基于声舒适度的地下餐饮空间声级阈研究

为了确定地下餐饮空间内使用者主观声舒适度可接受时的声压级阈值范围,本文选取典型的封闭式地下餐饮空间作为研究对象,采用实地问卷与实测相结合的方法进行调研。结果表明:地下餐饮空间内整体环境舒适度主观评价偏低,声舒适度评价与整体环境舒适度评价具有强相关性,因此声环境是影响地下餐饮空间内整体环境舒适度的因素。在影响主观声舒适度评价的客观指标中,混响时间可不作为主要影响因素考虑;而背景噪声声压级是影响地下餐饮空间内声舒适度主观评价的重要指标。使用者声舒适度为可接受时,地下餐饮空间内背景噪声声压级阈值为70-75 dB(A)。     

基于GIS的高密度城市声景质量及其影响因素研究 ——以广州天河区为例*

密度城市空间背景下,声景质量对居住舒适度及居民身心健康的影响显著。已有声景研究中鲜有针对街区尺度的声景时空特征及其与居民交互关系的探究,不利于高质量宜居城市空间构建。本文基于地理学视角,通过声景漫步与问卷调查对广州市天河区的声源类型、声环境特征、心理声学感知进行调查研究,旨在阐述城市街区尺度声景质量的空间特征及其影响因素。研究认为：1）声压级低、主观响度低、柔和、舒适、安静、自然的声环境有利于提升声景总体满意度,同时声景感知结构的空间性在总体满意度上存在性别差异;2）城市声景特征的空间结构与道路功能和土地利用功能等要素密切相关,其中建筑密度、道路等级、城市综合密度的提升均不利于声景总体满意度的提升,城市生活活力的提升有助于声景总体满意度的提升。基于此,本文认为应通过城市声景空间规划优化高密度城市声环境质量并提升声景满意度,通过合理规划道路、用地功能、与建筑密度等手段,促进积极声景空间营造,促进并实现健康人居环境。     

大型综合医院室外声景观评价影响因素分析 ——以长沙市中心医院为例*

本文通过定点实测结合问卷调查的方式,对长沙市中心医院室外声景观进行调查评价并通过主成分分析法、多因素方差法等对评价结果进行分析,探究影响评价声景观评价结果的因素。结果表明：(1)调查时间、调查地点的声音类型、受访者身份、室外停留时间和来往目的等因素会对声景观评价结果产生影响,而受访者的年龄、性别、职业等社会因素则不会产生影响；(2)声景观整体满意度一般,医院员工和病患较其他人员、工作日较休息日的改进意愿更加强烈,语义词调查结果整体偏向贬义负值,病患和建筑出入口区域的评价结果更偏向主观消极感强烈的词汇；(3)主观响度评价结果为机械声＞社会活动声＞自然声,舒适度和好感度与之相反。受访身份对主观响度评价结果影响不大,但会对舒适度和好感度的评价结果产生影响,病患对警铃声和医疗设备声的好感度和舒适度明显更低；(4)医院停留时间、室外停留时间和目的等行为因素与声景观评价结果呈现较强的相关性。     

典型城市地铁站台噪声满意度*

地铁是城市轨道交通重要组成部分,地铁站台噪声对乘客身心健康有重要影响。以合肥轨道交通一号线为例,具体选择地下侧式、地下双岛式和地下岛式3个典型空间类型的地铁站台为研究对象,通过噪声测量和问卷调查相结合的方法,针对地铁在不同运营时段的乘客站台噪声满意度与噪声声元素舒适度进行评价,探讨性别、声元素舒适度以及站台噪声对乘客噪声满意度的影响。结果表明：对地铁站台噪声满意度评价,乘客性别差异不显著;在乘车高峰期时段,地铁站台广播提示声、地铁工作人员吹哨声、列车进站声和列车出站声是影响乘客站台噪声满意度主观评价的主要噪声声元素;乘客噪声满意度主观评价与站台噪声值呈强负相关,噪声值越高,满意度越低;乘客噪声满意度为可接受时的地铁站台噪声阈值,在乘车高峰期时段为74 dB(A),非高峰期时段为67 dB(A)。该文工作可为城市地铁站台噪声满意度评价及其空间结构设计提供科学参考。     

大学校园户外学习空间的声舒适性研究——以5栋山西高校图书馆的室外空间为例

影响图书馆室外空间声舒适度评价的因素较多,本文采用声漫步、问卷调查和建筑物理参数测量的方法,对山西省三所高校共五所校区的图书馆室外空间的声环境进行了调研。结果表明,声源类型对主观声舒适度评价有较大影响,还会影响到声压级和主观声舒适度的关系。景观评价和主观声舒适度评价之间有正相关关系,人们对安静的声环境有较高的偏好,而对于有舒适背景声的声环境,喜好性的选择则表现的较为多样化。本文还分析了建筑物理环境舒适度整体评价与各项物理量主观评价之间的关系,这些物理量是影响舒适度整体评价的主因子,但还有其它因素会对整体评价产生影响。     

采用生理响度感知机制的车内噪声声品质预测

现有车内噪声声品质预测的响度计算中没有考虑真实人耳生理解剖结构的传声特性,因此提出了一种基于生理响度感知模型的车内噪声声品质预估方法。首先,采集两款轿车的车内噪声样本,并通过主观评价试验得到车内噪声的主观评价烦恼度。之后,整合中耳集总参数模型与耳蜗传输线模型,构建生理响度模型。然后,以生理响度模型的响度计算值为主要参数,结合尖锐度、粗糙度与车内噪声的主观评价值,通过TabNet模型构建了车辆声品质预测模型。最终,对比分析了所构建声品质模型与基于现有标准响度模型所构建的声品质模型的预测效果。结果表明,采用生理响度模型的声品质预测平均误差百分比仅有4.73%,优于采用Moore响度(6.13%)与Zwicker响度(6.94%)的声品质预测结果。此外,所构建的TabNet声品质预测模型的平均误差百分比也低于基于BP神经网络模型的平均误差百分比(7.60%)。采用生理响度模型的TabNet声品质预测能够提高车内噪声声品质客观评价的准确率。     

喷泉视听感知对城市开放空间声景评估的影响*

为了更好地指导在城市开放空间中通过设计和运用喷泉来改善声景,有必要深入理解喷泉视听感知对声景评估的作用机制。因此,该研究通过在一个带有中央喷泉的典型开放空间(伦敦罗素广场)中进行实地调查,探索了喷泉视听感知对空间整体声景评估的影响及其在空间上的差异。水景和水声分别为喷泉的视觉和听觉刺激。喷泉视听感知包含“感”(水景在多大程度主导视野和水声是否是最主导的声源)和“知”(对水景和水声从“非常差”到“非常好”的接受程度)两方面。空间因素包含表征空间有序变化的“与喷泉的距离”和表征空间特征区划的“是否位于喷泉核心观赏区”两个变量。结果表明：喷泉视听感知对空间整体声景评估的影响主要来自于对喷泉水景和水声的接受程度而非水景和水声的主导性。并且,对水景的接受程度和对水声的接受程度在影响空间整体声景评估上各有侧重：对水声的接受程度更能影响声景协调和声景愉悦性,对水景的接受程度更能影响声景品质和声景事件感。空间因素(“与喷泉的距离”和“是否位于喷泉核心观赏区”)会显著降低水景和水声的主导性,但是受访者对水景和水声的接受程度不受空间因素的影响,能够在整个场所内保持稳定;此外,喷泉视听感知的空间差异不是导致空间整体声景评估产生空间差异的原因。     

早期反射声时响度影响的实验研究

大厅内产场强度的分布，对于稳态声源来说取决于各处的直达声和来自所有界面的反射声．但是对于语言和音乐等脉冲性质的声源，由于人耳的积分效应，只有直达声和早期反射声才对听众席上所感受到的响度起主要作用，因此作为音质评价参量，要考虑到声场的有效强度．于是在消声室内利用“干”语言录音进行一系列主观试听实验，以求了解短延时回声（早期反射声）对响度评价的作用．实验中由电声装置产生出含有原始声和单个或多个延时回声的声场．实验结果表明声场的感受响度与回声能量、入射角及其延迟时间分布有关．对多个短延时回声和超过３０－５０ｍｓ的单个回声来说，能量相加规律并不适用．在有些情况下实际感受的响度比能量相加规律要小得多．     

地铁沿线建筑内噪声多维度感受影响机制

随着城市铁路系统的快速发展,铁路沿线建筑内人群对地铁运行产生噪声的抱怨逐渐增多,为控制室内地铁噪声对人群所产生的负面影响,有必要对地铁噪声产生的多维度负面情绪进行评估。采集了79名受试者对建筑内地铁噪声的多维度负面感受(压抑感,不舒适度和不满意度),基于偏最小二乘法分析了主客观影响因素对多维度负面感受的作用机制,并比较了多维度负面感受在反映地铁噪声影响上的差异。结果表明,多维度负面感受主要取决于主观响度和声学参数,活动干扰度、地铁噪声的敏感度、厌烦度和适应性的影响明显更弱;3个多维度负面感受中,相比于压抑感,不舒适度和不满意度受主观响度的影响轻微更显著,在相同的主观响度感受下,不满意度等级最高。 该文可以为地铁沿线建筑物内噪声负面感受的评价和改善提供参考。     

中西方典型乐器音高响度与音色明亮度的研究

为了客观地评价民族乐器与西洋乐器在听觉感知方面的差异,本文利用15种典型的中西方乐器声样本,建立了与音色、响度和音色明亮度有关的15种乐器的感知空间模型,通过这些模型可以预测不同乐器在音高、响度一定时,音色明亮度的感知情况。此外,根据已建立的感知空间模型分别对比弹拨乐器、拉弦乐器和不同类型的吹奏乐器中三种听觉感知属性的变化差异。结果表明,对于中西方典型乐器,音色明亮度随响度的增加而增大,但是响度对音色明亮度的影响程度受到音域和响度范围的影响。民族乐器的音色明亮度随音高的增加而增大,但是西洋乐器的音色明亮度并没有随音高的增加而发生明显的变化。     

Soundscape evaluation in Han Chinese Buddhist temples

In this study, surveys were conducted at four typical Han Chinese Buddhist temples. These surveys were then analyzed to identify the subjective and objective factors of soundscape evaluation. Field measurements of the four temples’ sound levels were taken over the course of an entire day, and the representative sounds in temples were recorded. Soundscape evaluation questionnaire surveys were distributed at the temples. The analytical results of the questionnaire and measurement data showed that the sound preferences in temples are significantly correlated with sharpness value of the sounds in terms of psychoacoustic parameters, and the average sound levels at the four temples over the course of an entire day were between 47.0 and 52.7 dBA, and approximately 70% of those surveyed tended to evaluate the temples’ soundscapes as comfortable and harmonious. Regarding the objective factors, there was a significant correlation between the measured sound levels and the soundscape evaluations. When the sound level of a temple was higher than 60 dBA, respondents were more likely to feel uncomfortable, and the correlation between the sound level and the evaluation of acoustic comfort substantially increased. Regarding the subjective factors, the respondent’s age, occupation, religious belief, purpose, frequency of visiting the temples, and educational level significantly correlated with the soundscape evaluation with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.13 to 0.35.     

地上地下商场声环境满意度评价与比较研究

为了解地上地下商场消费者对声环境的感受及不同,对哈尔滨四个典型商场进行了现场调研与主观评价。利用主因子法分析了声音识别,结果表明音乐声是主要成分。回归分析表明声环境满意度评价与测试声压级LAeq有较强的相关性,声音总体评价为"一般"。声环境满意度评价,整体上地上商场略好于地下商场,空间开敞、环境较好则评价也较好;同一商场较低楼层不如较高楼层;不同空间则是扁平空间优于长空间、营业空间不如休闲空间。     

Sound quality of low-frequency and car engine noises after active noise control

The ability of active noise control (ANC) systems to achieve a more pleasant sound has been evaluated by means of sound quality analysis of a real multi-channel active noise controller. Recordings of real car engine noises had been carried out using a HeadacousticsTM binaural head simulator seated in a typical car seat, and these signals together with synthesized noise have been actively controlled in an enclosed room.The sound quality study has focused on the estimation of noise quality changes through the evaluation of the sense of comfort. Two methods have been developed: firstly, a predictive method based on psychoacoustic parameters (loudness, roughness, tonality and sharpness); and secondly, a subjective method using a jury test. Both results have been related to the spectral characteristics of the sounds before and after active control.It can be concluded from both analyses that ANC positively affects acoustic comfort. The engine noise mathematical comfort predictor is based on loudness and roughness (two psychoacoustic parameters directly influenced by ANC), and has satisfactorily predicted the improvements in the pleasantness of the sounds. As far as the subjective evaluation method is concerned, the jury test has showed that acoustic comfort is, in most cases, directly related to the sense of quietness. However, ANC has also been assessed negatively by the jury in the cases that it was unable to reduce the loudness, perhaps because of the low amplitudes of the original sounds.Finally, from what has been shown, it can be said that the subjective improvements strongly depends on the attenuation level achieved by the ANC system operation, as well as the spectral characteristics of the sounds before and after control.     

Acoustic comfort evaluation in urban open public spaces

This paper presents the results of an intensive questionnaire survey and objective measurements on soundscape, aiming at the evaluation of acoustic comfort in urban open public spaces. From summer 2001 to spring 2002, 9200 interviews were made for four seasons in 14 urban open public spaces across Europe. The results suggest that the subjective evaluation of the sound level generally relates well with the mean L_eq, especially when the sound level is below a certain level, which is 73 dBA on the basis of this study. However, considerable differences have been found between the subjective evaluation of the sound level and the acoustic comfort evaluation: people tend to show more tolerance in terms of acoustic comfort evaluation. The background sound level has been found to be an important index in evaluating soundscape in urban open public spaces - a lower background level tends to make people feel quieter. Analyses of individual sound elements show that the acoustic comfort evaluation is greatly affected by the sound source type - introducing a pleasant sound can considerably improve the acoustic comfort, even when its sound level is rather high. No significant difference was found among different age groups in terms of subjective evaluation of a sound level, whereas in terms of acoustic comfort, there were significant differences.     

Acoustic comfort in large dining spaces

This study carried out a questionnaire field investigation in two typical large dining spaces. The results suggest that the acoustic comfort of diners has an influence on the comfort evaluation of the overall dining environment, and background noise is an important factor affecting the acoustic comfort evaluation of diners. The role of various individual sound sources in background noise has been investigated, considering general background music, speech sound, activity sound, and mechanical noise, and it has been revealed that background music, other diners’ speech sound and tableware’s impact sound has a dominant impact on the acoustic comfort evaluation of diners. Compared with the existence of background music in background noise, diners’ acoustic comfort evaluation is higher than that without background music. The loudness, articulation, noise level and preference degree of various individual sound sources are factors which affect diners’ acoustic comfort evaluation on sound sources. In terms of demographic and social factors, gender and the frequency of dining out have a significant impact on diners’ acoustic comfort evaluation.     

Effects of social, demographical and behavioral factors on the sound level evaluation in urban open spaces

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of social, demographical and behavioral factors as well as long-term sound experience on the subjective evaluation of sound level in urban open public spaces. This is based on a series of large scale surveys in 19 urban open spaces in Europe and China. The results suggest that the effects of social/demographical factors, including age, gender, occupation, education and residential status, on the sound level evaluation are generally insignificant, although occupation and education are two related factors and both correlate to the sound level evaluation more than other factors. The effects of some behavioral factors, including wearing earphones, reading/writing and moving activities, are also insignificant on the sound level evaluation, but the watching behavior is highly related to the sound level evaluation. Compared to the social, demographical and behavioral factors, the long-term sound experience, i.e. the acoustic environment at home, significantly affect the sound level evaluation in urban open spaces. It is important to note that between the social/demographical factors, there are generally significant correlations, although the correlation coefficients may not be high. It is also noted that there are considerable variations between different urban open spaces.     

采用响应面回归的汽车多属性声品质预测方法*

单一主观评价分数无法准确描述人耳对声品质的多属性偏好特征。该文在多属性声品质试验数据的基础上,以愉悦度、平顺度和驾驶乐趣的主观评价分数为因变量,通过相关分析筛选出响度、尖锐度和A计权声压级3个主要自变量,引入响应面回归方法,分别建立因变量与自变量之间的预测模型,通过与多元线性模型和BP神经网络模型对比验证了精度。最后,建立多属性主观评价分数之间的量化映射模型。该研究可为多属性汽车声品质的优化控制提供参考。     

汉语背景下开放式办公室声环境的评价研究

通过对北京4个开放式办公室的声环境特性测试以及一系列现场问卷调查,研究了对汉语背景下开放式办公室声环境评价的特点及其与客观声学参数之间的关系。分析发现:汉语背景下人们对声环境的关注程度仅次于光线,并对语言私密性有一定的要求;声环境评价与办公室的工作性质有关,但均在“不好不坏”和“糟糕”之间;声环境评价与背景噪声L_Aeq和L₁₀显著相关,采用混响时间作为单一指标来评价声环境的方法存在明显不足;当减少语言传输指数STI时,可以同时提高语言私密度和改善声环境;声环境认知、声响大小的敏感度、情绪和疲劳等主观因素对声环境评价具有显著性影响,而工作注意力集中程度、每天工作时间、年龄、收入、职位等则影响不显著。