黑豆和牵牛子红外光谱的分析与鉴定

种子类中药材黑豆和牵牛子都含有大量的油脂和蛋白质,因此两种药材的一维红外光谱极其相似,为了区别科属不同的两种药材,采用红外光谱三级鉴定法对黑豆和牵牛子进行分析鉴定。经典红外光谱中,黑豆和牵牛子均有1 745 cm-1表征油脂类的特征吸收峰,以及1 656和1 547 cm-1表征蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的特征吸收峰。其中油脂特征吸收峰与蛋白质特征吸收峰的相对高度不同,说明二者的相对含量不同。同时,一维红外光谱对两种中药材主体成分的分析结果,即含有大量的油脂和蛋白质,与文献所报道的一致。在二阶导数红外光谱中,牵牛子中存在1 712 cm-1属于有机酸类的特征吸收峰,然而黑豆中却没有此吸收峰的存在。此外导数光谱中两种药材峰形和峰强度的差别更为明显。二维相关红外光谱中,黑豆和牵牛子自动峰的峰位置和峰强度等均具有显著差异。在1 500~1 700 cm-1波数范围内,黑豆有2个明显自动峰,牵牛子有3个明显的自动峰。在2 800~3 000 cm-1波数范围内,黑豆和牵牛子均有2个强自动峰,但最强自动峰的位置不同。运用红外光谱三级鉴定法,可以更直接快速简便的分辨出主体成分相同的两种种子类中药材,为今后的研究打下基础。     

新鲜金盏菊的红外光谱三级鉴别

在9月份和10月份,利用衰减全反射(ATR)对金盏菊分别进行6次活体检测,凭借红外光谱具有的指纹特征性,构建新鲜金盏菊样本的红外指纹图谱,作为三级鉴别提取的特征数据。结果表明:不同时期金盏菊红外光谱中,酯类特征吸收峰(1 732cm-1)和多糖类成分吸收峰(900~1 100cm-1)之间的相对吸收峰强度和峰面积有所差异;二维红外光谱中差异更加明显。红外光谱为不同时期鲜花活体鉴别提供了一种新的方法。     

不同花期八宝景天花的红外光谱鉴别

利用衰减全反射(ATR)结合二维红外光谱技术对不同花期(9月份和10月份)八宝景天花分别进行活体检测,凭借红外光谱具有的指纹特征性,构建新鲜八宝景天花样本的红外指纹图谱。结果表明:不同时期八宝景天红外光谱中,酯类特征吸收峰(1 732cm-1)和多糖类成分吸收峰(900~1 100cm-1)之间的相对吸收峰强度和峰面积有所差异;二维红外光谱中差异更加明显。红外光谱为不同时期鲜花活体鉴别提供了一种新的方法。     

石椒草和夏枯草的红外光谱

石椒草和夏枯草是两味典型的中草药材,它们都是清凉药,都是双子叶草本植物。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法,直接、快速、准确地测定石椒草和夏枯草的红外光谱图,分析比较了2个样品在红外光谱图上的异同。石椒草和夏枯草的红外光谱的部分特征峰与其疗效有着直接关系：石椒草和夏枯草在1727cm-1附近均有吸收峰,说明石椒草和夏枯草均有杀菌抗病毒的功效;石椒草在1378、1251cm-1附近有吸收峰,说明石椒草有活血化瘀、抗炎抑菌的功效。通过分析红外光谱,为石椒草和夏枯草的识别、鉴定和药理分析提供了一定的科学依据。     

利用2DCOS进行多组分混合气体傅里叶变换红外光谱分析中同分异构体谱峰的辨别

在利用傅里叶变换红外光谱进行混合气体定量分析中,针对烃类尤其是同分异构体等构成的混合气体其谱图特征相似、吸收峰严重交叠,不易进行特征吸收成分的判别和特征变量选择的问题,为增强谱峰分辨力,采用广义二维相关光谱和傅里叶变化红外光谱对烃类混合气体分析中同分异构体进行辨别,以异丁烷和正丁烷的红外光谱及受浓度扰动组成的光谱组为例进行二维相关红外光谱分析。通过观察全波段和主吸收峰波段单组分气体的傅里叶变换红外光谱,可知其谱图相似,吸收峰严重交叠,如果混合在一起,将基本无法辨别何种分子结构及成分。通过广义二维相关光谱的变换,其二维相关光谱的同步谱和异步谱可以清晰地辨别出异丁烷和正丁烷的特征吸收峰及其各自强度,实验结果可知,异丁烷在2 893,2 954和2 977 cm-1,正丁烷在2 895和2 965 cm-1具有强的吸收特征谱线。分析结果初步验证了二维红外相关光谱在多组分混合气体傅里叶变换红外光谱定量分析中谱分辨率增强方面的应用。     

艾草与一枝黄花的红外光谱三级鉴别

利用衰减全反射(ATR)、二阶导数红外光谱(SDIR)结合二维相关红外光谱(2DIR)的三级鉴别法对菊科植物艾草与一枝黄花的新鲜叶片分别进行活体检测。结果表明:艾草和一枝黄花红外光谱中,酯类特征吸收峰(1 732cm-1)和多糖类成分吸收峰(900~1 100cm-1)之间的相对吸收峰强度有所差异;二维红外光谱中差异更加明显。红外光谱为不同种类新鲜叶片活体鉴别提供了一种新的方法。     

不同时期商陆果实的红外光谱鉴别

在9月份和10月份,利用衰减全反射(ATR)对商陆果实分别进行活体检测,凭借红外光谱具有的指纹特征性,构建新鲜商陆果实样本的红外指纹图谱。结合二维红外光谱分析商陆果实成熟过程中成分变化。结果表明:不同时期商路果实红外光谱中,酯类特征吸收峰(1 732cm-1)和多糖类成分吸收峰(900~1 100cm-1)之间的相对吸收峰强度和峰面积有所差异;二维红外光谱中差异更加明显。红外光谱为果实成熟过程中活体监测提供了一种新的方法。     

应用FTIR研究模式植物拟南芥和烟草甲醛代谢机理的差异

运用FTIR技术分析模式植物拟南芥和烟草在甲醛胁迫条件下体内各物质含量的变化规律及光谱表征,为推定两种植物甲醛代谢机理的差异提供线索。拟南芥红外光谱中1 376 cm-1的纤维素峰没有出现在烟草样品中。在应对甲醛胁迫时,它的强度值下降趋势比其他吸收峰小,说明拟南芥体内的甲醛主要流向氧化生成甲酸和CO₂的途径。胁迫后期该吸收峰强度值下降,而其他物质的峰持续上升,说明该途径中相关酶基因的表达可能受到甲醛抑制,而其他途径的酶基因表达不受影响。烟草用甲醛处理后红外光谱中各化学成分的含量变化趋势一致,说明甲醛进入各代谢途径的流量差别不大。第4天时烟草红外光谱各吸收峰的强度值再次下降是其甲醛代谢能力较弱结果,表明烟草对甲醛的抗性不如拟南芥强。     

几种花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)对7种植物[玉兰、香水百合、天竺葵(粉红,红色)、兰花、菊花、马蹄莲]花粉进行了研究.结果显示.花粉样品的红外光谱主要由蛋白质、多糖、脂类物质的特征吸收峰组成.不同种花粉的红外光谱的差异表现为脂类物质的特征吸收峰强度的变化.多糖特征吸收峰峰形的区别,以及蛋白质和多糖的特征峰强度比的不同.不同颜色的天竺葵光谱差异较小,仅脂类特征吸收峰略有差异.研究表明,利用红外光谱建立数据库,有可能依据花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别植物.     

彝药大红袍、鸡根红外光谱的快速、无损分析

采用傅里叶变换衰减反射红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)对2种彝药药材进行了快速无损的红外光谱测定。鸡根的主要特征峰是1 726,1 641 cm-1(宽峰), 1505 cm-1(小峰),1 379 cm-1附近为四指小峰,1 244 cm-1(小尖峰),在920～1 200 cm-1有1个阶梯峰C(最强峰);大红袍的特征峰是1 605 cm-1(次强, 单峰), 1 512 cm-1(小峰),1 438 cm-1(小尖峰),1 044 cm-1(最强,单峰)。实验发现2类块根类药材光谱有一共同点,即由C—O—C振动在1 034 cm-1处产生的吸收峰最强,说明彝药块根的红外吸收光谱图主要由碳水化合物木质素、纤维等吸收峰组成。     

Partitioning and transformation behavior of selenium during coal combustion

The partitioning of selenium in coal-fired flue gas and desulfurization wastewater is of great threat to the ecological environment and human health. However, the unclear understanding of interactions between selenium vapors and fly ash hinders the emission control of selenium from coal-fired power plants. To further illuminate the mechanism of selenium partitioning and transformation, this study carefully estimated selenium distribution characteristics in the coal combustion byproducts from several industrial power plants. The effective temperature range as well as the key ash components for selenium retention by fly ash was clarified by multiple-scale experiments and theoretical perspectives. The results showed that gaseous selenium tended to be captured by fly ash at a medium-to-low temperature range (i.e. below 650 °C). The limited residence time resulted in the incomplete capture of gaseous selenium by fly ash. Mullite, quartz, iron oxides, and anhydrite in fly ash were found to be the main trappers for gaseous selenium. Among these components, iron oxides showed excellent selenium adsorption performance at a wide temperature range of 150-700 °C, which was realized by the strong chemical adsorption. By contrast, as the dominant phases in fly ash for the physical adsorption of gaseous selenium, mullite and quartz mainly captured gaseous selenium below 300 °C. On the other hand, sulfur dioxides had priority over gaseous selenium to react with calcium-containing ash components by forming anhydrite in the high-temperature region. The formed anhydrite had a limited selenium adsorption capacity, which was confirmed to capture gaseous selenium through a combination of physical adsorption and weak chemical adsorption. For the in-depth control of selenium emitted into desulfurization system and atmosphere environment, these findings provided a comprehensive insight into the behavior of selenium partitioning and transformation into fly ash during coal combustion.     

原子吸收光谱法测定粉煤灰中氧化钾、氧化钠

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定粉煤灰中氧化钾、氧化钠含量。采用氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸分解样品,以氯化锶消除其他元素的干扰。本方法操作简便、再现性好、灵敏度高,适用于粉煤灰中氧化钾、氧化钠含量的测定。     

Surface-coated fly ash used as filler in biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films: Part 1—The modification process

The surfaces of fly ash (FA) particles were modified by surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and used in fabrication of composite films with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Both unmodified fly ash (FA) and modified fly ash (SLS-FA) samples were examined using a range of analytical tools including X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The distribution patterns of SLS-FA particles were shifted to the higher regions compared to FA by adding 1.2-4.2 μm in the ranges between 2 and 25 μm, whereas the modification process reduced the size of the particles over 25 μm due to grinding during the activation process. The increased 1.2-4.2 μm in average can be considered the thickness of the surfactant on the SLS-FA surface. On the oxides based chemical analysis by XRF, the compositions were almost unchanged. SEM and TEM were visualised the irregular sizes morphology mostly spherical of the particles, although it is impossible to capture the images of exactly same particles in modified and unmodified forms. The composite films reinforced with SLS-FA showed 33% higher strength than those of FA filled films. The enhancement of tensile strength attributed from the level of physical bonding between SLS-FA and PVA surfaces.     

Microstructural and magnetic characterization of fly ash from Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant in West Bengal, India

This paper reports on the physical nature of the fly ash sample of the Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant, India with an emphasis on its ultrafine nature. This paper also deals with the measurement of the magnetic properties of the fine particles of the fly ash sample. Particle sizes of this fly ash sample estimated from the SEM images lie within 0.16-5.50 μm, and the EDX spectral analysis indicates the presence of O, Al, Si, C, Fe, Mg, Na, K and Ti in this sample. From the XRD study, it is found that physical nature of conglomeration in the fly ash is crystalline and the major components are mullite (Al₆Si₂O₁₃) and quartz (SiO₂). Additionally, the presence of hematite, microcline, magnetite, maghemite and free iron in smaller fractions cannot be ruled out. A large magnetization observed at 5 K indicates the presence of magnetic components possibly due to superparamagnetism owing to very fine magnetic particles present. The hyperfine parameters obtained from the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, in general, support the observations made from the XRD analysis and in particular, provides the quantitative estimation of the different iron ions present in the sample. Precisely, this report presents experimental data on physical aspects of the fly ash sample of a thermal power plant which consists of coarse, fine and ultrafine magnetic particulate materials (PMs) and deals with an in-depth analysis of it.     

分光光度法研究改性粉煤灰对有机磷的吸附性能

常温下,用硫酸铝为改性剂制得改性粉煤灰,以此作为有机磷废水的吸附剂,用分光光度法分析改性粉煤灰对有机磷的吸附性能,并通过XRD对其结构进行表征。结果表明:改性时,盐灰质量比为1∶12;吸附时,改性粉煤灰用量为35g/L、溶液的pH值为8、振荡时间为30min、吸附温度为30℃时,磷的去除率可达97.0%。     

ICP-OES分析低钙粉煤灰在NaOH溶液中离子浸出规律

低钙粉煤灰潜在的火山灰活性释放缓慢限制了其大规模利用,通过碱激发提高粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+等离子浸出率对于加快低钙粉煤灰活性释放具有积极作用。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分别测试和分析了5种浓度NaOH溶液对低钙粉煤灰激发过程中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+的浸出规律、化学基团变化、水化产物生成及微观形貌演化。结果表明：碱激发作用显著提高了低钙粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+浸出率,三种离子浸出率大小为：Si4+＞Al3+＞Ca2+,其中Si4+和Al3+浸出率随NaOH浓度增加而增加,随浸出时间延长呈对数规律升高;Ca2+由于在NaOH溶液中生成Ca(OH)₂沉淀,其浸出率大小表现为在水中高,在NaOH溶液中低。红外光谱清晰地表征出低钙粉煤灰受碱激发作用后化学基团在指纹区(波数1 300 cm-1以下)的变化,且随碱激发时间的延长和碱浓度的增加变化愈加明显。水化产物和微观形貌的结果显示出粉煤灰颗粒表面受到碱侵蚀发生解聚,在OH-催化下,硅铝单体分子重新排列形成硅酸盐和铝酸盐低聚络合物,通过亲核取代反应形成铝硅酸盐的低聚态溶胶,并进一步与碱金属阳离子通过配位键或静电键的作用缩聚形成水化凝胶类产物。采用ICP-OES测试粉煤灰中离子浸出率可作为评价粉煤灰火山灰活性的一种快速和准确的方法。     

NMR探讨粉煤灰研磨过程中铝氧多面体的变化

采用²⁷Al魔角旋转核磁共振和二维三量子魔角旋转（2D 3QMAS）核磁共振方法对研磨前后粉煤灰中铝氧多面体结构进行了探讨. 结果表明：粉煤灰中铝氧多面体主要以四面体和八面体形式存在. 分析认为铝氧四面体和八面体有多种结构环境形式,导致它们宽化峰的出现. 经过机械研磨后,处于玻璃体硅氧四面体网络中的四配位结构相对稳定,只有微小的变化;网络外作为调整离子的六配位多面体有一部分脱离网络向结构环境对称性状态转变. 从2D图谱中还可以辨别出原先少量的五配位不稳定结构在研磨后消失.     

Radon activity and exhalation rates measurements in fly ash from a thermal power plant

Radon exhalation rate from fly ash samples and from the homogeneous mixture of fly ash of different proportions additive in soil and cement samples to study the effect of the addition was measured by cup dosimeter using SSNTDs. Radon activities were found to vary from (1018±38) to ( whereas the radon exhalation rate varied from (366±14) to . A gradual increase has been observed in samples having fly ash as an additive in cement samples whereas a gradual decrease was observed in soil samples after the addition of fly ash. ²³⁸U in fly ash was measured by a low-level NaI (Tl)-based gamma ray spectrometer. The results show enhancement in U concentration in fly ash as compared to coal samples, whereas radon exhalation rate is less in fly ash samples.     

高压放电对飞灰表面特性的影响

高压放电对飞灰表面特性会产生影响从而改变飞灰颗粒的荷电特性。使用高压窄脉冲电源大幅提高静电除尘器的放电电压,通过对不同电压放电前后飞灰表面特性进行分析,得到其影响规律。随着放电电压的升高,飞灰表面受到越来越严重的破坏,从开始相对光滑完整的表面结构逐渐转变为具有蜂窝状的新结构。放电电压越高,蜂窝的孔密度越高,孔径越小。复...     

Properties of biomass vs. coal fly ashes deposited in electrostatic precipitator

This paper presents comparative experimental studies of the morphology and elemental composition of fly ash particles from coal- and biomass-fired boilers, deposited in each stage of 3-stage electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). It was shown that fly ash morphology, its physical properties, and the percentage of elements in the fly ash taken from each stage of ESP depend on the kind of fuel. The biomass fly ash contains many irregular large particles, which are pieces of unburned wood. Bulk density of biomass fly ash is on average lower than that of coal fly ash, and drastically decreases in the second and third stages of ESP. The resistivity, measured at electric field of 4 kV/cm, of fly ash from biomass-fired boilers is much lower than that from coal, and can be below 10² Ω m, whereas from coal, except the first stage, varies in the range from 10⁷ to 10¹⁰ Ω m. The low resistivity of coal fly ash in the first stage of ESP results from high carbon content, and of biomass is probably an effect of additional high percentage of potassium, calcium and sodium sulfates. The percentage of Si, Al, Na, Fe, and Ti in fly ash from coal-fired boilers is much higher than from biomass, and in the opposite, the percentage of Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Mo, S, Cl, and P in biomass ash exceeds that in coal fly ash. Potential detrimental effects of biomass combustion products (salts, acids, tar) leaving the boiler on the construction elements of the electrostatic precipitator, including electrodes and HV insulators have been discussed in this paper. It was concluded that the long-term effects of biomass co-firing on the electrostatic precipitator performance, including the collection efficiency, have not been sufficiently studied in the literature and these issues require further detailed investigations.