一种基于声矢量传感器阵的宽带源二维波达方向估计算法

提出一种基于声矢量传感器阵的宽带源二维波达方向估计算法,在宽带相干源条件下实现了二维波达方向估计参数的自动配对。克服了通常声矢量传感器阵波达方向估计中存在的谱峰搜索和参数配对问题。分析表明:该算法能够可靠判定目标源的个数,具有较高的估计精度;不受目标波达方向角度间存在兼并(入射源含有相同的方位角或俯仰角)的影响;当存在阵列误差时,算法的稳健性好。     

基于矢量化差分相位的单分布源解耦二维波达方向估计

在分布源(包括相干分布源和非相干分布源)的二维波达方向估计中,均匀圆阵由于可实现全方位测角、具有较高的分辨率,得到了广泛的应用,然而现有的估计算法均需要谱峰搜索和特征值分解,复杂度较高.针对此问题,考虑单个相干分布源或非相干分布源入射两种情况,提出了一种基于矢量化差分相位的解耦二维波达方向快速估计算法.该算法首先基于空间频率近似模型,证明了任意单个分布源入射时,均匀圆阵中不同阵元接收信号间的差分相位均不受角度扩展参数的影响;基于此特性,通过获取差分相位即可实现中心波达角的解耦合;接下来,提取采样协方差矩阵的严格上三角元素相位,即对应于各阵元间的差分相位,并进行矢量化处理,最终将波达方向估计问题转化为一个最小二乘问题,从而直接得到闭式解,避免了谱峰搜索和特征值分解运算,大幅度降低了复杂度.理论分析和仿真实验表明,所提算法具有较高的估计精度,并且无需角信号分布的先验信息,同时具备较低的计算复杂度和硬件复杂度,有利于复杂环境下阵列测向等工程实践.     

声矢量锥形阵的高阶累积量波达方向估计

为解决信源在较低信噪比情况下的测向分辨率问题,提出阵列可扩展的声矢量锥形阵测向算法。算法基于四阶累积量的阵列扩展和高斯噪声抑制特性,计算声矢量传声器不同输出分量的四阶累积量,使其在三维方向上扩展与原阵型结构相同的虚拟阵,从而构造包含角度信息的旋转不变矩阵进行测向。推导给出了算法的克拉美罗界,理论分析了算法性能受信噪比、采样快拍以及入射声源俯仰角的影响。仿真实验验证了该算法较常规声矢量阵ESPRIT算法有更优的噪声抑制能力及更高分辨的DOA估计性能。     

对称旋转不变相干分布式非圆信号二维波达方向估计

在相干分布式非圆信号二维波达方向估计中,利用信号非圆特性可提升估计精度,但现有的低复杂度算法利用泰勒级数近似建立的旋转不变关系会引入额外误差.针对该问题,考虑中心对称的三维立体线阵,提出了一种基于对称旋转不变关系的二维波达方向估计算法.算法首先利用信号非圆特性建立了扩展阵列模型;然后证明了对于任意的中心对称阵列,相干分布源的确定性角信号分布函数矢量具有对称特性,利用此特性在三维立体线阵的三个子阵中分别建立了扩展广义方向矢量的对称旋转不变关系;基于此,通过无须搜索的多项式求根方式分别得到中心方位角和俯仰角估计;最后利用整个阵列广义方向矢量的对称旋转不变关系构造代价函数实现了参数匹配.理论分析和仿真实验表明,相比于现有的低复杂度算法,所提算法避免了泰勒级数近似引入的额外误差,以较小的复杂度代价获得了性能的较大提升.同时,所提算法能够实现三维空间全方位的角度估计.     

一种快速水声目标波达方向估计方法

以基追踪为重构算法的水声目标波达方向估计方法在实际的应用中往往运算速度较慢,针对这一问题,在分析水声目标空间稀疏特性的基础上,结合压缩感知理论框架下波达方向估计的特点,提出一种快速水声目标波达方向估计方法。该方法通过逐步减小逼近参数的方式来得到l₀范数最优解,实现水声目标信号的波达方向估计。通过计算机仿真从成功率、运算时间、分辨角度等多个方面与基追踪算法进行比较分析,实验表明:在成功率和分辨角度上所提出算法与基追踪算法性能相当,但运算时间却仅仅是基追踪算法的1/11。     

基于时频阵列模型的波达方向估计

提出一种非平稳信号的波达方向估计方法。该方法将时频分析引入阵列处理,通过参考阵元和两个对称子阵的互时频分布建立起一种时频域的阵列数据模型,用平均的时频阵列数据模型代替传统的阵列模型,采用子空间方法得到多个非平稳信号的波达方向估计。空间平均和时频分析的结合使得该方法具有很好的信号选择性和抗干扰噪声的性能,该方法还具有运算量小和处理非平稳信号的能力。     

一种在冲击噪声环境中基于协变异的二维波达方向估计算法

构造了一种特殊的阵列结构,定义了子阵列输出信号之间的互协变异矩阵,提出了一种在SαS噪声环境中基于分数低阶矩的二维子空间测向算法。该算法利用SαS过程具有p(p≥α)阶矩无限、而分数p(0≤p<α)阶矩有限等特点,扩展了二维测向算法的信号模型和应用环境,对加性SαS噪声有较好的抑制作用,弥补了传统的基于二阶和高阶统计量的子空间测向算法不能应用于冲击噪声环境的不足。计算机仿真验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

基于矢量传感器的低空目标声测向算法及实验研究

将基于二维压差式矢量传感器的声压振速联合处理技术应用于低空目标无源测向的研究中,提出了一种新的无源声测向算法,该方法在小尺寸和低频条件下实现了对低空目标的精确测向。采用实测直升机辐射的噪声信号对算法进行了分析,研究了传感器尺寸、积分时间和信噪比对算法性能的影响。结果表明,矢量传感器尺寸为0.2 m,信噪比为0 dB时,测向误差小于2°,优于基于时延估计测向的方法。该研究为小基阵高精度的低空目标无源声测向提供了一种实现方法。     

多子阵子空间拟合波达方向估计

提出了考虑阵元互耦的子空间拟合波达方向估计方法。用一带状、对称Toeplitz矩阵对均匀线阵的互耦矩阵建模。根据互耦矩阵自由度,去除部分两边阵元,研究了子空间拟合算法中ESPRIT算法的理论性能。在大快拍的情况下,均匀线阵的MCLS-ESPRIT算法的角度估计误差是一个零均值的联合高斯分布,同时给出了分布的协方差表达式。由方差的数值计算可知,在阵元数和信源数确定的情况下,存在估计标准差最小的子阵;与不存在互耦的理想情况相比,除了估计标准差少许增加外,性能接近。本文的方法已应用于高分辨率测深侧扫声呐,获得了好结果。在声呐阵阵元数增加的条件下,用本文的方法,能抑制均匀线阵的互耦的影响。     

密布式多输入多输出声呐阵列目标波达方向估计

针对低信噪比条件下多输入多输出声呐受对称噪声分量影响导致测向性能降低的情况,提出了一种基于协方差矩阵重构方法的波达方向估计算法。首先,将噪声场分为对称噪声和非对称噪声两部分,利用协方差矩阵虚部与对称信号无关的性质,去掉协方差矩阵的实部来降低对称噪声对目标波达方向估计精度的影响,采用降维转换方法和矩阵虚部置换原理重构协方差矩阵的实部,避免了双频谱的干扰。然后利用Toeplitz方法对重构的协方差矩阵进行解相干修正,通过奇异值分解获得噪声子空间,最后对目标的波达方向进行估计,可实现微弱信号的准确测向。理论分析和实验结果表明,该方法明显抑制了对称噪声,提高了目标的波达方向估计性能,具有运算速度快、自由度高和目标分辨力强的特点。     

Two-dimensional wideband direction of arrival estimation with acoustic vector-sensor array

A closed-form algorithm for two-dimensional wideband Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation with an acoustic vector-sensor array was presented. The proposed algorithm can deal with coherent sources without loss of array aperture, and does not require a search procedure for the DOA parameters. The estimated azimuth and elevation angles can be automatically paired. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Maximum likelihood estimation of direction of arrival using an acoustic vector-sensor

A vector-sensor consisting of a monopole sensor collocated with orthogonally oriented dipole sensors is used for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in the presence of an isotropic noise-field or internal device noise. A maximum likelihood (ML) DOA estimator is derived and subsequently shown to be a special case of DOA estimation by means of a search for the direction of maximum steered response power (SRP). The problem of SRP maximization with respect to a vector-sensor can be solved with a computationally inexpensive algorithm. The ML estimator achieves asymptotic efficiency and thus outperforms existing estimators with respect to the mean square angular error (MSAE) measure. The beampattern associated with the ML estimator is shown to be identical to that used by the minimum power distortionless response beamformer for the purpose of signal enhancement.     

On locating low altitude moving targets using a planar acoustic sensor array

It is of engineering importance to locate low altitude moving targets with acoustic methods due to the blindness of the traditional radar detecting. In this paper, an algorithm for locating low altitude moving targets is put forward based on a five-element planar acoustic sensor array. The method is realized through estimations of the sensor-to-sensor time delays of the source signal generated by the low altitude moving target. The angle and range estimation performance of the proposed method are analyzed, respectively, both in theoretical and numerical sense.     

声矢量圆阵相位模态域目标方位估计

为了实现矢量传感器在圆阵阵型下的应用,文中提出了一种适合于声矢量圆阵的目标方位估计算法。该算法首先将声矢量圆阵阵元域信号分解为一系列相互正交的相位模态,在相位模态域构造声压和质点振速的互协方差矩阵,然后进行MUSIC方位估计.理论分析和仿真结果表明,文中算法比相同阵型的声压阵MUSIC方位估计算法具有更好的噪声抑制能力、方位估计性能以及多目标分辨能力,试验结果也表明本文算法具有更好的噪声抑制能力以及更好的目标方位估计性能。该算法实现了声压和质点振速的相干处理,充分利用了声矢量传感器的平均声强抗噪原理,具有较强的抗各向同性噪声能力,并可以将子空间类DOA(Direction of Arrival)估计算法和相位模态域阵列信号处理技术有机结合起来,实现了声矢量传感器在圆阵阵型条件下的高分辨DOA估计。     

Near-field acoustic intensity measurements using an accelerometer-based underwater intensity vector sensor

An accelerometer-based underwater acoustic intensity vector sensor is used to measure the acoustic nearfield of a single spherical source, and a pair of sources that vibrate in or out of phase with each other. The intensity sensor consists of co-located pressure and inertial sensors within a neutrally buoyant probe body. The design of this probe has been published previously. The measurements were performed in a large tank at a frequency of 5 kHz for two sources of different sizes, corresponding to ka values of 0.7 and 1.2 respectively, where k is acoustic wavenumber and a is the source radius. By way of validation, the acoustic intensity field from two closely spaced, interacting spherical radiators is predicted using the exact theory of the translational addition theorem for spherical wave functions. The predictions using this theory compare favorably well with the measured intensity field. Beam pattern and calibration data obtained for the intensity sensor suggest that underwater acoustic intensity generated by simple and complex sources can be measured to an accuracy of ±1 dB provided that ka is less than approximately 0.2.     

Bolt axial stress measurement based on a mode-converted ultrasound method using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer

A method is proposed to measure the stress on a tightened bolt using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). A shear wave is generated by the EMAT, and a longitudinal wave is obtained from the reflection of the shear wave due to the mode conversion. The ray paths of the longitudinal and the shear wave are analyzed, and the relationship between the bolt axial stress and the ratio of time of flight between two mode waves is then formulated. Based on the above outcomes, an EMAT is developed to measure the bolt axial stress without loosening the bolt, which is required in the conventional EMAT test method. The experimental results from the measurement of the bolt tension show that the shear and the mode-converted longitudinal waves can be received successfully, and the ratio of the times of flight of the shear and the mode-converted longitudinal waves is linearly proportional to the bolt axial tension. The non-contact characteristic of EMAT eliminates the effect of the couplant and also makes the measurement more convenient than the measurement performed using the piezoelectric transducer. This method provides a promising way to measure the stress on tightened bolts.     

矢量阵MUSIC空间谱方位估计性能的实验研究

为了检验矢量阵MUSIC空间谱方位估计算法的性能,进行了三元矢量阵的外场试验,对比了MUSIC空间谱估计以及常规波束形成的性能。实验结果表明,相对于矢量阵常规波束形成技术,MUSIC空间谱对目标的方位估计性能得到很大提高。而且,当空间严重降采样时, MUSIC空间谱表现出较强的栅瓣抑制能力,能够在全空间范围内对目标无模糊定向。     

超低空目标与粗糙面复合散射的波束追踪算法

根据高频区目标及粗糙面局部表面的散射波束较窄的特征,结合射线追踪及电磁流迭代方法,给出了一种快速计算超低空目标与粗糙面复合多次散射的波束追踪算法,并利用该算法仿真计算了金属平板、球等目标与粗糙面近场复合散射多普勒回波,其结果与多层快速多极子（MLFMM）结果十分符合;同时在造波水池内对金属平板与水面的复合散射开展了测试验证,计算结果与测试数据趋于一致,说明了该算法的有效性．     

Reference-less acoustic holography techniques based on sound intensity

This paper describes a detailed implementation and application of the intensity-based holography method called BAHIM, and it investigates its possibilities and its limitations. Although this method is attractive in the sense that it bypasses the reference signal requirement, i.e., one of the main difficulties of the classical near-field acoustic holography, its degree of accuracy does not appear to be adequate. This constraint has consequently led to the development of another method called CIBNAH, based on complex intensity, as an alternative. This novel approach provides additional accuracy in detecting and localizing sources and good compatibility, in form and amplitude, with NAH results.