圆结构光视觉三维点管道缺陷检测及重构

 管道内表面的缺陷检测对于保证介质运输安全,避免泄漏和爆炸事故非常重要。在分析三维点分布几何特征的基础上,对基于视觉检测获得的管道内表面三维点,通过判断同一圆周上相邻点法线夹角变化检测管道内表面的凹凸缺陷,采用空间点相邻三角平面法线加权平均获取空间点的法线。依据三维点呈圆周分布的特点,采用相邻圆周上点顺次连接进行快速三角剖分。基于上述方法对实际测量的管道内表面三维点和仿真三维点分别进行了凹凸缺陷检测和三维重构。该方法能实现径向变化小于0.1 mm的管道凹凸缺陷的检测和识别,三维测量精度为0.081 mm。     

于散乱三维点云的缺陷检测和三维重构方法

设备表面的缺陷检测对于保证安全生产避免经济损失具有重要意义。针对基于设备表面散乱三维点云缺陷检测和三维重构算法复杂的问题,提出了一种基于散乱三维点云的缺陷检测和三维重构方法。对散乱三维点云沿某一轴向进行分层处理,将同一层内的三维点进行移位规则化处理,并对规则化的三维点云进行缺陷检测和三维重构。分别对无缺陷设备表面和凹凸缺陷设备表面进行缺陷检测和三维重构,规则化前后三维数据缺陷计算结果相对误差为1.01%。实验结果表明,将散乱三维点云分层和规则化处理有效降低了缺陷检测和三维重构的复杂度,易于实现。     

基于散乱三维点云的缺陷检测和三维重构方法

设备表面的缺陷检测对于保证安全生产避免经济损失具有重要意义。针对基于设备表面散乱三维点云缺陷检测和三维重构算法复杂的问题,提出了一种基于散乱三维点云的缺陷检测和三维重构方法。对散乱三维点云沿某一轴向进行分层处理,将同一层内的三维点进行移位规则化处理,并对规则化的三维点云进行缺陷检测和三维重构。分别对无缺陷设备表面和凹凸缺陷设备表面进行缺陷检测和三维重构,规则化前后三维数据缺陷计算结果相对误差为1.01%。实验结果表明,将散乱三维点云分层和规则化处理有效降低了缺陷检测和三维重构的复杂度,易于实现。     

激光扫描在工件表面检测中的应用方法

为了获取磨削工件表面特征信息，提出一种基于激光扫描的磨削工件表面检测方法。利用机械臂带动激光传感器扫描放置在激光测量平面中的磨削工件，从而获得工件在激光测量平面中的三维坐标信息，通过相邻2个扫描点之间的高度变化求出工件边界点的三维坐标信息，结合x轴和y轴坐标的极值点利用最小二乘法拟合出工件边界在激光测量平面中的解析式，进一步求出附着在工件上的坐标系相对于激光测量坐标系的位姿，最后利用工件在激光测量坐标系中的位置矢量信息得出其表面特征信息。实验结果表明，利用该方法对工件表面进行检测，得到工件表面检测误差为0.11 mm，检测平均时间在1 s内，满足工件表面特征检测要求。     

基于CiteSpace的内表面缺陷检测研究进展与趋势

为分析内表面缺陷检测的发展历程、趋势和研究动态，通过对WoS和CNKI数据库中该领域相关文献的检索，共搜集相关文献英文4 708篇，中文818篇，利用可视化分析软件CiteSpace对文献数据开展共现分析、聚类分析等知识图谱研究，分析内表面缺陷检测领域在国家、机构及研究人员层面的分布现状及合作情况，梳理研究热点和前沿趋势。研究发现内表面缺陷检测研究具有明显的多学科交叉属性，主要涉及分析化学、材料科学、光谱学、仪器仪表、机械工程和计算机等学科。近几年WoS数据库相关主题收录文献年增长率超过10%, CNKI年增长率超过20%,中美两国为本领域研究最为活跃的国家，两国发文量约占总发文量的40%,中国学者在无损检测、图像处理等领域的研究明显落后于国外学者，但在机器视觉和深度学习领域实现赶超。按照研究路线可将相关研究分为基于声光电热磁的检测和基于视觉成像的检测两类，其中前者包括采用不同技术手段获取光谱、超声和电磁图像并借助图像处理技术实现缺陷检测，而后者主要基于视觉图像进行缺陷识别和分类，目前已成为该领域主要的研究热点。内表面缺陷检测发展历程分为缺陷识别、缺陷分类、缺陷分析三个阶段，2000年...     

高精度表面等离子体共振传感中的信号处理方法

表面等离子体共振传感技术是一种简单可行并广为应用的光学高精度表面检测方法,能够对折射率的变化(10-8)进行检测。若要实现高灵敏度、高稳定性、高可靠性的检测,除了光电系统硬件外,信号的数据处理方法也是关键技术之一。运用合适的数据处理方法可有效地降低实验中的随机噪声以及系统不理想性所带来的影响,可大大提高测量精度、准确性和测量范围。从信号处理方法的角度,根据国内外近年来的研究成果,利用表面等离子体共振实现了在微量检测和薄膜分析时进行数据处理的算法。     

基于超声红外技术对金属管内壁缺陷的检测

为提高管道的运送效率，及时检测排除管道内壁的缺陷非常重要。提出利用超声红外无损检测方法对管道内部进行检测。超声主动热激励试件，高频红外热像仪记录试件表面温度变化，结合了超声摩擦生热和红外热成像的优点。对壁厚约为3.3mm检测难度较大的金属管内壁缺陷进行了检测。通过对采集数据和热图的处理分析，准确快速地确定缺陷所在的位置。实物对比分析表明：超声热激励红外无损检测技术可以对金属管道内壁缺陷进行准确检测定位。     

光热辐射测量技术应用于材料物性和缺陷的无损检测

描述了光热辐射测量术的特点、原理和测量装置，并扼要介绍了材料热扩散率、材料表面伤痕和内部缺陷的无损检测。     

基于图像处理技术的钢管内直径及内表面检测

提出一种新的检测钢管内表面质量和内直径的方法。该方法采用高分辨率面阵CCD成像，通过图像采集卡采集图像，送到计算机中，再通过自己开发的软件进行图像处理，可以有效地检测钢管内表面的各种缺陷及钢管内直径。采用像素细分技术，测量精度可达0．05mm。     

显微条纹投影小视场三维表面成像技术综述

智能制造不断向着精密化、微型化、集成化的方向发展,具有代表性的集成电路技术及其衍生出的MEMS等微型传感器技术等得以迅猛发展,快速精确地获取微型器件表面信息并进行缺陷检测对于集成电路和MEMS等产业发展具有重要意义。基于结构光的条纹投影技术具有非接触、高精度、高效率、全场测量等优点,在精密测量中发挥着重要的作用。近年来,显微条纹投影测量系统,包括其光学系统结构,系统标定,相位获取以及三维重建方法等各个方面取得了重大发展。本文回顾了显微条纹投影三维测量系统的结构原理,分析了不同于传统投射模型的小视场系统标定问题,介绍了显微投影系统结构发展过程,同时对由系统结构以及金属测量时造成的反光问题进行了分析,在此基础上,对显微条纹投影三维测量系统的发展前景进行了展望。     

WAVENUMBER PREDICTION OF WAVES IN BURIED PIPES FOR WATER LEAK DETECTION

Water leaks are a topic of great concern in Britain and many other countries, because of decreasing water supplies and the deterioration of old pipework. Correlation techniques are widely used in leak detection, but for these to be effective, the propagation wavespeeds and wave attenuation must be known. Relatively predictable for metal pipes, these are largely unknown for the newer plastic pipes, being highly dependent on the pipe wall properties and the surrounding medium. In this paper, pipe equations for n=0 axisymmetric wave motion are derived for a fluid-filled pipe, surrounded by an infinite elastic medium which can support both longitudinal and shear waves. These equations are solved for two wave types,s =1,2, which correspond to a fluid dominated wave and an axial shell wave, and expressions for a complex wavenumber for each wave are given.     

Phased array focusing with guided waves in a viscoelastic coated hollow cylinder

Guided wave phased array focusing has shown many advantages in long-range pipeline inspection, such as, longer inspection distance, greater wave penetration power and higher detection resolution. Viscoelastic coatings applied to a large percentage of pipes for protection purposes created some challenges in terms of focusing feasibility and inspection ability. Previous studies were all based on bare pipe models. In this work, guided wave phased array focusing in viscoelastic coated pipes is studied for the first time. Work was carried out with both numerical and experimental methods. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed for quantitatively and systematically modeling guided waves in pipes with different viscoelastic materials. A method of transforming measured coating properties to finite element method inputs was created in order to create a physically based model of guided waves in coated pipes. Guided wave focusing possibilities in viscoelastic coated pipes and the effects from coatings were comprehensively studied afterwards. A comparison of focusing and nonfocusing inspections was also studied quantitatively in coated pipe showing that focusing increased the wave energy and consequently the inspection ability tremendously. This study provides an important base line and guidance for guided wave propagation and focusing in a real field pipeline under various coating and environmental conditions.     

Leak noise propagation and attenuation in submerged plastic water pipes

Detection of water leaks in buried distribution pipes using acoustic methods is common practice in many countries. Correlation techniques are widely used in leak detection, and these have been extremely effective when attempting to locate leaks in metal pipes. However, a number of difficulties have been highlighted when trying to determine the position of leaks in plastic pipes. Of particular interest here is what happens to the leak noise when the pipe passes through an expanse of water, such as across a river or lake.In this paper, the low-frequency acoustic propagation and attenuation characteristics of a submerged plastic water pipe are investigated experimentally in the laboratory, supported by predictions from a theoretical model. It is found that, whilst the signal attenuation for a submerged pipe is increased relative to that for a similar in-vacuo pipe, energy does not, in fact, radiate into the water; furthermore, the attenuation is small compared with that for a pipe buried in soil.     

Torsional wave experiments with a new magnetostrictive transducer configuration

For the efficient long-range nondestructive structural health inspection of pipes, guided waves have become widely used. Among the various guided wave modes, the torsional wave is most preferred since its first branch is nondispersive. Our objective in this work is to develop a new magnetostrictive transducer configuration to transmit and receive torsional waves in cylindrical waveguides. The conventional magnetostrictive transducer for the generation and measurement of torsional waves consists of solenoid coils and a nickel strip bonded circumferentially to test pipes. The strip must be premagnetized by a permanent magnet before actual measurements. Because of the premagnetization, the transducer is not suitable for the long-term on-line monitoring of pipes buried underground. To avoid the cumbersome premagnetization and to improve the transduction efficiency, we propose a new transducer configuration using several pieces of nickel strips installed at 45 degrees with respect to the pipe axis. If a static bias magnetic field is also applied, the transducer output can be substantially increased. Several experiments were conducted to study the performance of the proposed transducer configuration. The proposed transducer configuration was also applied for damage detection in an aluminum pipe.     

基于三线结构光的相机平面标定方法研究

相机标定技术是结构光三维视觉测量的关键技术之一,结构光系统的相机标定的精度对三维测量的精度有很大影响。首先对三线结构光系统图的相机标定方法进行了分析,简单介绍了工业相机成像的几何模型及标定的原理；其次利用Harris角点检测方法提取特征点坐标,并选用了BP神经网络来校正工业相机的畸变模型,以提高标定算法的优化速度和标定精度；最后采用张正友的平面标定法对校正后的摄像机模型进行标定实验,由实验结果知,该方法具有一定的准确性和有效性,在一定误差范围内,基于神经网络畸变校正的张正友相机标定能够有效提高视觉检测的精度。     

Guided wave propagation in single and double layer hollow cylinders embedded in infinite media

Millions of miles of pipes are being used for the transportation, distribution, and local use of petroleum products, gas, water, and chemicals. Most of the pipes are buried in soil, leading to the significance of the study on the subject of guided wave propagation in pipes with soil influence. Previous investigations of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in an elastic hollow cylinder and in an elastic hollow cylinder coated with a viscoelastic material have led to the development of inspection techniques for bare and coated pipes. However, the lack of investigation on guided wave propagation in hollow cylinders embedded in infinite media like soil has hindered the development of pipe inspection methods. Therefore the influence of infinite media on wave propagation is explored in this paper. Dispersion curves and wave structures of both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric wave modes are developed. Due to the importance of the convergence of numerical calculations, the requirements of thickness and element number of the finite soil layer between hollow cylinder and infinite element layer are discussed, and an optimal combination is obtained in this paper. Wave structures are used for the mode identification in the non-monotonic region caused by the viscoelastic properties of coating and infinite media.     

LED背光源中侧发光导光管长度与出光性能的关系

微细侧发光导光管可以将LED点光源转化成线光源.为了同时发挥LED光源和CCFL光源的优势,本文对导光管模型进行了改进,使不同长度导光管均能满足良好的出光性能.在网点公式基础上引入非线性修正参数α,并找到导光管长度与α的对应关系,得到不同长度导光管的优化网点排布形式.针对较短导光管光能利用率偏低的问题,采用导光管一端入...     

Propagation phenomena of wideband guided waves in a bended pipe

Ultrasonic guided waves in pipes have been anticipated as a rapid screening technique for pipe inspection because of their long-range propagation due to low energy leakage. In this paper, the propagation phenomena of guided waves in a bended pipe were investigated using a wideband laser ultrasonic system. The laser ultrasonic system, together with wavelet transformation, is a powerful tool for observing the dispersive phenomena intrinsic to guided waves. Bended stainless steel (SUS304) pipes with 6-mm outer diameter and 1-mm wall thickness were used in the experiments. The bending angles of the pipes were set to 0 degrees (straight pipe), 10 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees. The radius of the bend was 12.5 mm in all the pipes. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed to generate the guided waves. The generated guided waves were detected with a heterodyne interferometer. The obtained time-domain signals and their wavelet coefficients indicated the following two conclusions: (1) The amplitude of the F(1,1) mode converted from the L(0,1) mode increased with the increase of the bending angle. (2) Mode conversions from the L(0,1) to F(1,1) modes and vice versa were clearly observed in the low-frequency range up to around 200 kHz.     

Simulation of guided waves in complex piping geometries using the elastodynamic finite integration technique

Although many technologies exist for inspecting piping systems, they are most successful on straight pipes and are often unable to accommodate the added complexities of pipe elbows, bends, twists, and branches, particularly if the region of interest is inaccessible. This paper presents a numerical technique based on the elastodynamic finite integration technique for simulating guided elastic wave propagation in piping systems. Comparisons show agreement between experimental and simulated data, and guided wave interaction with flaws, focusing, and propagation in pipe bends are presented. These examples demonstrate the ability of the simulation method to be used to study elastic wave propagation in piping systems which include three-dimensional pipe bends, and suggest its potential as a design tool for designing pipe inspection hardware and ultrasonic signal processing algorithms.     

基于圆结构光照明和LED照明相结合的三维检测技术

针对孔内表面的检测问题,提出了一种新的基于结构光照明和LED照明相结合的三维检测技术。该方法主要包括三个步骤:首先通过圆结构光照明获取孔内表面的截面轮廓图像,并通过图像处理和系统标定得到当前截面上局部区域的深度值;然后通过平面光照明得到孔内表面的平面图像,并在分析成像关系的前提下,在对平面图像进行坐标变换后得到孔内表面的展开图像,结合图像处理算法,提取展开图像的局部区域的平面尺寸信息;最后将圆结构光数据和LED光源数据变换到同一全局坐标系下,得到内表面的三维信息。