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1.
韩云霞  顾超  王善民  赵予生 《物理》2023,(4):239-248
经过几十年的研究和发展,纳米结构金刚石和立方氮化硼已相继被成功制备,其高硬度和强韧性充分表明纳米力学增强机制是制备超强超硬材料的有效途径。目前纳米结构超硬材料的研究仍处于起步阶段,高温高压相转变的路径与机制、复杂中间相的结构与产生的条件、热力学条件对晶粒生长和微结构(孪晶和堆垛层错等)形成的作用,以及超硬材料的纳米结构对力学性能和强化机制的影响等尚未完全揭示出来。为此,文章对近年来在相关领域的研究进行综述,总结了设计与寻找超硬材料的一般策略与原则,概括了典型的纳米微结构对超硬材料力学与热稳定性的影响,归纳了纳米结构超硬材料的高温高压相变与转化机制,并对当前的研究进展和潜在应用进行了归纳与展望。  相似文献   

2.
几种新型超硬薄膜的研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
张生俊  陈光华  邓金祥  宋雪梅  邵乐喜 《物理》2001,30(10):622-627
超硬材料主要由Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ族共价键化合物(碳化物,氮化物)和单质(金刚石)组成,硬度高于40GPa,有单晶,多晶,非晶等多种,除金刚石外,这些材料都是人工合成的,没有天然对应物,除超硬性质以外,这些材料大都具有宽带隙,高温稳定性,化学惰性等优良的物理化学性质,新型超硬薄膜材料研究从金刚石开始,目前主要的研究对象有金刚石,类金刚石碳(DLC),立方氮化硼(cBN),氮化碳(C3N4,CNx),硼碳氮(BCN)等,是近二十年来材料研究的热门方向之一,文章结合作者近年来的工作,介绍这几种超硬薄膜的研究进展和展望。  相似文献   

3.
针对目前用于半导体材料掺杂浓度纵向深度分布测量用的方法,如C-V法、电化学法等方法对样品造成的损伤或污染,本文提出一种非接触式的光热法测量技术。并结合室温下光热法测得的实验数据计算了GaP∶N多层材料中不同杂质浓度下的热导率,获得热导率随半导体内掺入的杂质浓度增加而减小的关系。这一结果与现有用光热法测量单层结构的半导体材料得到的规律相符合,从而表明了用光热法对层状半导体材料进行掺杂浓度纵向分布测量的可行性;同时还讨论半导体内临近层间结晶程度的差异对光热信号幅度造成的影响。  相似文献   

4.
近来PBX材料损伤、损伤的非破坏过程检测已成为PBX材料研究和库存老化研究关注的热点和难点。为解决高聚物粘结炸药(PBXs)在加工或贮存过程中的损伤开裂的技术难题,开展了在典型力学加载条件下对炸药试样的超声波检测研究。依据材料的细观损伤的基本理论,对高于200kHz频率的线弹性各向同性体中损伤为一标量,泊松比不随损伤而变,且损伤因子D==1-p1C^2 L1/p0C^2 L0,p0,C L0为初始密度、声速,p1,CL1为有损伤时的密度、声速。  相似文献   

5.
通过激光放大器获得高功率的激光输出时,增益材料的损伤特性决定了激光器的使用寿命。以激光二极管(LD)端面泵浦的单片钕玻璃激光放大器为例,对泵浦过程增益材料内部的光场特性和热效应引起的端面应变进行了研究。结合电子增殖理论,建立了一个激光增益材料场致损伤特性分析模型。研究了增益材料内部的雪崩电离速率和多光子电离速率的变化规律,并根据临界自由电子数密度确定了材料发生损伤的具体位置。研究结果表明,激光增益材料发生损伤的位置受到信号光初始光强值、脉冲宽度和泵浦光功率密度影响。当初始光场能量一定,脉冲宽度从10 ns增加到13 ns时,损伤点向入射端方向移动大约14 mm。泵浦光功率密度越大,端面热效应越明显,材料更容易发生损伤。  相似文献   

6.
新型三元超硬复合材料AlMgB14由于具有硬度高、密度低、热稳定性好、导电性能好且制作成本低等一系列优良特性,而成为超硬材料领域的研究热点。本文基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理算法,运用计算机模拟技术,模拟实际实验中难以达到的高温和高压条件,结合Kohn-Sham方程的自洽求解计算新型超硬材料AlMgB14在高温高压下的力学性质、物态方程。从而对比获得其物理化学性质与高压弹性常数,并讨论其背后的物理本质。本文首先对AlMgB14进行结构优化;其次,计算在不同原胞体积下所对应的晶格总能量,获得了AlMgB14的状态方程参数、热力学性质及其随温度和压力的变化关系。同时也研究了常压及加压时,AlMgB14晶体的弹性性质的特点及变化情况。研究结果不仅构建了微观结构AlMgB14与其宏观物理特性之间的桥梁,同时为其材料的工程应用和基础理论研究提供良好的帮助,而且本论文采用的理论计算方法还可以应用到其它材料的物态方程研究中。  相似文献   

7.
连续CO2激光对红外窗口材料损伤研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
龚辉  李成富 《光学学报》1996,16(3):32-335
研究了连续CO2激光对几种红外窗口材料的表面损伤特性,研究表明,损伤机制在于杂质缺陷吸收造成的热冲击应力破坏。深入研究了杂质缺陷密度、焦斑与材料损伤阈值的关系,并建立了一个损伤模型。同时分析了热冲击应力破坏方式。  相似文献   

8.
以Nd2Fe14B/αFe为例,采用立方体晶粒结构模型,研究了纳米复合永磁材料中不同磁性晶粒间的交换耦合相互作用和有效各向异性.纳米复合永磁材料的有效各向异性Keff等于软、硬磁性相各向异性的统计平均值,每个晶粒的各向异性由晶粒表面交换耦合部分和晶粒内部未交换耦合部分的各向异性共同确定.计算结果表明,软、硬磁性相晶粒尺寸分布显著地影响有效各向异性Keff的值.当软、硬磁性晶粒尺寸D相同时,Keff随晶粒尺寸和硬磁性相体积分数的降低而减小, 当D<20nm 时,K 关键词: 纳米复合永磁材料 交换耦合相互作用 有效各向异性 晶粒尺寸  相似文献   

9.
纳米储锂材料和锂离子电池   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
黄学杰  李泓  王庆  刘伟峰  师丽红  陈立泉 《物理》2002,31(7):444-449
简单综述了锂离子电池的基本原理和发展现状,对中国科学院物理研究所固体离子学课题组在纳米储锂材料方面的研究进展做了介绍。用HRTEM等手段研究了纳米SnO、纳米Si以及纳米SnSb合金在Li入脱嵌过程中结构的变化。着重介绍了一种具有纳米微孔的球形硬碳材料和纳米SnSb合金钉扎的复合负极材料,在高功率密度和高能量密度锂离子电池方面具有广阔应用前景。  相似文献   

10.
万贤纲  胡晓 《物理》2006,35(9):713-715
用密度泛函理论方法仔细研究了新型钙钛矿铜氧材料Sr8CaRe3Cu4O24的电子结构和磁性性质,发现掺杂将使得这种材料表现出非常奇特的性质:(1)用W或Mo替代Re,将使得材料变成半金属,同时它的磁转变温度仍然很高;(2)对Sr8CaRe3Cu4O24进行空穴掺杂,也将使它变为具有高磁转变温度的半金属材料。更为奇特的是,空穴掺杂将导致O原子上有很大的磁矩。因此,Sr8CaRe3Cu4O24很有可能是一种有广阔应用前景的磁性材料。  相似文献   

11.

Background  

Spontaneous repair is limited after CNS injury or degeneration because neurogenesis and axonal regrowth rarely occur in the adult brain. As a result, cell transplantation has raised much interest as potential treatment for patients with CNS lesions. Several types of cells have been considered as candidates for such cell transplantation and replacement therapies. Foetal brain tissue has already been shown to have significant effects in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clinical use of the foetal brain tissue is, however, limited by ethical and technical problems as it requires high numbers of grafted foetal cells and immunosuppression. Alternatively, several reports suggested that mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from adult bone marrow, are multipotent cells and could be used in autograft approach for replacement therapies.  相似文献   

12.
Bio-speckle assessment of bruising in fruits   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
The dynamic speckle patterns or bio-speckle is a phenomenon produced by laser illumination of active materials, such as a biological tissue. Fruits, even hard peel ones, show a speckle activity that can be related to maturity, turgor, damage, aging, and mechanical properties. In this case, we suggest a bio-speckle technique as a potential methodology for the study of impact on apples and the analysis of bruises produced by them. The aim is to correlate physical properties of apples with quality factors using a non-contact and non-invasive technique.  相似文献   

13.
The problem concerns investigations of thermophysical properties of small biological specimens. Results of experimental verification of some thermal diffusivity data of hard tooth tissue are presented and discussed. The measurements have been performed on two sliced tooth specimens of different thicknesses. The temperature changes of one flat surface have been recorded applying an infrared camera while the opposite surface has been monotonously heated. The results of measurements have been analysed in order to identify the differences related to variations in thermal properties of hard tooth tissues. Distinct differences between heated enamel, crown dentine and root dentine structures have been revealed. Lack of analytical heat transfer formulae restricted the analysis to qualitative aspects of the problem. Conclusions concerning possible quantitative calculations and the methodology of such an analysis have been formulated.  相似文献   

14.
We investigate the transport properties and mechanical response of glassy hard disks using nonlinear Langevin equation theory.We derive expressions for the elastic shear modulus and viscosity in two dimensions on the basis of thermalactivated barrier-hopping dynamics and mechanically accelerated motion.Dense hard disks exhibit phenomena such as softening elasticity,shear-thinning of viscosity,and yielding upon deformation,which are qualitatively similar to dense hard-sphere colloidal suspensions in three dimensions.These phenomena can be ascribed to stress-induced "landscape tilting".Quantitative comparisons of these phenomena between hard disks and hard spheres are presented.Interestingly,we find that the density dependence of yield stress in hard disks is much more significant than in hard spheres.Our work provides a foundation for further generalizing the nonlinear Langevin equation theory to address slow dynamics and rheological behavior in binary or polydisperse mixtures of hard or soft disks.  相似文献   

15.
This study is aimed at the development of a non-invasive method for detecting supraand subgingival calculi whose formation leads to the development of the most widespread stomatological disease, i.e., periodontitis. In practice, diagnostics and treatment of this disease is commonly performed visually and tactilely. This does not allow complete scaling or dental calculi are removed together with hard tooth tissues. It was experimentally shown that the presence or absence of dental calculi can be rapidly detected by measuring fluorescence spectra in the visible wavelength region, not damaging hard tooth tissues. Fluorescence diagnostics can be performed simultaneously with scaling and allows real-time identification of calculus and the instant of its complete removal without damaging hard tooth tissues.  相似文献   

16.
We describe the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the nanomechanical properties of annulus fibrosus (AF)-the outer fibrous layer of an intervertebral disc (IVD) encapsulating the inner jelly-like mass known as the nucleus pulposus (NP). Disk disease, degenerated discs, slipped discs, and herniated discs are common terms often linked to back pain and are caused due to degeneration of IVD. Due to the variations in the structure and biochemical composition of the IVD, studies of macromechanical properties in the motion segment or AF may lack all significant nanomechanical responses or behaviors. Existing studies do not report the micro or nano level of mechanics of IVD components and whether the nanomechanics of this tissue mimic its macromechanical behavior is not known. Our studies used AFM to investigate the regional micromechanical properties of the AF that have been otherwise difficult due to small sample size of the tissue. Five different zones including peripheral and central were tested mechanically as well as biochemically. Qualitative biochemical staining and quantitative values of nanomechanical properties of different zones are compared and discussed in detail. The results of nanomechanical investigations described in this study not only reveal its mimic at macroscopic level, they represent an important step towards establishing a framework for testing and comparing tissue engineered IVD replacements with native tissues.  相似文献   

17.
Tissue refractometry using Hilbert phase microscopy   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
We present, for the first time to our knowledge, quantitative phase images associated with unstained 5 mum thick tissue slices of mouse brain, spleen, and liver. The refractive properties of the tissue are retrieved in terms of the average refractive index and its spatial variation. We find that the average refractive index varies significantly with tissue type, such that the brain is characterized by the lowest value and the liver by the highest. The spatial power spectra of the phase images reveal power law behavior with different exponents for each tissue type. This approach opens a new possibility for stain-free characterization of tissues, where the diagnostic power is provided by the intrinsic refractive properties of the biological structure. We present results obtained for liver tissue affected by a lysosomal storage disease and show that our technique can quantify structural changes during this disease development.  相似文献   

18.
The thermodynamic perturbation theory of hard sphere chains is generalized to derive an equation of state for hard convex body chains. The hard convex body chain equation of state contains two parameters that are related directly and rigorously to the geometry of the hard convex body. The compressibility factors and second virial coefficients of chains composed of prolate spherocylinders, oblate spherocylinders and doublecones are calculated and compared with hard sphere chain calculations. The comparison indicates that the nature of the hard convex body has a profound influence on the properties of the chain.  相似文献   

19.
Renal replacement lipomatosis: MR findings in one case   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Replacement lipomatosis of the kidney is the result of severe atrophy or destruction of the renal parenchyma, often caused by calculous disease with secondary marked proliferation of renal sinus, renal hilus, and perirenal fatty tissue. Different diagnostic tools have been used to define this entity, with ultrasonography (US), i.v. pyelography (IVP) and computed tomography (CT) used most commonly. We report MR urography and MR appearance of replacement lipomatosis in a 38-year-old man. We think that it combines the advantages of IVP, US and CT.  相似文献   

20.
Using second-order Barker–Henderson perturbation theory we are able to derive an explicit expression for the direct correlation function of fluids with hard core potentials. Using the obtained direct correlation function, one can explicitly calculate all thermodynamic properties of simple fluids with hard core potentials. Comparisons with computer simulation data show good agreement for both thermodynamic properties and the static structure factor of the hard core double Yukawa potential.  相似文献   

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