的粒度分布出现假峰现象.为解决此问题,提出在该Chin-Shifrin积分变换反演算法中引入矩形窗函数,并在分析颗粒粒径与衍射光强导数最小值之间关系的基础上,确定矩形窗函数中心点位置及左右边界,利用该矩形窗函数对粒度分布进行截断处理,消除虚假峰,提高反演颗粒粒度分布的准确性.分别对两种标准颗粒进行了测量,并对不同算法的反演结果进行了对比.实验结果表明:引入矩形窗函数的改进Chin-Shifrin算法,能够有效排除粒度分布中的多假峰;粒度分布测量相对误差小于3%,重复性小于4%.     

扬声器中涡流的热效应

通过分析和比较两种扬声器涡流电学模型和两种扬声器热模型，提出一种分频段的非线性热模型类比线路，给出了对应的音圈稳态温度公式，并在高频段运用逐点测温的方法研究，论证了扬声器涡流随频率变化的规律及其对扬声器热效应的影响。     

窗函数在扬声器异常声客观检测中的影响

该文研究了基于短时傅里叶变换的扬声器异常声检测方法中,窗函数对特征距离阈值设定的影响。以连续对数扫频信号激励被测扬声器单元,并对响应信号进行短时傅里叶变换。通过对比不同窗函数下,被测单元之间的特征距离来寻找合适的窗函数。结果表明,不同窗函数下得到的特征距离具有不同的离散度;选择合适的窗函数,可使特征距离具有较大离散度,从而更合理地设定阈值。     

A method of measuring the Green's function in an enclosure

The acoustic Green's function can be measured using a device with two matched microphones mounted in a tube driven by a loudspeaker combined with another microphone that represents the observation point. Good agreement is obtained between the measured and theoretical Green's function in a rectangular room below 320 Hz. At higher frequencies the agreement is less good because of the imperfect geometry of the room.     

直接辐射式扬声器系统的低频效率计算公式*

效率是扬声器系统的重要性能指标,然而常用的标称效率在低频范围并不适用。本文研究直接辐射式扬声器系统的低频效率,推导了基于TS参数的低频效率计算公式。针对封闭式扬声器系统和倒相式扬声器系统,开展实验验证,结果表明本文提出的计算公式得到的低频效率与实验测量得到的低频效率较为相符。进一步对比分析低频效率和标称效率,结果表明低频效率能够适用于低频,能准确地展示扬声器系统参数对效率的影响。利用本文提出的计算公式,有助于进一步优化提升扬声器系统的低频效率。     

Measuring short impulse responses with inverse filtered maximum-length sequences

Most loudspeakers have a non-flat frequency response which produces a long oscillating impulse response. An inverse filtering approach may be used to calculate the driving waveform necessary to equalize the response of the loudspeaker in order to radiate shorter acoustic pulses. When combined with the MLS technique, inverse filtering may be used to pre-emphasize the driving signal so that a shorter impulse response, with a prescribed waveform, is measured. This technique is described and illustrated by applying it to a distributed mode loudspeaker. Originally, this loudspeaker has a rather irregular response in a wide band. When the MLS signal is pre-emphasized with the proper inverse filter, a shorter impulse response is measured with a zero-phase cosine-magnitude spectrum.     

Dynamical measurements on viscoelastic behaviors of spiders in electro-dynamic loudspeakers

Spiders in electro-dynamic loudspeakers are most commonly concentrically corrugated fabric disks, and their viscoelastic behaviors affect the loudspeaker reproductions. A noncontact dynamic measuring technology is presented by a subwoofer closed box to excite the tested spiders pneumatically with a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) to measure the velocity of the moving spiders. Correlation techniques were employed to get an accurate and reliable acoustical transfer function between the measured velocity and sound pressure. The Young’s moduli of the tested spider composite materials were derived from the measured vibration modes. The creep effect and the level dependent behaviors of tested spiders were investigated. The results indicate that, the Young’s moduli of the tested spiders are frequency dependent. The mechanical stiffness increases with a small slope in low frequency range while a large slope in high frequency range. The loss factor exhibits the maximum around the resonance frequency, and after that it decreases with increasing frequency. The effective stiffness has a monotonic decrease with input voltage levels and the harder the spider, the less stiffness changes with input levels.     

Study of vertical sound image control with parametric loudspeakers

A parametric loudspeaker utilizes nonlinearity of a medium and is known as a super-directive loudspeaker. In this paper, the sound localization in the vertical direction using the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers is confirmed by listening tests and physical measurements. The differences in levels between the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers are varied as a parameter. The direction of sound localization in the vertical plane can be controlled not only when the acoustical axis is set to the right ear but also when it is set to at 5 deg to the right of the right ear. The effect of the level difference between the upper and lower loudspeakers is weaker than the differences observed when using ordinary loudspeakers. We obtained interesting characteristics of the left-right sound localization in the horizontal plane with the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers in the vertical plane. It is found that by setting the parametric loudspeaker at the right ear (that is, the horizontal angle of a listener to it is only 3 deg to the right), the direction of sound localization in the horizontal plane moved approximately 10 deg to the right. Moreover, by setting the parametric loudspeaker 5 deg to the right, the direction of sound localization moves approximately 20 deg to the right. The ILD (Interaural Level Difference) using a dummy head is calculated from the measured left and right sound signals. It is determined that ILDs of the parametric loudspeaker are larger than those of the ordinary loudspeaker. A simple geometrical acoustic model is introduced and analyzed. The analysis helps to explain the measured characteristics.