红外测温

 一、红外测温的理论基础我们知道,自然界的一切物体都不断地辐射着红外线,它是由物质内部分子或原子的能级发生跃迁时产生的电磁辐射。随着人们对光学研究的深入,建立了基本的辐射定律,为红外科学奠定了理论基础,红外测温成为应用的一个重要方面。红外测温是辐射式测温的一种,是利用物体的热辐射来测量物体温度的。红外辐射的基本定律是斯忒藩、玻尔兹曼、普朗克等人的黑体辐射定律。黑体是一种理想模型,它能吸收全部入射的辐射而没有反射,是计算热辐射理论最简单的情况。辐射定律就是根据黑体研究出来的。     

红外测温

一、红外测温的理论基础我们知道 ,自然界的一切物体都不断地辐射着红外线 ,它是由物质内部分子或原子的能级发生跃迁时产生的电磁辐射。随着人们对光学研究的深入 ,建立了基本的辐射定律 ,为红外科学奠定了理论基础 ,红外测温成为应用的一个重要方面。红外测温是辐射式测温的一种 ,是利用物体的热辐射来测量物体温度的。红外辐射的基本定律是斯忒藩、玻尔兹曼、普朗克等人的黑体辐射定律。黑体是一种理想模型 ,它能吸收全部入射的辐射而没有反射 ,是计算热辐射理论最简单的情况。辐射定律就是根据黑体研究出来的。其形式为 :Ｅ0 (Ｔ) =σＴ…     

光谱辐射照度测试研究

介绍了光谱辐射照度的测试方法.该方法以高温黑体为基础复现光谱辐射照度,并将复现获得的量值采用替代法对光谱辐射照度标准灯进行量值传递与测试,具有测量不确定度高等优点.同时,给出了采用这种方法的测量结果,介绍了BB3200K型高温黑体及光谱辐射照度测量装置.测量结果表明,采用本文方法可获得高稳定性和理想的测量结果.     

卫星多光谱扫描仪模拟空间环境辐射定标技术

模拟空间环境辐射定标技术主要用于卫星发射前对其所携带的多光谱扫描仪的响应特性进行辐射定标,为用户提供定标曲线。介绍了利用多个光源、多套定标光学系统的多光谱扫描仪辐射定标技术。多谱段光源系统由太阳辐照积分球和黑体组成,积分球用于可见光、近红外谱段的辐射定标,黑体用于远红外谱段的辐射定标。多谱段定标光学系统通过在真空低温环境下的精密传动机构切换反射镜位置,以离轴抛物面反射镜为中心形成两套光学系统,分别将积分球、黑体的辐射反射到扫描仪的入口,从而一次试验即可完成卫星多光谱扫描仪全谱段的辐射定标。     

高温黑体性能评定和温度测量

中国计量科学研究院引进了高温黑体BB3500M作为新的光谱辐射照度基准光源。黑体BB3500M包括辐射腔体和温度反馈系统。辐射腔体由一系列高温热解石墨环组成,可以加热至3 500 K。在光谱辐照度测量中,高温黑体的性能参数和温度测量至关重要。对于黑体的性能参数,着重考察了黑体温度的稳定性和腔底温度的均匀性。在将高温黑体的光谱辐射照度传递给工作标准灯时,黑体的温度可能发生改变。实验观测了一小时内黑体的温度漂移情况。当高温黑体加热至3 016 K时,采用温度反馈系统的BB3500M稳定在0.3 K。实验光路中设置了限制光栏,用于屏蔽来自黑体腔壁的辐射。黑体腔底辐射环的温度均匀性优于0.2 K。在温度测量中,2 473 K以下的温度可以直接溯源到中国计量科学研究院热工处,对于更高温度的测量需要进行温度延伸。文中从普朗克公式出发,通过多波长亮度比较法进行了温度延伸。实验先在低温区进行延伸证实了方法的可能性,然后进行了高温区的温度延伸。     

滤波-荧光谱仪的优化设计

滤波-荧光法是一种重要的X射线诊断技术,对于温度为1.4×107—1.6×107K的黑体辐射,设计了包含V-Ti,Co-Fe,Cu-Ni和Zn-Cu四个组合的滤波-荧光谱仪,信号测量通道增加了相应本底测量辅助通道.计算结果表明,采用与信号通道相同设置的辅助通道测量效果不佳,需要对辅助通道后滤片进行重新设置以确保对本底的正确测量.     

目标辐射特性现场校准用大面积黑体辐射源技术研究

红外成像技术在空间探测、对地观测、安防监控等领域的应用越来越广,为了确保红外目标识别的准确性,必须掌握目标的辐射特性。目标辐射特性需要在外场实际条件下测量得到,需要利用大面积黑体辐射源对目标特性测量设备进行现场辐射参数校准。设计了一种大面积黑体辐射源,辐射体采用铝材质并发黑处理,大面积黑体辐射源温度控制采用PID控制算法。在外场实际环境温度为26.8 ℃,湿度为60%时对目标特性测量设备辐射参数进行了校准。试验数据表明:辐射温度测量不确定度为0.4 ℃（k=2）,取得了较好的应用效果。     

谈谈辐射

对辐射的认识是不断深化的。大家知道,处在不同温度和环境下的物体,都以电磁辐射形式发出能量,这被称为热辐射,能吸收全部外来辐射而毫无反射的理想热辐射体称为“黑体”。在黑体辐射中,存在各种波长     

太赫兹微弱信号检测系统噪声处理方法研究

为了能够量化物体太赫兹辐射的大小,对黑体辐射中的太赫兹信号进行测量,使测量系统处于真空状态下,并且使用液氮制冷来屏蔽外界杂散辐射。黑体辐射的太赫兹信号由卡塞格林系统聚焦于探测器上。探测器的输出信号用锁相放大器进一步处理,并观察不同时间常数下锁相放大器的输出信号。实验结果表明:当黑体温度为323 k时,实验装置使用液氮制冷前后的测量结果有所不同,前后相差约3 v左右。时间常数对输出结果影响也很大,实验使用3 s比较合适。由于噪声来源复杂、噪声水平很高,黑体在太赫兹波段辐射能量极为微弱,所以系统对温度分辨率要求不是很高。     

表面微结构对平面黑体反射比的影响研究

为了研究不同微结构对于平面黑体反射比的影响，设计了40种表面微结构由不同锥齿类别（方锥和圆锥）、高度、疏密程度的排列组合构成的平面黑体样品。样品表面采用同种工艺，喷涂同类型表面吸收涂层，以降低表面反射。利用光谱仪测量样品在可见和近红外波段的反射比，测量结果表明，微结构可使反射比从平面状态的1.4%降低至近0.4%的水平。在保持其他条件一致时，锥齿高度越高且锥齿越密集，平面黑体反射比越低；锥齿类型不同对反射比影响则不显著；与Tracepro得到的仿真值进行比较，锥齿高度越高，齿面越密集，相对误差越大，相对误差处于10%~65%范围内。     

一种红外目标模拟器黑体辐射源选型的计算方法

在光电系统测试中目标模拟器是必不可少的测试设备,黑体辐射源是红外目标模拟器的关键部件,它的选型直接影响着红外目标模拟器的性能。从黑体探测灵敏度与系统探测灵敏度的关系,推导出黑体辐射源的温度计算公式,以此计算黑体辐射源所需的最低温度点。通过仿真验证了计算方法的正确性,为黑体辐射源的选型提供了理论依据。     

Analogy between first-order phase transitions and blackbody radiation

The analogy between blackbody radiation and a phase equilibrium between vapor and liquid is drawn by deriving the Clapeyron equation in which the two probability distributions of blackbody radiation play the role of the two phases. The pressure of one of these distributions, which becomes negative at sufficiently high photon energies, is analogous to a negative pressure tending to break up a liquid. A similar type of critical phenomenon should be observed for blackbody radiation.     

Size effect of two-dimensional thermal radiation

Properties of two-dimensional thermal radiation are investigated as a function of sample size and temperature. The two-dimensional thermal radiation is different from two-dimensional blackbody radiation when the size of the sample becomes small due to the uncertainty principle, which shows the allowed minimum energy can?t be neglected. The energy density is shown as a function of sample size at a constant temperature. The energy density is also shown as a function of temperature at a constant size. It is shown that our prediction can be measured from the thermal radiation of graphene.     

Thermodynamic Properties of an Atom Inside a Kerr Nonlinear Blackbody

Thermodynamic properties of a Kerr nonlinear blackbody (KNB) are investigated. It is found that below a transition temperature T _c , the free energy of a KNB radiation is larger than that in a normal blackbody. At the transition from KNB radiation state to a normal blackbody radiation state, the photon system undergoes a first-order phase transition. The thermodynamic system of an atom interacting with a KNB radiation bath is also investigated by using a thermodynamic perturbation theory. It is found that below a transition temperature T _c , the increment of the free energy of the atom is larger than that in a normal blackbody. Above T _c , the KNB becomes a normal blackbody, and the properties in a KNB turn to be the same as those in normal blackbody radiation.     

Optical pumping of trapped neutral molecules by blackbody radiation

Optical pumping by blackbody radiation is a feature shared by all polar molecules and fundamentally limits the time that these molecules can be kept in a single quantum state in a trap. To demonstrate and quantify this, we have monitored the optical pumping of electrostatically trapped OH and OD radicals by room-temperature blackbody radiation. Transfer of these molecules to rotationally excited states by blackbody radiation at 295 K limits the 1/e trapping time for OH and OD in the X(2)Pi(3/2), v" =0, J"=3/2(f) state to 2.8 and 7.1 s, respectively.     

Spectral Energy Density in a Kerr Nonlinear Blackbody

In a Kerr nonlinear blackbody, bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into a new kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. The nonpolariton system constitutes free thermal radiation in the blackbody. The present paper investigates the spectral energy density of the thermal radiation. It is found that the spectral energy density of a Kerr nonlinear blackbody is larger than that of a normal blackbody.     

Spectral Energy Density in a Kerr Nonlinear Blackbody

In a Kerr nonlinear blackbody, bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairsand unpaired photons are transformed into a new kind of quasiparticle, the nonpolariton. The nonpolariton system constitutes free thermal radiation in the blackbody. The present paper investigates the spectral energy density of the thermal radiation. It is found that the spectral energy density of a Kerr nonlinear blackbody is larger than that of a normal blackbody.     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

Synchrotron radiation is not a blackbody but a graybody

Though synchrotron radiation and blackbody radiation are considered as completely different phenomena, spectral shape of synchrotron radiation is somewhat similar to that of the blackbody radiation. Synchrotron radiation is a graybody radiation with a finite value of emmisivity, which varies as a function of wavelength. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-accuracy measurement of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock

Presently, the Stark effect contributes the largest source of uncertainty in a ytterbium optical atomic clock through blackbody radiation. By employing an ultracold, trapped atomic ensemble and high stability optical clock, we characterize the quadratic Stark effect with unprecedented precision. We report the ytterbium optical clock's sensitivity to electric fields (such as blackbody radiation) as the differential static polarizability of the ground and excited clock levels α(clock) = 36.2612(7) kHz?(kV/cm)(-2). The clock's uncertainty due to room temperature blackbody radiation is reduced by an order of magnitude to 3×10(-17).