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1.
纳米生物技术及其应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
赵强  庞小峰  张怀武 《物理》2006,35(4):299-303
纳米技术的发展使人们可以观测到纳米量级的介观世界,可以直观地了解生物分子的形态和分子间的相互作用,甚至可以操纵生物大分子,得到不同结构的新的生物分子.运用纳米技术制作的纳米器件可以用作疾病诊断与治疗.由纳米量级的超微粒构成的纳米生物材料具有良好生物相容性和一些独特的纳米效应,主要表现为小尺寸效应和表面或界面效应.纳米生物材料与相同组成的微米材料存在非常显著的差异,体现出许多优异的性能和全新的功能.纳米微粒在癌症的监测、治疗,细胞和蛋白质的分离,基因治疗,靶向和缓释控药物等中都有着广泛的应用.  相似文献   

2.
雷皓  魏黎  刘买利 《物理》2006,35(4):294-298
纳米尺度物质的生物效应研究是近年来在纳米科技发展过程中派生出来的一个崭新的、发展很快的且多学科高度交叉的领域,需要把纳米科学、物理学、化学以及生物医学等多学科的研究手段结合起来,进行综合研究.核磁共振波谱与成像,作为一种原位、无损、动态、实时、多信息的检测手段,在此领域的研究中将发挥不可或缺的重要作用.文章分3个方面简要介绍核磁共振波谱与成像技术在纳米尺度物质生物效应研究中的应用:(1)纳米尺度物质在生物组织及个体内的检测与分析;(2)纳米尺度物质与生物大分子相互作用的核磁共振波谱研究;(3)纳米尺度物质生物效应的核磁共振代谢组学研究.  相似文献   

3.
纳米光学和生物单分子探测   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
白永强  刘丹  朱星 《物理》2004,33(12):899-906
纳米光学技术展示了纳米级探测本领,同时生物单分子探测所需要分辨尺度也是纳米数量级的,因此在生物单分子探测过程中,纳米光学发挥了巨大的作用.文章介绍了与生物单分子探测技术相关的纳米光学技术,包括量子近场光学探针技术、近场光学成像技术(包括扫描近场光学显微术及全内反射荧光显微术)和激光光钳测控技术及它们在生物单分子探测上的进展,从而在染色、成像、测控三个方面展示了纳米光学技术在生物方面的应用,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望.  相似文献   

4.
生命在于运动,机体的一切活动,从肌肉收缩、细胞内部的运输、遗传物质(DNA)的复制、一直到细胞的分裂等等,追踪到分子水平,都是源于具有马达功能的蛋白质大分子做功推动的结果,因此它们称为分子马达或马达蛋白。到目前为止,已有上百种的分子马达被确定,它们在生物有机体内执行着各种各样的生物功能。分子马达都是沿着相应的蛋白丝运动,这些蛋白丝起着轨道的作用。对于真核细胞,最常见的为肌球蛋白马达(Myosin),  相似文献   

5.
过馨露  张建  王炜 《物理学进展》2012,32(6):285-293
纳米材料是物理、化学、生物等领域所广泛关注的研究方向,主要分为无机材料、有机材料及复合材料。其中由纳米粒子与生物分子组成的复合材料因具有独特的光学、化学、电磁学等性质,在医学和医疗等方面有着良好的应用前景。此外,利用生物分子自组装的方法,可设计出具有复杂有序结构的复合材料。因此,研究纳米粒子和生物分子的相互作用对纳米材料的设计和应用有着重要的意义。本文从实验和计算机模拟两个方面综述了纳米粒子对生物分子(包括蛋白质、DNA、生物膜)结构特性以及热力学、动力学性质的影响,并概述了影响两者相互作用的多种因素,包括纳米粒子的尺寸、形状、浓度、表面特性等。  相似文献   

6.
曾宗浩  张英 《物理》2001,30(1):58-58
生物细胞重要的功能都是由生物大分子(核酸和蛋白质)组成的分子机器完成的.科学家向大自然学习,也试图用这些大分子造出人造机器来,以让它们完成特殊的任务.比如,以DNA为工具,来排列胶体粒子,引导半导体纳米晶体或金属线的生长,用DNA双螺旋手征性转换所产生的机械运动,来制造纳米机器开关等.据2000年8月10日的《Natute》杂志报道[1],Bell实验室的科学家们发明了也是用DNA做成的一种分子机器,如果交替地供给两种互补的DNA片段,这种机器就可以像剪刀那样做开合运动.这种分子机器主要由A,B,C三种DNA片段组成.A的…  相似文献   

7.
沈电洪 《物理》1999,(1):62
纳米科学是一门集基础科学和应用科学于一体的新兴科学,主要包括纳米电子学、纳米材料和纳米生物等科学.纳米科学主要是指在纳米尺度甚至在原子尺度上对物质表面和内部的结构以及单分子表面和内部的结构进行观测、分析研究和加工.近年来,扫描隧道显微镜和原子力显微镜...  相似文献   

8.
纳米科技与计算机技术   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
 纳米科技(NanoST)---这一20世纪80年代开始兴起的高新科学技术,已随着时代的步伐和我们一起进入了21世纪。纳米科技是研究由尺度在0.1~100纳米的物质组成体系的运动规律和相互作用以及实际应用中的技术问题的科学技术。它以研究分子、原子以及包括电子在内的微观粒子的运动规律和特性为基础,从而达到控制和利用在纳米尺度内物质特有的特理性质、化学性质等微观特性,实现创造新材料、新器件等。专家们普遍认为纳米科技将是21世纪信息技术、材料科学和生命科学产生本质飞跃的核心动力,纳米科技将对人类的社会生产模式、生活方式和思维模式产生深刻的影响。  相似文献   

9.
量子点的荧光特性在生物探针方面的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
量子点具有传统有机荧光染料无可比拟的光学魅力,在生物医学及材料领域已引起广泛的兴趣,许多科学工作者在量子点用于生物学领域方面已经取得一定进展.目前,量子点最有前途的应用领域是在生物体系中作为荧光标记物.通过观察量子点标记分子与靶分子相互作用的部位,及其在活细胞内的运行轨迹,可能为信号传递的分子机制提供线索,从而为阐明细胞生长发育的调控及癌变规律提供直观依据.文章介绍了量子点研究生物大分子之间的相互作用、生物大分子荧光标记、细胞及生物组织的荧光标记与成像以及活体成像等方面的应用.并概述了纳米量子点作为生物荧光探针的应用前景以及亟待解决的问题.  相似文献   

10.
光学技术在运动人体科学中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究了光学技术在人体运动研究中潜在应用.光生物调节作用可以抑制细胞凋亡.色光疗法、低强度激光针灸和鼻腔内低强度激光照射可以调节植物神经功能和昼夜节律,它们具有防治运动性疲劳的潜在价值.蛋白质分子构型变化可以用园二色谱表征,组织和大脑血氧饱和度的变化可以用近红外光谱表征,尿液可以用傅里叶红外光谱进行代谢组学研究,它们都可以作为运动训练的有效表征工具.  相似文献   

11.
The physics underlying the interactions between nanomaterials and biomolecules is largely unexplored. In this study, we modelled the interactions of a graphene-on-Ni(111) nanocomposite with dopamine, an important biomolecule with crucial physiological functions in the human brain and body, using density functional theory methods. Stable adsorption of the dopamine molecule was observed on the surface of the graphene-on-Ni(111) composite. The adsorption mechanism was revealed to involve both charge and π–π interactions between the dopamine and graphene when they are in close proximity. Simulated scanning tunnelling microscopy images of dopamine on the surface of the graphene-on-Ni(111) composite, as an application of this nanomaterial, could distinguish one side of the G2 conformation of dopamine from the other conformations as a result of their interactions. Therefore, the graphene-on-Ni(111) composite is expected to have potential as a nanomaterial for detecting single biomolecules. The findings of this study will provide a significant contribution to the fields of nanomaterials and biotechnology, including the development of highly accurate biodevices and biosensors.  相似文献   

12.
The molecular investigation of the interaction of charged and neutral biomolecules with 2D-nanostructures of aluminum oxyhydroxide characterized by curvature and defects is performed. Steered molecular dynamics and the potential of mean force analysis are used for quantitative assessment of adsorption properties of the aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) nanosheet surface for typical representatives of anionic, cationic and uncharged biomolecules—amino acid residues. The results are analyzed and compared with the literature data and own previous results. Unbiased molecular dynamics is employed to estimate radial distribution functions of different atom pairs of the AlOOH nanosheet surface and adsorbate surface as well as to study how curvature and surface defects in the form of vacancies of hydroxyl groups influence the interaction of the nanomaterial with monovalent ions. The combined molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical calculation reveals characteristic structural elements with different curvature of the AlOOH nanosheet and enables an estimation of the effect of edge zones in the form of folds on local electrostatic properties of the nanomaterial. The role of these factors in the selective adsorption of nanomaterials and future directions of numerical and experimental studies are discussed. The work is a further investigation into the synthesis, characterization, and application of low-dimensional nanostructures with complex morphology based on layered aluminum (oxy)hydroxide in biomedicine and materials science.  相似文献   

13.
Nanotechnology has been a key area of funding and policy for the United States and globally for the past two decades. Since nanotechnology research and development became a focus and nanoproducts began to permeate the market, scholars and scientists have been concerned about how to assess the risks that they may pose to human health and the environment. The newest generation of nanomaterials includes biomolecules that can respond to and influence their environments, and there is a need to explore whether and how existing risk-analysis frameworks are challenged by such novelty. To fill this niche, we used a modified approach of upstream oversight assessment (UOA), a subset of anticipatory governance. We first selected case studies of “active nanomaterials,” that are early in research and development and designed for use in multiple sectors, and then considered them under several, key risk-analysis frameworks. We found two ways in which the cases challenge the frameworks. The first category relates to how to assess risk under a narrow framing of the term (direct health and environmental harm), and the second involves the definition of what constitutes a “risk” worthy of assessment and consideration in decision making. In light of these challenges, we propose some changes for risk analysis in the face of active nanostructures in order to improve risk governance.  相似文献   

14.
微乳液技术制备纳米材料   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
麦振洪  赵永男 《物理》2001,30(2):106-110
微乳液是表面活性剂、油相和水相形成的热力学稳定的各向同性的单分散体系,其分散质点为纳量级,它为纳米材料的制备提供理想的模板和微环境,介绍微乳液制备纳米材料的方法和影响因素以及微乳液法制备催化剂、超导体、半导体及磁性等材料的研究进展。  相似文献   

15.
利用场效应晶体管器件和介电力显微镜来研究氧化锌纳米线表面吸附分子对其电导率的影响. 相比于空气中,ZnO纳米线场效应晶体管器件在氮气中电导率更高,介电力显微镜得的介电信号也是在氮气中更大. 影响ZnO纳米线电导率变化的主要原因是表面吸附分子数量的变化,而并不是电极与材料之间接触性质的变化.  相似文献   

16.
The relationship between nanoparticle size, charge, shape, and in vivo biodistribution is of great importance for the rational design and selection of intravenously administered nanoparticles. A resource that aids in the selection and design of nanomaterials for this purpose would be a valuable tool. Previous literature reviews have examined narrow categories of nanomaterials or have not statistically analyzed a broad range of nanomaterial literature. Here, data regarding the biodistribution of intravenously administered synthetic and organic nanomaterials in animal models from literature available in PubMed is collected. This work outlines the effect of nanoparticle size, charge, shape, animal sex, and animal disease status on biodistribution of intravenously administered nanomaterials. Particle size and charge are found to significantly and independently influence biodistribution to several organs. Finally, animal sex and disease state are observed to function as effect modifiers for biodistribution.  相似文献   

17.
The interaction of enzymes with carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) is crucial for the function of biomolecules and therefore for the design and development of effective nanobiocatalytic systems. In this study, the effect of functionalized CBNs, such as graphene oxide (GO) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), on the catalytic behaviour of various hydrolases of biotechnological interest was monitored and the interactions between CBNs and proteins were investigated. The enzyme–nanomaterial interactions significantly affect the catalytic behaviour of enzymes, resulting in an increase up to 60 % of the catalytic efficiency of lipases and a decrease up to 30 % of the esterase. Moreover, the use of CNTs and GO derivatives, especially those that are amine-functionalized, led to increased thermal stability of most the hydrolases tested. Fluorescence and circular dichroism studies indicated that the altered catalytic behaviour of enzymes in the presence of CBNs arises from specific enzyme–nanomaterial interactions, which can lead to significant conformational changes. In the case of lipases, the conformational changes led to a more active and rigid structure, while in the case of esterases this led to destabilization and unfolding. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies indicated that the extent of the interactions between CBNs and hydrolases can be mainly controlled by the functionalization of nanomaterials than by their geometry.  相似文献   

18.
近些年来,将量子点、金属及金属氧化物纳米材料、稀土上转换及下转换发光纳米材料、荧光碳点、金属-有机框架材料、聚集诱导发光材料等新型材料应用于手印显现领域的研究日益增多,由此衍生出一类新兴的手印显现技术--手印纳米显现技术。手印纳米显现技术具有操作简单、方法灵活、效果显著、适用广泛等突出优势,已经成为传统手印显现技术的重要补充。国内外研究人员对手印纳米显现技术的探索主要集中在显现材料的推陈出新和显现方法的交叉融合两方面,而对手印显现效果的影响因素及综合评价等研究却较为分散且缺乏系统性。准确客观地评价手印纳米显现效果对于显现方法的合理选择和物证价值的客观评估都具有非常重要的意义。该综述从对比度、灵敏度、选择性、毒害性等四方面对手印显现特别是手印纳米显现的效果评价方法进行梳理总结,并对影响手印纳米显现效果的诸多因素分别进行讨论。纳米材料的发光性质主要决定了手印显现的对比度,纳米材料的微观形貌和颗粒尺寸主要决定了手印显现的灵敏度,纳米材料的吸附性能和表面性质主要决定了手印显现的选择性,因此可通过调整显现材料的诸多性质来提升改善手印纳米显现的效果。最后,对手印纳米显现未来的发展方向提出全新展望。纳米显现材料必然由单一发光性能向多元发光性能过渡,由现有材料的借鉴使用向形貌尺寸的精细操控过渡,由表面简单处理向靶向分子修饰过渡,由潜在毒害材料向绿色环保材料过渡;纳米显现方法必然由强背景干扰向弱背景干扰发展,由细节特征的清晰显现向汗孔特征的清晰显现发展,由物理吸附向靶向识别发展,由痕迹物证的高效显现向生物物证的微观无损发展。同时建议科研人员在注重提升手印显现效果的同时,更加重视对手印显现效果的定量评价研究,进而促进手印纳米显现技术体系的完善,也可使手印纳米显现技术在刑事科学技术领域中发挥出重要的作用。  相似文献   

19.
This review summarizes the current studies of the thermal transport properties of one-dimensional(1D) carbon nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures. Considering different hybridization states of carbon, emphases are laid on a variety of 1D carbon nanomaterials, such as diamond nanothreads, penta-graphene nanotubes, supernanotubes, and carbyne. Based on experimental measurements and simulation/calculation results, we discuss the dependence of the thermal conductivity of these 1D carbon nanomaterials on a wide range of factors, including the size effect, temperature influence, strain effect, and others. This review provides an overall understanding of the thermal transport properties of 1D carbon nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures, which paves the way for effective thermal management at nanoscale.  相似文献   

20.
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