介质平面波导TE0模衍射场的光束参量

对于傍轴光束，提出了介质平面波导衍射场的近场模场半宽度、远场发散角半宽度和光束传输因子M^2等光束参量之间满足简单的关系式，三个光束参量均可直接由波导模式场分布精确计算，或由可实际精确测量的远场衍射频谱分布精确计算。M^2因子的计算公式可表述为以二阶矩和微分算子定义的近场模场半宽度的比值，或以二阶矩和微分算子定义的远场发散角半宽度的比值。最后推导出介质平面波导TE0模衍射场光束参量的解析函数和光束参量的范围。     

平面波导衍射特性分析

从电磁波的瑞利－索末菲标量衍射积分公式出发，利用罗兰圆结构特殊的光学性能，在平面坐标系中简化标量衍射积分公式，推导出横截面折射率阶跃分布的平面波导端口衍射场分布的计算公式，并导出常用的对称结构介质平面波导和金属平面波导端口衍射场的空间频谱，阐明平面波导端口衍射场就是驻波衍射场的本质。     

高斯分布圆口径天线辐射近场分析

采用口径场法对具有高斯幅度分布的圆口径天线辐射近场进行了分析。推导了非聚焦和聚焦2种工作方式下圆口径天线轴向近场和增益的解析表达式;采用数值积分方法分析了圆口径天线非轴向近场分布特性。分析表明,对于高斯幅度分布的圆口径天线,天线轴向场在近区为振荡分布,其近场增益与口径面分布和观测点位置有关,通过聚焦可以使近场焦点处增益达到远场增益,大大提高焦点及焦点附近区域的电场幅度。     

微小孔近场衍射的能量传输

用标量衍射理论研究了圆孔近场衍射中的能量传输,计算了透系数及轴线上衍射场的能流密度,在微小孔衍射的情况下,讨论了矢量衍射理论对能量传输问题标量处理的修正。     

用于飞秒激光纳米加工的TiO_2粒子阵列诱导多种基底表面近场增强

利用纳米粒子辅助对飞秒激光能量进行空间局域化,使其在基底表面诱导产生纳米尺度的近场增强,这对超衍射极限微结构加工具有重要意义.目前对于粒子阵列诱导飞秒激光纳米孔加工的研究仅限于金属Au粒子及低折射率聚苯乙烯介电粒子等,本文提出并开展了应用高折射率TiO_2介电粒子阵列作为辅助诱导激光近场增强从而进行飞秒激光超衍射纳米孔加工的研究.对TiO_2介电粒子阵列在Si,Pt及SiO_2表面的近场强度分布进行了数值模拟,研究其基底表面近场增强的规律及物理过程.研究结果发现,使用硅基底时,阵列与单一TiO_2球形粒子相比其近场增强仅下降约30%;相对于入射激光强度而言,在直径约为100nm的空间范围内获得140倍的近场增强,这一现象可用于百纳米孔的激光加工.同时在其他典型基底的理论计算结果中也表明,几乎在所有金属及介电材料表面均可以实现良好的百纳米空间范围内的近场增强,并且具有近场随着基底折射率变大而增强的规律.这些现象的产生归因于TiO_2粒子中磁四极振荡产生的激光前向场增强及粒子与基底的耦合作用.进一步引入镜像电荷模型对基底光学参数对其表面近场增强的影响规律进行了分析和解释.本文的模拟结果对飞秒激光近场超衍射极限纳米加工的应用有着重要的意义.     

小平坦波面光场的衍射与准直特性

根据惠更斯-菲涅耳原理、空间频谱理论、能量守恒定律推导出一个波面为平面的小衍射源远场衍射积分公式的倾斜因子,给出一个衍射远场半球面上光场分布的计算表达式。根据满足正弦条件的准直物镜对光波波面的变换特性,给出小平坦波面光场的准直光场计算表达式,并以简单直角坐标偏振和简单柱面坐标偏振的高斯光束变换特性为例说明了该公式的应用。     

圆形余弦光栅菲涅耳衍射场的研究

基于波前相因子判断法并考虑到圆光栅孔径的影响,揭示了圆形余弦光栅的衍射场含有3种成分,它们是均受限于圆形孔径的平面衍射波、发散球面衍射波和会聚球面衍射波;分别给出了这3种衍射场的积分表达式,进而导出了沿轴的衍射场复振幅分布的3个公式,并显示了相应的沿轴衍射场实振幅分布曲线,得到了实焦斑的横向半值线宽和轴向半值线宽公式.本研究为圆形余弦光栅用于聚焦和成像技术进一步提供了一个理论基础.     

相因子判断法分析菲涅耳波带片的衍射场

基于波前相因子判断法,并考虑到波带片孔径的影响,揭示了波带片的衍射场所含基元成分及各成分在衍射场的积分表达式,并导出了沿轴的衍射场振幅分布公式及沿轴的振幅分布曲线,得到多个实焦斑的横向半值线宽和轴向半值线宽公式.本研究为波带片作为一种光学元件提供了一理论基础.     

衍射光栅的傅里叶分析方法

本文用衍射理论中的傅里叶分析方法,分析光栅在各种不同情况下的夫琅和费衍射现象中,其衍射屏上的复振幅分布、光强分布及频谱分布的规律。对于衍射光栅的应用具有指导意义。     

声表面波垂直入射于声栅时的衍射

本文分析了声表面波垂直入射于声栅时的衍射现象。理论上,应用唯象理论分析了声表面波垂直入射于声栅时,在“薄栅”和“厚栅”条件下的衍射特性。实验上,我们用光学法观察和测量了相应于“薄栅”和“厚栅”两种条件下的声栅衍射现象,得到了一些有意义的结果。例如,衍射声场近场的强度分布、正一级和负一级声的干涉场的强度分布,声栅内及透射后近场的声波波阵面等。还测量了各级衍射声波传播角度随频率而变化的情形,测量了零级和一级衍射声强度随频率而变化的情形。最后,将上述实验结果与应用唯象方法所分析的结果作了比较。     

Spectral shifts and spectral switches in diffraction of ultrashort pulsed beams passing through a circular aperture

Based on the Fourier transform method, a simple closed-form expression for the on-axis power spectrum of ultrashort Gaussian pulsed beams in diffraction at a circular aperture is derived, which permits us to study spectral changes both analytically and numerically. It is shown that for diffracted pulsed beams there exist spectral red and blue shifts, spectral narrowing, and spectral switches in the near field. The aperture diffraction plays an important role in spectral switching, but both the truncation parameter and bandwidth (or equally, Fourier transform limited pulse duration) affect the behavior of spectral switches.     

Spectral anomalies and spectral switches of partially coherent and polychromatic light diffracted at an aperture

Inrecentyearsanewbranchofmodernphysicalopticscalledsingularoptics[1]hasbeendeveloped.In2002theworkinsingularopticswasextendedfrommonochromaticlighttospatiallyfullycoherentandpolychromaticlightbyGburetal.[2—4].Itwasfoundthat,whenaconverging,spatiallyfullycoherentandpolychromaticsphericalwaveisdiffractedatanaperture,anomalousspectralchangestakeplaceclosetozerosoftheintensityinthefarfield;i.e.thespectrumisredshiftedatsomepoints,blueshiftedatothers,andsplitintotwolineselsewhere.Thepredictionsofsp…     

二元环形孔径全空间轴线上的衍射光强分布

运用Rayleigh-Sommerfeld衍射积分,详细推导了二元环形孔径全空间在轴光强分布公式.由于未作明显的近似,所得公式对衍射距离大于数倍入射波长的衍射空间都是有效的.计算并分析了这种孔径轴线上的光强分布情况.结果显示,它的最大调制深度是入射光强的16倍,比圆形孔径或环形孔径大4倍,近场的光学层析能力比远场的强.在很近场区,二元环形孔径的在轴光强分布对孔径结构比较敏感,这些特性使这种孔径在光子学和光纤光学的应用方面具有潜在的价值.     

基于离散衍射光的全息光栅的带宽压缩

提出一种基于离散衍射光的全息光栅的带宽压缩算法。人眼的视觉分辨率是有限的 ,即空间频率变化在Δfpupil以内时 (两根光线的夹角小于 0 .3°) ,不会察觉光线的跳变。首先对衍射光的频谱进行采样 ,使全息光栅衍射的是空间频率不连续的离散光 ,即在光栅的编码中只包含离散光频谱 ,且满足人眼视觉要求。这样 ,光栅的条纹函数为周期性函数 ,因此 ,在条纹编码中我们只需记录一个周期的函数值 (样本数 ) ,光栅的条纹函数的样本数可得到有效的压缩。然后在解码中通过简单的复制可恢复光栅条纹函数的全部样本值。采用这种方法 ,大大压缩了数据量 ,提高了传输速率 ,达到了动态显示的要求     

Angular spectrum analysis of near-field diffraction of a small aperture

The near-field diffraction of a nanometer aperture is studied in this paper according to the angular spectrum theory. The mathematic expressions of the near-field diffraction are presented, and the influences of the polarization of the electromagnetic field and the evanescent wave on the diffraction in near field are analyzed by means of vector and scalar diffraction theory, respectively. The transverse and longitudinal diffraction intensity distributions of a small aperture are numerically calculated, and the results show the near-field diffraction of a small aperture is influenced strongly by the vector property of the electromagnetic field and the evanescent component.     

The rigorous electromagnetic theory of the diffraction of vector beams by a circular aperture

The rigorous electromagnetic theory of the diffraction of vector beams by an aperture is proposed and numerically evaluated by the diffraction of vector Gaussian beams by a circular aperture. The results are compared with those, by using the vector Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction integrals and angular-spectrum expression theory, showing a good consistency. The numerical calculation shows that the result calculated by the rigorous theory is much more precise than those calculated by the integral method in diffraction near field, and a highly consistency reaches by the three methods in diffraction far field. A further extension of the theory is discussed.     

Bidimensional near-field sampling spectrometry

We report on a concept of compact optical Fourier-transform spectrometer based on bidimensional (2D) spatial sampling of a confined interferogram. The spectrometer consists of a nanostructured glass surface on which two light beams interfere in total internal reflection. Subwavelength spatial sampling of the interferogram near field is achieved by introducing a tilt angle between a 2D array of optical nanoantennas and the interferogram pattern. The intensity distribution of the scattered light is recorded on a 2D CCD camera, and a one-dimensional Fourier transform of the interferogram is used to recover the input light spectrum. Experimental results show a wide spectral bandwidth in the visible range, down to 380 nm, with spectral resolution of 1.6 nm around 780 nm.     

二维圆周光综合孔径阵的优化排列及其成像特性研究

光综合孔径成像的原理是应用干涉原理在空间频率域中进行采样,并通过傅里叶反变换或其他数值变换方法得到空间分辨力远高于单个孔径成像系统的目标图像。由若干个相同的小孔径在二维圆周上优化排列组成的综合孔径成像系统可以在二维空间频率域中实现较为均匀分布的、具有无冗余度的采样点覆盖,为高质量实时成像提供了一个有效的途径。运用模拟退火算法对由7～16个子孔径组成的二维圆周综合孔径阵列进行优化排列。并依据光学衍射成像原理,从空域和频域两个方面详细分析了二维圆周上优化排列与均匀排列光综合孔径阵的成像特性。对7～16个子孔径组成的光综合孔径的仿真结果表明：无论是在空域还是频域上,子孔径直径增大、孔径数目增多以及综合孔径阵的优化排列都是有利于提高成像质量的。但综合后的子孔径的直径的增大,虽然能获得极高的角分辨力,却并不利于成像质量的提高。     

Performance of laser-ultrasonic F-SAFT imaging

The resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of laser-ultrasonics to detect small and buried defects can be greatly enhanced by using the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). Originally developed in the time domain, SAFT can also be implemented in the frequency domain (F-SAFT) using the angular spectrum approach for a significant reduction in processing time. In this paper, an F-SAFT based data processing method especially adapted to laser-ultrasonic data is presented. This method allows for further significant improvements towards laser-ultrasonic imaging of small defects. It includes temporal deconvolution of the waveform data, control for an optimal aperture and frequency bandwidth as well as spatial interpolation of the subsurface images. All the above operations are well adapted to the frequency domain calculations and embedded in the F-SAFT data processing. Also, the aperture control and spatial interpolation allow a reduction of sampling requirements to further decrease both inspection and processing times. The above improvements are illustrated using laser-ultrasonic data taken from an aluminum sample with flat-bottom holes.     

Measuring spatial coherence by using a mask with multiple apertures

A simple method to measure the complex degree of spatial coherence of a partially coherent quasi-monochromatic light field is presented. The Fourier spectrum of the far-field interferogram generated by a mask with multiple apertures (small circular holes) is analyzed in terms of classes of aperture pairs. A class of aperture pairs is defined as the set of aperture pairs with the same separation vector. The height of the peaks in the magnitude spectrum determines the modulus of the complex degree of spatial coherence and the corresponding value in the phase spectrum determines the phase of the complex degree of spatial coherence. The method is illustrated with experimental results.