一种新型的超声加工深小孔的工具系统

传统超声加工用工具或者很短,或者按半波长整数倍叠加.加工中工具长度的大量磨损会明显降低加工效率,因而必须经常更换工具.本文提出一种新型的超声加工深小孔的工具系统,能以特殊的方式工作.工具长度任意,加工中工具长度变化允许达80％;仅仅需要适当调节电发生器频率就能良好工作.本工具系统已成功地用在超声加工玻璃深小孔(圆形和异形孔),在玫璃上加工出直径6mm、深达280mm的孔.加工效率至少可以与常规方法相比. 观测了具有等截面细长杆的复合振动系统的频率特性和工具系统的振动模式,得出了工具杆“局部共振”的结论.初步探讨了产生这种共振的条件及其形成机理. 局部共振现象,应当还可用在高功率超声的其它场合.     

脆性光学材料的超声磨削实验研究

分别采用超声磨削和普通磨削加工方法加工了几种脆性光学材料,研究了几种主要工艺参数对工件加工表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,超声频率和振幅、金刚石磨料粒度、切深、工具的横向进给速度和旋转速度等工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响较大。通过比较发现,超声磨削方法比普通磨削方法具有更好的加工表面粗糙度,更高的材料去除率,以及更低的工具磨损量。     

“一种新型的超声加工深小孔的工具系统”一文讨论:非半波长变幅器

范国良、应崇福、林仲茂和彭翔的“一种新型的超声加工深小孔的工具系统”一文,提出了一种非半波长的等截面杆的工具系统,是很有价值的.其意义在于实际证明了传统的只有半波长或半波长级联的杆才能构成超声振动系统的观点可以打破,并在实用上解决了由于工具头磨损而限制了超声加工应用的长期令人困扰的问题.     

用谐振来解释超声加工中的“局部共振”现象

本文采用机械阻抗方法分析了超声加工系统中出现的“局部共振”现象，通过对不同截面积比的变频杆和工具杆组合系统的计算，得出“局部共振”是超声加工系统的某些固有频率和工具杆固有频率相接近时的现象，此时整个系统仍是全谐振。     

超声辅助磨削杯形砂轮变幅器设计与试验*

超声辅助磨削在硬脆材料的加工中应用广泛。为研制以杯形砂轮为加工工具的超声辅助磨削主轴附件式工具系统,建立了杯形砂轮变幅器的理论模型,推导了其频率方程,并通过Matlab开发了杯形砂轮变幅器设计软件。利用该软件结合有限元分析对杯形砂轮变幅器进行了设计。将研制的杯形砂轮变幅器与BT40刀柄一体化外套筒、导电滑环装配组成了杯形砂轮超声辅助磨削主轴附件式工具系统。对该超声振动系统进行了阻抗分析试验及超声谐振试验,结果表明,该超声振动系统阻抗性能较好,能够使杯形砂轮产生稳定的超声振动,验证了所提出的设计方法的正确性,为主轴附件式超声磨削装置的设计提供了理论参考。     

超声加工速度影响因素的正交试验研究

本文通过正交试验法探讨超声加工中工具头壁厚,磨料粒度和加工压以及它们的搭配的交互作用对加工速度的影响程度和主次,得到有利于提高加工速度的各因素水平趋向和较优工艺条件组合.     

基于二维声子晶体结构的大尺寸超声 塑料焊接系统*

在大尺寸的圆柱形超声塑料焊接系统的工具头上加工周期性槽,形成一种二维声子晶体结构。对基于二维声子晶体结构的圆柱形工具头进行了声子晶体的带隙分析,并对优化设计后的该超声塑料焊接系统进行数值模拟。探讨了开槽前后超声塑料焊接系统振型的变化以及工具头输出端面纵振动的位移分布。研究结果表明,二维声子晶体结构能有效地抑制横向振动,增强纵向振动,并均匀输出端面的振幅,可以实现对超声塑料焊接系统的优化设计。     

超声振动对光学玻璃加工的锯切力特征研究

超声振动辅助方法已在各种硬脆性材料的加工工艺中得以应用,其优异的加工能力和效果已得到广泛证明。本研究中通过采集有无超声振动条件下锯切光学玻璃的平均锯切力以及单颗金刚石磨粒划擦实验下的力信号,对不同工艺条件下的平均锯切力、单颗磨粒受力特征进行分析。同时通过扫描电镜观察对应力信号下工件与工具加工后表面形貌,进一步通过超声振动下材料去除机理解释超声振动对锯切力影响。结果表明：与传统锯切工艺相比,超声振动辅助使得单颗磨粒划擦过程中的受力降低引起平均锯切力的降低;超声振动改变普通锯切下材料的去除方式;同时可使工具保持良好的锯切状态,降低光学玻璃材料的锯切力比,改善其可加工性。     

超声滚压中的空化现象*

在超声滚压加工中引入切削液后可能会产生空化现象,由此产生的微射流和冲击波对超声表面强化将有积极作用。为研究超声滚压加工中空化现象是否存在及空化效应在超声滚压中的作用,本文首先分析了超声滚压中的空化阈值,然后进行了染色法试验和超声滚压后试样氧元素能谱分析,最后通过超声滚压加工对比试验研究了空化效应对加工后材料表面粗糙度和显微硬度的影响。研究发现,超声滚压加工中的声压幅值远大于空化阈值,满足空化存在的必要条件;超声滚压中发生了明显的卡纸染色现象,引入切削液后工件超声滚压加工表面氧元素含量显著提高,表明超声滚压中发生了空化现象。超声滚压加工中的空化效应能进一步降低工件表面粗糙度和提高表面显微硬度,有利于提高工件表面强化质量。本研究为空化效应在超声滚压中的积极利用提供了依据。     

工具杆几何尺寸对超声扭转振动特性的影响

依据四端网络理论，利用机电类比方法，研究了具有类圆锥过度段的复合阶梯型变幅杆的扭转共振频率和与之相连接的工具杆的几何尺寸之间的变化关系，理论和实验符合的较好，为超声扭转加工振动系统的设计提供了参考依据。     

Photophysical and photochemical properties of inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with aminocoumarins

B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 200–205, March–April, 1995.     

土壤中铅、砷、铬、铜和锌含量的连续快速测定

建立了土壤中铅、砷、铬、铜和锌含量的连续快速测定方法。土壤样品经微波消解,用同一份消解液,分别连续测定土壤中的铅、砷、铬、铜和锌含量,铬、铜和锌采用火焰原子吸收光谱法,铅和砷采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法。采用本方法,对环境土壤标准样品ESS-1黑钙土(GSBZ50011)和ESS-3红壤(GSBZ50013)进行多次测定,检测结果与标样的推荐值吻合。经统计计算,回收率为95.2%—103.6%,精密度RSD均小于7%。本法操作简单快速,光谱测定结果已成功地用于无公害水果和蔬菜生产基地的土壤环境质量评价。     

Influence of substrate process tolerances on transmission characteristics of frequency-selective surface

Frequency-selective surface （FSS） is a two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of a dielectric substrate and the metal units （or apertures） arranged periodically on it. When manufacturing the substrate, its thickness and dielectric constant suffer process tolerances. This may induce the center frequency of the FSS to shift, and consequently influence its characteristics. In this paper, a bandpass FSS structure is designed. The units are the Jerusalem crosses arranged squarely. The mode-matching technique is used for simulation. The influence of the tolerances of the substrate＇s thickness and dielectric constant on the center frequency is analyzed. Results show that the tolerances of thickness and dielectric constant have different influences on the center frequency of the FSS. It is necessary to ensure the process tolerance of the dielectric constant in the design and manufacturing of the substrate in order to stabilize the center frequency.     

Specific features of the generation of aqueous solutions of Rhodamine 6G in laser pumping

M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'yovy Gory, Moscow, 119899, Russia. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 236–241, March–April, 1996.     

Optical properties of heated air, carbon dioxide, and argon

Stable-plasma generators, spectroscopic measuring equipment, and methods for determining the optical properties of an extremely heated medium with a given composition have been developed. The spectral coefficients of absorption and emission of heated air, carbon dioxide, and argon were studied. A comparison with the data of other theoretical and experimental investigations has been performed. Deceased. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 818–826, November–December, 1997.     

Carrier frequency offset and impulse noise estimation for underwater acoustic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The carrier frequency offset（CFO）and impulse noise always affect the performance of underwater acoustic communication_systems.The CFO and impulse noise could be estimated by using the null subcarriers to cancel the effects of the two types of interference.The null subcarriers estimation methods include optimal separate estimation and joint estimation.The separate estimation firstly estimates the CFO value and then estimates the impulse noise value.However,the CFO and impulse noise always affect each other when either of them is estimated separately.The performance could be improved by using the joint estimation.The results of simulations and experiments have showed that these two optimization methods have good performance and the joint estimation has better performance than the separate estimation method.There is 3 dB performance gain at the BER value of 10~（-2）when using the joint estimation method.Thus these methods could improve the system robustness by using the CFO compensation and impulse noise suppression.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Transmission properties of one-dimensional Photonic crystals containing double-negative and single-negative materials

The transmission properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals containing double-negative and singlenegative materials are studied theoretically.A special kind of photonic band gap is found in this structure.This gap is invariant with scaling and insensitive to thickness fluctuation.But when changing the ratio of the thickness of two media.the width of the gap could be enlarged.The defect modes are analyzed by inducing a linear defect layer in the structure.It is found that the number of defect modes will increase when the thickness of the defect layer becomes larger.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Orthogonal M-ary code shift keying spread spectrum underwater acoustic communication

M-ary and code shift keying（CSK）spread spectrum is generally applied to overcoming the spreading gain versus data rate limitation in underwater acoustic（UWA）communications.In addition,the concept of orthogonal M-ary CSK is introduced to UWA communication to gain higher rates.We propose a scheme employing dual-orthogonal-channel M-ary and CSK spread spectrum UWA communication based on Gold sequences owing large code set and good self and cross correlation.The modulation and demodulation scheme of the orthogonal M-ary CSK is derived algebraically and the factors critical to its performance are discussed.Furthermore,its bit error rate（BER）curve is evaluated via simulations and compared with the dual-channel M-ary CSK.Finally,the validity of the simulations is verified in tank experiments.1096.8 bps data rate of the proposed communication scheme is realized for 10 kbits data volume with no error.Overall through deduction,numerical simulation,and experiment,it is shown that the proposed method offers significantly improved performance.