带状电缆的直流X射线辐照响应

对真空环境下带状电缆模型直流X射线辐照响应进行了实验和数值模拟研究;研制了电缆直流X射线辐照实验系统;使用蒙特卡罗模拟软件计算了直流X光机产生的X射线能谱、通量等参数;建立了带状电缆X射线辐照响应一维计算模型,该计算模型包括电缆导体与介质层间隙和介质层电导率模型。实验测量了两个带状电缆模型的直流X射线辐照响应电流波形,并对其进行了数值模拟。结果显示,在一定的电缆导体与介质层间隙大小假设条件下,采用带状电缆X射线辐照响应计算模型计算的结果与实验测量结果在波形特征和绝对幅度方面比较接近,说明了利用该模型描述电缆直流X射线辐照响应具有其合理性。     

基于Angel型龙虾眼X射线透镜的数值模拟

为了研究Angel型龙虾眼X射线透镜的聚焦成像特性,基于X射线全反射原理和旋转坐标系方法,建立X射线在方孔内壁的数值模型。通过求解X射线在方孔内壁的交点,得到所有光线的传输路径。为了验证模型的准确性,对透镜的焦距和传输效率分别进行实验测试和模拟。在365mm焦距处,参与反射的X射线被会聚为十字线,中心焦斑光强最大,与模拟所得结果相符。在能量4.5keV下,透镜镀金属Ir膜前、后的传输效率分别为1.23%和9.18%,模拟结果的传输效率分别为1.44%和10.14%。结果表明:构建的数值模型是合理的,可为龙虾眼透镜的研制提供理论基础。     

基于多毛细管X光透镜的数值模拟

为了优化多毛细管X光透镜的设计,利用旋转坐标系的方法建立子管方程,根据光线追迹原理建立了X射线在导管中传输的模型,直接求解一元四次方程得到X射线每次反射时与管壁的交点,从而追踪单根X射线的运动轨迹,并由大量X射线的总的运动规律得到X射线在单根导管中的传输规律,再由单根导管拓展到整个透镜。在此基础上编写程序,实现了对X光透镜的传输效率和光斑的模拟计算。为了验证模拟的准确性,对两个平行束透镜分别进行了实验测试和模拟。在8.05 ke V下,所测的传输效率为13.0%,模拟计算结果为14.2%。在对光斑的模拟中,模拟所得的光斑也与实验结果相符合。结果表明,模型的建立是合理的,在类似透镜的设计制造中有着潜在应用。     

X射线在毛细导管中传输的理论研究

给出了X射线在毛细导管中传输特性的简明而系统的理论描述.在这个理论描述的基础上,建 立了X射线在毛细导管中传输的计算模型,编制了X射线在毛细导管中传输的计算程序.利用 编制的X射线在毛细导管中传输计算程序得到的数值结果和实验结果符合得很好. 关键词： 毛细导管 X射线 传输模型     

基于高斯型脉冲驱动的类镍瞬态X射线激光的流体力学模型

在激光脉冲为高斯型的条件下对瞬态X射线激光的流体力学自相似模型进行了修正，并将计算结果与自相似模型解析解的结果进行了比较.研究表明，修正模型的结果比解析解更为精确，从而验证了新模型的可靠性.利用该模型对类镍钼X射线激光实验进行了优化设计，得到了优化的实验方案. 关键词： 自相似模型 高斯型脉冲 类镍钼X射线激光     

X射线辐射在双孔柱腔靶中传输实验研究

在“星光Ⅱ”装置上,采用双孔柱腔靶研究辐射在空腔中轴向传输变化特性.提出“漏水管”辐射输运的简化模型,用来分析X射线在空腔中的传输的实验结果。分析结果表明,简化模型与实验结果基本相符.X射线输运的结果是输运末端的X射线减弱,辐射持续的时间增大,等离子体弛豫时间增大 关键词： 双孔柱腔靶 辐射传输 “漏水管”模型     

铅的高压状态方程与熔化曲线

基于Gray三相状态方程模型,采用GRIZZLY的Grüneisen系数模型,对铅的冲击雨贡纽线、等温压缩线、等熵压缩线和熔化曲线进行了系统计算,优化参数,获得与实验数据一致的冲击雨贡纽线、等温压缩线与等熵压缩线,计算所得熔化温度线与X射线衍射实验结果吻合得很好。     

软X射线能谱定量测量技术研究

采用每毫米1000线的自支撑透射光栅配上背照射软X射线CCD(charge coupled device)组成了透射光栅谱仪,利用北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)3W1B光束线软X射线实验站上X射线源分别对透射光栅的衍射效率和软X射线CCD的响应灵敏度进行了准确的实验标定,获得了150eV到1500eV能区的绝对衍射效率和响应灵敏度的实验结果;同时在国内外研究工作的基础上,发展了自己的透射光栅衍射效率理论计算模型和X射线CCD响应灵敏度计算模型,开展了相应的理论计算和实验标定结果比对工作,理论和实验符合较好,     

等离子体中X射线透过率分析及潜在通信应用研究

X射线具有波长短、光子能量高等特点,有望在等离子体环境中实现信息的有效传输.本文首先采用基于连续介质中的WKB分层法,研究了黑障条件下, X射线在非均匀等离子体鞘套中的透过率特性,仿真了不同等离子体电子密度和碰撞频率下X射线信号的透过率,理论上证明了X射线可用于黑障区信息传输的可行性.其次通过搭建环形扩散辉光放电等离子体发生器及实验验证系统,进行了国内外首次X射线穿过等离子体鞘套的验证实验.实验结果表明,等离子体对X射线信号的透过率存在一定程度的衰减,透过等离子体前后的X射线信号能谱轮廓相似度优于95.5%,能谱峰值点的偏移量小于1.3%.此外,在原有理论模型的基础上,考虑等离子中的粒子与X射线的碰撞、吸收效应,优化了X射线在等离子体中的透过率模型,与传统的理论方法相比,该模型可对实验现象进行更好的解释.同时计算了X射线在临近空间的透过率,并分析了X射线通信所能达到的潜在指标.这些结果有望为解决黑障区信号传输提供一定的理论与实验依据.     

X射线成像系统点扩展函数理论模型及其实验验证

X射线成像系统点扩展函数是影响X射线成像空间分辨率和密度分辨率的决定性因素,在系统分析X射线成像物理过程基础上,建立了X射线成像系统点扩展函数的一种数学解析模型,推导出了射束有效宽度计算公式,最后通过实验验证了模型的正确性。该模型为X射线成像系统空间分辨率和密度分辨率的初步设计和评定提供了理论依据,可作为X射线图像恢复算法中模糊函数的先验信息。     

Room-temperature ferromagnetism of Cu-doped ZnO films probed by soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

We report direct evidence of room-temperature ferromagnetic ordering in O-deficient ZnO:Cu films by using soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and x-ray absorption. Our measurements have revealed unambiguously two distinct features of Cu atoms associated with (i) magnetically ordered Cu ions present only in the oxygen-deficient samples and (ii) magnetically disordered regular Cu2+ ions present in all the samples. We find that a sufficient amount of both oxygen vacancies (V(O)) and Cu impurities is essential to the observed ferromagnetism, and a non-negligible portion of Cu impurities is uninvolved in the magnetic order. Based on first-principles calculations, we propose a microscopic "indirect double-exchange" model, in which alignments of localized large moments of Cu in the vicinity of the V(O) are mediated by the large-sized vacancy orbitals.     

A multi-scale Monte Carlo study of oxide structures on the Cu(1 0 0) surface

We present a multi-scale Monte Carlo study of the oxidation of the Cu(1 0 0) surface based on the Bortz-Kalos-Lebowitz model with the equilibrium energetics obtained from ab initio calculations. The radial and island size distribution functions are examined and Cu-O structures are analyzed at different temperatures and coverages. We concentrate on the coverages of 0.3 monolayer O or less, with variable sub-monolayer coverages of Cu. The results show that even though the ab initio calculations yield a higher barrier for O than for Cu adatom diffusion on Cu(1 0 0), the stability of Cu structures causes the O adatoms to be more mobile on the Cu(1 0 0) surface than the Cu adatoms. We are able to reproduce the c(2 × 2)-O domains seen in the experiments. However, we give an alternative explanation based on the repulsive interactions of O that, on one hand, cause the local ordering and, on the other hand, prohibits large well-ordered domains. We also give interpretation on the formation of the R45°-O reconstruction of Cu(1 0 0) above the O coverages of 0.3 monolayer based on the ab initio energetics.     

Theoretical calculation of magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe films on Cu(100)

The temperature dependence of the magnetization in fcc Fe on Cu(100) is calculated using a self-consistent local mean-field theory. The model reproduces an experimental magnetization oscillation as a function of film thickness and supports a picture where the top two layers are ferromagnetically coupled, and the remaining layers are antiferromagnetically coupled. The origin of the puzzling linear temperature dependence in oscillation amplitude is understood as a "surface phenomena" of the antiferromagnetic layer at the Fe/Cu interface. Proximity effects between a thin antiferromagnet with a low Neel temperature and a neighboring ferromagnet with a higher Curie temperature are discussed.     

An investigation of the surface chemistry of methyl pyruvate on Cu(1 1 1)

The surface chemistry of an α-ketoester, methyl pyruvate, has been studied on a model Cu(1 1 1) single crystal surface. Monolayers of methyl pyruvate at 180 K consist predominately (ca. 66%) of a chemisorbed methyl pyruvate moiety, with its keto-carbonyl bonded to the surface in a η² configuration, this moiety desorbs intact at 365 K. The rest of the monolayer contains weakly adsorbed methyl pyruvate, which desorbs at 234 K, which interacts with the surface through the lone pair electrons of the oxygen atoms of the CO groups, adopting a η¹ configuration. Previous studies of simple ketones on model noble metal surfaces have only observed weakly bonded η¹ configurations. The observation of a strongly chemisorbed moiety in the present study is attributed to the activation of the keto-carbonyl by the electron withdrawing ester group. This behaviour is consistent with the homogeneous inorganic chemistry of ketones. Given both the formation of a η² bonded methyl pyruvate moiety on Cu(1 1 1) and the known activity of Cu as a selective hydrogenation catalyst, it is suggested that it maybe worthwhile considering the possibility of testing the effectiveness of chirally modified supported Cu as an enantioselective catalyst.     

Study of the effects of an adatom Sn on the Cu surface electromigration using a first principles method

It is well known that the doped Sn can effectively suppress the electromigration of Cu thin-film interconnects in integrated circuits. In this paper, the first-principles method was introduced to investigate the suppression mechanism. All the calculations were performed on Sn or Cu adatom/Cu (0 0 1), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) surface systems within local density approximation. As a Sn adatom was attached to the Cu surface, stable CuSn bonds were formed. The energy calculations show that the Sn/Cu system was more stable than Cu/Cu system with the same structure. Analysis of density of states shows that the nearest neighbor Cu atoms were stabilized by CuSn bond relative to the Cu atoms which are far away from the adatom. The diffusion barrier energies were calculated and found to be consistent with the experimental results. Also, bond population analysis shows that stronger covalent bonds were formed between Sn and Cu relative to that between Cu and Cu. All the results indicate that the CuSn bond plays an important role in the suppression of Cu electromigration.     

Mixed layer formation of copper overlayers on Ni(1 1 0) surface

Copper overlayer formation on the Ni(1 1 0) surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in an ultrahigh vacuum. Atom-resolved STM images showed that initially deposited Cu is replaced with surface Ni atoms forming atom-size depressions on the Ni(1 1 0) terraces and a Ni-rich quasi-one-dimensional island along the direction. Further Cu deposition yields a mosaic structure on the islands, indicating Cu/Ni mixed layer formation. From the quantitative measurement of the Cu/Ni ratio on the substrate and the islands, impinging Cu will be replaced with surface Ni whereas expelled Ni and directly impinging Cu to the island form the mixed island. The number of Cu atoms in the islands, however, more than the directly impinging Cu, indicate significant Cu/Ni replacement at the periphery of the island.     

Effects of Cr dopant on the microstructure and electromigration performance of Cu interconnects

Cu and Cu(Cr) alloy films were deposited on SiO₂ substrates by magnetron sputtering. The microstructure and electromigration performance of films were investigated. A small amount of Cr refines the Cu grains and improves the surface morphology of Cu films. After annealing at 450 °C, in contrast to the Cu film with large lateral grown grains, the Cu(Cr) alloy film exhibits fine columnar grains with a 1 1 1 preferred orientation. Most of Cr in the annealed Cu(Cr) film has segregated at the film surface and the film/substrate interface. The grain boundary grooving at the film/substrate interface is completely prohibited for Cu(Cr) films. As a result, the electromigration lifetimes of annealed Cu(Cr) lines are 10–100 times longer than those of annealed Cu lines. The final resistivity of the annealed Cu(Cr) film is 2.55 μΩ cm which is close to that of the annealed Cu film. With the improved surface morphology and high electromigration resistance, the dilute Cu(Cr) alloy film can be a viable interconnect material or a seed layer in the Cu-damascene technology.     

Direct STM evidence for Cu-benzoate surface complexes on Cu(1 1 0)

The chemisorption of benzoate on a Cu(1 1 0) crystal at room temperature was studied using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. STM images, obtained at 5 K for low benzoate coverage, show isolated surface species that consist of a single Cu adatom stabilizing two benzoate molecules in a flat orientation. These species are discussed in relation to other known metal-organic surface compounds. At higher coverage the overlayer, called the α-phase, was also observed at 5 K and found to contain features attributable to two Cu adatoms associated with two pairs of non-equivalent benzoate species. The observed topographic features are used to suggest refinements of the structural model of the ordered α-phase overlayer.     

Lattice relaxation around positive muon in copper

A model to study the local structure and geometry of condensed matter was applied to the lattice dilatation of Cu if a ⁺ is implanted interstitially. The model system consists of a finite cluster of atoms embedded in the spherically symmetric part of the potential of the rest of the material.The calculations were calibrated with crystalline Cu using a cluster of 6 atoms and 0, 6 or a practical infinite number of layers around this central cluster. It is found that 6 layers are enough to deseribe the boundary conditions that the material imposes to the selected central cluster.Afterwards it was applied to a cluster of a central ⁺ and 6 octahedrally disposed Cu. The equilibrium geometries, electronic configurations, electronic densities of states are presented and compared with SR.