非均匀组织医学超声发射声场仿真

为了分析医学超声在非均匀组织中的分布特性,建立了超声发射声场的计算模型。采用交错网格有限差分法对耦合超声非线性方程进行数值求解,获得了声速、密度及非线性参数非均匀分布情况下人体腹壁组织内的超声声场分布数据。同均匀介质相比:当声速均匀而密度非均匀时,声束仍聚焦良好,焦点处声能下降了1.8 dB;当密度均匀而声速非均匀时,声束发散严重,焦点处声能下降了3.8 dB,下降程度与非均匀组织接近。组织声速在空间分布的非均匀性是导致聚焦声束能量分布畸变的主要原因。      

低频室内声散射计算机模拟方法

近年来,声散射的模拟成为室内声场计算机模拟研究的重点。现有的方法一般是依据壁面性质(结构、粗糙度等),利用经验确定散射系数,并基于该系数来模拟室内散射声能的分布。这种方法在低频情况下的精度较差,主要原因是忽略了在低频声场中起重要作用的波动现象。为此,本文提出一种新的计算壁面散射的模型,该模型既可考虑壁面上产生的散射声能,又可计算因壁面边缘衍射而产生的散射声能。文中通过模拟和实测数据的对比,分析验证了该模型的有效性,并给出了表面散射系数的取值规则。     

海洋声学中三维抛物方程非均匀网格模型

在海洋声学中,三维抛物方程模型可以有效考虑三维空间的声传播效应。然而,采用三维抛物方程模型分析三维空间内的声传播问题时,计算时间较长,并且需要消耗较大的计算机内存,因此给远距离声场的快速精确计算带来了很大困难。为此,将非均匀网格Galerkin离散化方法用于三维直角坐标系下的水声抛物方程模型中,深度算子和水平算子Galerkin离散方式由均匀网格变为非均匀网格。仿真结果表明,三维直角坐标系下非均匀网格离散的抛物方程模型,在保持计算精度、提高计算速度的同时,可以实现远距离声场的快速预报。另外,针对远距离局部海底地形与距离有关的三维声传播问题,给出了声场快速计算方法;在海底保持水平的区域,采用经典Kraken模型,重构抛物方程算法的初始场,随后依次递推求解地形与距离有关海底下的三维声场。采用改进模型,证明了远距离楔形波导声强增强效应。      

水下双层加肋圆柱壳全空间收发分置散射声场快速预报方法

针对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的全空间收发分置散射声场求解,提出了一种快速预报方法。该方法将散射声场表示为声散射传递函数与声源密度函数的乘积,以目标表面网格信息、少量的仿真或测试多基地散射声压数据作为已知信息,借助数值积分、矩阵理论、最小二乘法对其他收发分置散射声场进行预报。分别以有限元仿真和试验测试的散射声压数据作为输入,对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的多基地散射声场进行了计算,并与完全采用有限元方法的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:该方法在目标表面结构和部分散射声场数据已知条件下能对目标的全空间收发分置散射声场进行预报;已知散射声压数据量越多,计算频率越低,预报精度越高。     

任意阵形水声换能器阵辐射声场计算

本文用边界元的方法计算了阵形任意的水声发射换能器共形阵的辐射声场。在详细研究了边界元方法基本理论的基础上，采用Pro／ENGINEER软件与ANSYS软件相结合来建立换能器阵的边界元模型，再用SYSNOISE软件计算其辐射声场和辐射阻抗。这种声场计算方法可用于发射换能器阵设计阶段对设计结果进行预报。     

线性和非线性单频混响声场空间起伏的初步研究

对于线性单频混响声场的统计特性的研究人们曾做了许多工作,建立了均方根声压和平均声能密度统计分布理论。本文在此基础上推导出声压级统计分布函数,并把处理方法推广到混响室内在强大声源激发下的非线性单频混响声场,求得各谐波声场和总声场的统计分布函数。本文实验采用数字测量技术,对混响声场进行了大量的测量,得到的实验结果与理论符合良好。     

射线模型Bellhop的并行化处理

射线模型是声场计算时常用的模型之一,为了使射线模型Bellhop实现对声场的快速计算,该文基于Bellhop传播模型的C++版本BellhopC开发了并行化射线模型BellhopMP。在并行的处理过程中,结合高斯射线理论,利用多线程技术,建立稳定可靠的并行模型,实现快速声场预报。文章通过仿真实验验证了该模型计算声场的准确性,并通过典型海洋波导下的声传播问题对其并行计算性能进行了测试。结果表明使用BellhopMP能够大幅度提高计算速度,有效解决深海远程等长时间声场计算问题,并且串行所需的计算时间越长,并行效率越高。     

有限长导管声场预报的一种边界元方法

为了研究介质流动情况下有限长导管中点声源产生的声场,提出了一种以源势密度作为未知数的间接边界元方法.首先将整个求解空间划分为管内和管外两个相互独立的封闭域,然后利用压力和速度在开口处的连续条件和壁面边界条件将内外域的声场方程联立为一个矩阵方程,求解出源势密度后由源势密度计算出任意位置的声场.与Myers的基准数据比较表...     

一种能量守恒的双向耦合简正波水声传播模型

针对非水平边界条件近似处理所引起的双向声场能量不守恒问题,提出了一种满足能量守恒的双向耦合简正波模型。在模型的建立中,严格考虑了非水平界面的边界条件,并依据介质运动方程和连续性方程推导了便于数值计算的耦合微分方程。同时,结合能量守恒方程和不同海底参数下的数值计算,对模型的准确性进行了研究。由理论分析和仿真结果可以看出,边界条件的严格考虑将导致边界修正项的产生,而边界修正项的引入确保了耦合系数满足对称性和模型所计算的声场满足能量守恒,使得本模型可充分考虑边界水平变化对声场的影响,实现非水平分层波导中双向场的准确计算。      

采用能量守恒和高阶Padé近似的三维水声抛物方程模型

为了充分考虑海底地形随三维空间变化的海洋环境中水平方位角耦合效应对声传播的影响,建立了一种三维柱坐标系下流体高阶抛物方程算法。该算法采用泰勒近似将二维方根算子分裂成一维方根算子,并采用分裂步进的高阶Pade近似将一维方根算子写成微分算子有理分式连乘的形式,进而应用Galerkin离散化方法来处理微分算子,最终将微分方程写成矩阵方程的形式;采用能量守恒近似来处理海底边界,以考虑复杂海底对于声传播的影响;采用交替方向隐式格式,实现了三维声场的步进计算。楔形和海底山等典型海域声场仿真计算表明,相比于已有的声场计算模型,三维柱坐标系下高阶抛物方程模型可以更加精确地计算楔形海域和海底山区域的三维声场,实现水平方位全空间声场计算。     

Energy flow model considering near field energy for predictions of acoustic energy in low damping medium

The Acoustic Energy Flow Boundary Element Method (AEFBEM) is developed to predict the acoustic energy density and intensity of an engineering system. Up to now, the acoustic energy flow model has been used only for analysis of high frequencies or radiation noise because of plane wave and far-field assumptions. In this research, a new energy flow governing equation that can consider the near field acoustic energy term and spherical wave characteristics is derived successfully to predict the acoustic energy density and intensity of a system in the medium-to-high frequency range. A near field term of acoustic energy in spherical coordinate is added to the relationship between energy density and energy flow. But with the far-field assumption, this term vanishes, so the relationship between energy density and energy flow becomes the same as that of the plane wave. By considering the near field energy term without far-field assumption, the energy density at medium frequencies can be estimated. However, the governing equation has to be numerically manipulated for use in the analysis of complex structures; therefore, the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is implemented. AEFBEM is a numerical analysis method formulated by applying the boundary element method to an acoustic energy flow governing equation. It is very powerful in predicting the acoustic energy density and intensity of complex structures in medium-to-high frequency ranges, and can analyze interior noise and radiating sound. To verify its validity, several numerical results are provided. BEM and AEFBEM were compared with respect to energy density, and the results from both methods were similar.     

Simulation of the acoustic field emitted from medical linear transducer in a heterogeneous tissue

A numerical model is developed to simulate the acoustic field in heterogeneous tissue from a medical linear transducer.The coupled full-wave equation for nonlinear ultrasound is solved using a staggered-grid finite difference time domain method.The distribution of acoustic pressure and power in human abdominal wall with heterogeneities in sound speed,density,and nonlinear parameter are obtained.Compared with homogeneous medium,when sound speed in tissue is uniform and density unchanged,the acoustic energy decreases only1.8 dB in the focal region;when density in tissue is uniform and sound speed unchanged,the energy decreases 3.8 dB in the focal region,which is almost the same as heterogeneous tissue.Thus,the primary factor of the aberration of focused beam is the heterogeneous distribution of the tissue sound speed.     

Generalized acoustic energy density

The properties of acoustic kinetic energy density and total energy density of sound fields in lightly damped enclosures have been explored thoroughly in the literature. Their increased spatial uniformity makes them more favorable measurement quantities for various applications than acoustic potential energy density (or squared pressure), which is most often used. In this paper, a generalized acoustic energy density (GED), will be introduced. It is defined by introducing weighting factors into the formulation of total acoustic energy density. With an additional degree of freedom, the GED can conform to the traditional acoustic energy density quantities, or it can be optimized for different applications. The properties of the GED will be explored in this paper for individual room modes, a diffuse sound field, and a sound field below the Schroeder frequency.     

聚焦区域高声强声场分布的测量方法研究

常用的声场分布测量是采用水听器扫描声场的方法,该方法对于声能量密度较大的声场难以测量,因为在这种情况下声振幅比较大,水听器在这种声场中呈现非线性或遭到破坏。设计了一种用辐射压力测量高声强声场分布的方法,该方法利用一根微细管,直接测量声场的冲流压力,通过对声场进行扫描测量可以得到高声强声场压力分布。从理论上分析了这种测量方法的可行性,对测量基本要求及实验装置做了阐述。实验结果证实:该方法可以用来测量高声能密度声场压力分布;测量结果与水听器测量结果基本吻合;测量方法存在测量盲区。     

浅海矢量声场干涉结构形成机理及试验研究

浅海低频声场的微观结构特征在于具有可用波导不变量表征的 稳定空间-频率干涉结构.声场兼具标量场和矢量场, 波导条件下二者联合决定声场的全部特性. 本文研究浅海声场空频干涉结构的矢量场特征. 理论分析了声压谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等矢量场干涉结构的形成机理, 探讨了矢量场干涉结构的波导不变量表征, 数值仿真研究了Pekeris波导中能量和能流密度的干涉特性, 进行了宽带声源辐射矢量声场干涉特性及表征的海上试验.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性. 研究结果表明: 中近程和中远程声场均能模态相干, 有稳定的空频干涉结构, 并且矢量声场空频干涉结构存在多种形式, 除各种能量和能流密度谱图外, 相干系数谱也呈现干涉特征, 这些形式的空频干涉结构均可用波导不变量理论有效表征. 关键词： 矢量声场 干涉结构 波导不变量 浅海低频声场     

利用源强密度声辐射模态重建声场

为了利用声场中少量测点声压数据精确重建复杂结构的辐射声场,提出了源强密度声辐射模态分析理论和声场重建公式.在结构表面定义的空间上,利用以源强密度分布函数为参量的结构辐射声功率泛函表达式定义了一个线性自伴正辐射算子,该算子的特征函数为结构的源强密度声辐射模态.然后通过对矩形平板和带有半球帽的圆柱体的源强密度声辐射模态的分析,证明了源强密度声辐射模态具有空间滤波特性,并利用该性质建立了声场重建公式.球体仿真和平板实验验证了所提出的声场重建方法的可行性和稳健性.基于源强密度声辐射模态的声场重建方法简单,利用较少测点数据就可以获得较高的声场重建精度,特别适合于复杂结构的低频声场重建.     

Narrowband and broadband active control in an enclosure using the acoustic energy density

An active control system based on the acoustic energy density is investigated. The system is targeted for use in three-dimensional enclosures, such as aircraft cabins and rooms. The acoustic energy density control method senses both the potential and kinetic energy densities, while the most popular control systems of the past have relied on the potential energy density alone. Energy density fields are more uniform than squared pressure fields, and therefore, energy density measurements are less sensitive to sensor location. Experimental results are compared to computer-generated results for control systems based on energy density and squared pressure for a rectangular enclosure measuring 1.5 x 2.4 x 1.9 m. Broadband and narrowband frequency pressure fields in the room are controlled experimentally. Pressure-field and mode-amplitude data are presented for the narrowband experiments, while spectra and pressure-field data are presented for the broadband experiment. It is found that the energy density control system has superior performance to the squared pressure control system since the energy density measurement is more capable of observing the modes of a pressure field. Up to 14.4 and 3.8 dB of cancellation are achieved for the energy density control method for the narrowband and broadband experiments presented, respectively.     

Experimental and modeling studies of ultrasound-assisted release of phenolics from oak chips into model wine

The enhancement of release of oak-related compounds from oak chips during wine aging with oak chips may interest the winemaking industry. In this study, the 25-kHz ultrasound waves were used to intensify the mass transfer of phenolics from oak chips into a model wine. The influences of acoustic energy density (6.3–25.8 W/L) and temperature (15–25 °C) on the release kinetics of total phenolics were investigated systematically. The results exhibited that the total phenolic yield released was not affected by acoustic energy density significantly whereas it increased with the increase of temperature during sonication. Furthermore, to describe the mechanism of mass transfer of phenolics in model wine under ultrasonic field, the release kinetics of total phenolics was simulated by both a second-order kinetic model and a diffusion model. The modeling results revealed that the equilibrium concentration of total phenolics in model wine, the initial release rate and effective diffusivity of total phenolics generally increased with acoustic energy density and temperature. In addition, temperature had a negative effect on the second-order release rate constant whereas acoustic energy density had an opposite effect.     

Droplet transport and coalescence kinetics in emulsions subjected to acoustic fields

A method to aid the separation of the oil phase from aqueous emulsions using a low-intensity, resonant ultrasonic field has recently been developed. The density and compressibility difference between the dispersed and continuous phases within the emulsion results in a net force on the oil drops that pushes them toward the pressure antinodes of the standing-wave field, where coalescence subsequently occurs. A trajectory model is developed to predict the relative motion of drops subjected to the acoustic field. Such trajectories are sensitive to the physical properties and relative size of interacting drops, the initial configuration of the drops, and acoustic field parameters. Model predictions are validated by comparing experimentally observed trajectories with those predicted by the model. The modeling approach is then extended to determine the temporal evolution of the size of the region surrounding a target drop cleared by coalescence as a function of physical and acoustic field parameters. These results form the basis of a population balance model that attempts to track the size-evolution of a drop population coalescing under the influence of an acoustic field.