雾滴粒子群的偏振特性研究

根据Mie散射理论,基于一次实测资料拟合得出雾滴谱分布,计算了雾滴粒子群的散射相函数矩阵,揭示了不同波长的雾滴粒子群对入射激光的散射偏振特征。结果表明：激光散射强度随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且波长越小散射光强分布越集中;波长越大,偏振度随散射角分布越平滑,反之分布震动则越剧烈;各波段偏振度随散射角增大的分布趋势大致相同,关键散射角随波长的减小向增大的方向偏移。     

雾滴粒子群的偏振特性研究

根据Mie散射理论,基于一次实测资料拟合得出雾滴谱分布,计算了雾滴粒子群的散射相函数矩阵,揭示了不同波长的雾滴粒子群对入射激光的散射偏振特征。结果表明:激光散射强度随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且波长越小散射光强分布越集中;波长越大,偏振度随散射角分布越平滑,反之分布震动则越剧烈;各波段偏振度随散射角增大的分布趋势大致相同,关键散射角随波长的减小向增大的方向偏移。     

湿度影响下的气溶胶粒子的偏振特性

气溶胶散射特性对大气辐射和气候研究具有重要意义。为研究气溶胶在不同相对湿度下的散射特性,根据Mie散射理论建立了湿度偏振模型,在0.55μm的可见光下,分析比较了3种气溶胶的单粒子和粒子群在不同相对湿度下的偏振特性。结果表明,相对湿度变化对气溶胶偏振度有规律性的影响,尤其在120°～150°的后向散射角区域,3种粒子偏振度都随相对湿度的增大而增大,说明了部分后向散射角上散射光偏振度能有效反映气溶胶粒子随相对湿度变化的信息。     

基于组合拟合法的冰晶粒子的光散射计算

利用组合拟合法计算了冰晶粒子的单次散射特性。给出了消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子的拟合公式,利用拟合公式对有效粒子尺度为20μm和120μm的六种冰晶粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子进行了计算。结果表明,粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照率和非对称因子随着入射波长的增加有着较大的起伏,后两者随着波长的增加而变化趋势基本一致;对于单次散射反照率来说,在可见光波段,反照率非常接近于1;在短波段,粒子的非对称因子变化较小,并且随着波长的增加,非对称因子会逐渐增大。     

非球形气溶胶粒子短波红外散射特性研究

利用T矩阵方法,以及基于扩散限制凝聚理论的广义多粒子米散射方法,研究了多种气溶胶粒子在1.6和2.0μm波段处,非球形单粒子和团簇粒子的光散射辐射特性,并分析了粒子有效半径、复折射指数、粒子形状、相对湿度等因素对非球形粒子散射特性的影响.分析表明,除了粒子有效半径和形状会在不同程度上引起粒子散射特性变化,相对湿度对其影响也比较大,球形粒子与非球形粒子在不同相对湿度下后向散射相对差异均在18%以上;当粒子体积较小时,水溶性气溶胶的后向散射强度随相对湿度的增加而增强,而当粒子体积较大时,则随相对湿度的增加而减弱;在体积相同的条件下,体积较小的团簇粒子的不对称因子比非球形单粒子平均偏大0.023,而体积较大的团簇粒子,却比非球形单粒子不对称因子平均偏小0.055;单粒子或等体积的团簇粒子,其不同波段之间单次散射反照率差异较大,最大可达0.226.该工作对研究气溶胶多次散射对CO₂浓度卫星反演精度影响具有重要的科学意义.     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子.根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律.结果显示:当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射.     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子．根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律．结果显示：当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射．     

随机取向非球形沙尘气溶胶粒子的光学特性

利用离散偶极子近似法分析了一种随机取向旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶粒子模型在尺度参数变化范围为0.1~23时(波长0.55!m对应有效半径为0.01~2!m)的光学特性,研究了沙尘粒子非球形性程度对其光学特性的影响,并考察了非球形粒子的随机取向能否用等体积球体来代替。就随机取向单分散和多分散旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶而言,粒子非球形特征越明显,消光效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率基本上偏离其等体积球体越大;对于相同的非球形,不对称因子偏离其等体积球体的相对偏差要比消光效率因子和单次散射反照率要大。非球形粒子的随机取向并不能使其光学特性严格等效为其等体积球体的光学特性。如果粒子形状偏离球体较小,则非球形粒子的随机取向的平均效果能使其消光效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率近似用等体积球体的对应光学参量来等效;而如果粒子形状偏离球形较大,仅有单次散射反照率可以近似用等体积球体的单次散射反照率来等效,例如,轴半径比为16的旋转椭球体沙尘粒子的单次散射反照率偏离其等体积球体仅在3%以内。     

近红外波段气溶胶的衰减特性研究

在已知大气气溶胶折射率和气溶胶谱分布的基础上, 对近红外波段的气溶胶衰减特性进行了研究。利用Mie散射理论计算并讨论了气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收效率因子随尺度参数的变化和消光系数随半径和波长的变化, 并且在MATLAB中对各种变化情况进行了仿真。结果表明, 三种气溶胶粒子的消光和散射能力依次为沙尘性粒子, 水溶性粒子, 烟煤。消光系数在粒子半径和入射波长相近时达到最大, 并且粒子半径对消光、散射、吸收系数的影响比入射波长更明显。这些结论可以为红外辐射在大气中的衰减计算和分析提供依据。     

红外区磷化稼散射强度的计算与分析

根据Mie散射理论,对磷化稼粒子光散射特性进行了数值计算与理论分析,得到了散射强度与散射角、入射波长以及偏振度与散射角的关系。研究表明,红外波段光散射很小,前向散射占有优势,粒子半径越大,前向散射越强,并且在散射角900方向上能观测到线偏振光,对研究GaP红外光学特性提供了理论参考。     

取向比对椭球气溶胶粒子散射特性的影响

利用T矩阵和离散坐标法研究了取向比对椭球粒子散射特性的影响, 计算了小尺度范围内椭球粒子的散射特征参量, 包括消光效率因子、不对称因子、单次散射反照率、散射相矩阵及双向反射函数(BRDF). 结果表明, 椭球粒子的散射特性与取向比密切相关, 粒子取向比会影响散射参量的振荡频率和振幅, 与球形粒子散射参量的相对差异也呈周期振荡趋势. 研究还发现, 某些特殊粒子尺寸的散射参量与粒子取向比基本无关. 在多次散射条件下, 分析不同取向比粒子群的BRDF随反射角和光学厚度的变化特性. 结果显示: 不同取向比粒子群的BRDF随反射角的变化趋势基本一致, 球形粒子群比非球形粒子群的BRDF曲线波动振幅更大; 球形-非球形粒子的BRDF相对差异随光学厚度和取向比的增大而减小, 随入射角的增大而增大.     

Optical characterization of metallic aerosols

Airborne metallic particulates from industry and urban sources are highly conducting aerosols. The characterization of these pollutant particles is important for environment monitoring and protection. Because these metallic particulates are highly reflective, their effect on local weather or regional radiation budget may also need to be studied. In this work, light scattering characteristics of these metallic aerosols are studied using exact solutions on perfectly conducting spherical and cylindrical particles. It is found that for perfectly conducting spheres and cylinders, when scattering angle is larger than 90° the linear polarization degree of the scattered light is very close to zero. This light scattering characteristics of perfectly conducting particles is significantly different from that of other aerosols. When these perfectly conducting particles are immersed in an absorbing medium, this light scattering characteristics does not show significant change. Therefore, measuring the linear polarization of scattered lights at backward scattering angles can detect and distinguish metallic particulates from other aerosols. This result provides a great potential of metallic aerosol detection and monitoring for environmental protection.     

Influence of the vertical profile of Saharan dust on the visible direct radiative forcing

The vertical profile of Saharan dust in the atmosphere is generally characterized by a large aerosol concentration in the mid troposphere, differently from the climatological distribution of other types of particles, that show a peak at the surface and a rapid decrease with height. Saharan dust is also characterized by particles of relatively large size of irregular shape, and variable values of the single scattering albedo (the ratio between radiation scattering and extinction). The dust's peculiar vertical distribution is expected to produce an effect on the calculation of the direct aerosol radiative forcing at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere. This effect is investigated by comparing estimates of aerosol direct visible radiative forcing at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere for dust vertical profiles measured in the Mediterranean, and for the climatological profile. The radiative forcing is estimated by means of an accurate radiative transfer model, and for the ocean surface. The sensitivity of the results on the solar zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption is also investigated. The aerosol radiative forcing at the surface shows a very small dependency on the aerosol vertical profile. At the top of the atmosphere, the radiative forcing is weakly dependent on the vertical profile (up to 10% variation on the daily average forcing) for low absorbing particles; conversely, it shows a strong dependency (the daily radiative forcing may vary up to 100%) for absorbing particles. The top of the atmosphere visible radiative forcing efficiency produced by dust having single scattering albedo <0.7 is higher by 4 W m⁻² when the observed vertical profile instead of the standard profile is used in the calculations (i.e. it produces a lower cooling). For values of the single scattering albedo around 0.67, the sign of the forcing depends on the vertical profile. The influence of the vertical distribution on the radiative forcing is largest at small values of the solar zenith angle, and at short wavelengths.     

基于色散偏振度的乳化油光谱检测系统研究

以色散偏振光谱检测技术为背景,着重研究了乳化油颗粒的偏振光学特性及米散射物理模型,构建了色散偏振度光谱检测系统。在400～700 nm波长范围内,分别对四种样品进行了301个波段的光谱反射率采集。结合贝塞尔函数和汉克尔函数,推导出了入射光波长与散射光偏振振幅矢量的关系,提取了一个新的特征参数：色散偏振度（DODP）。在暗室条件下,对乳化油样品ND18和ND75进行测量,利用色散偏振公式计算出了样品在各测量波长处的偏振度值,验证了基于DODP值检测乳化油的可行性。研究发现,虽然米散射的解是由单个球体的衍射推导而来,但是只要它们的直径和组成相同,且彼此之间的距离比波长大,也同样可以用于任意数量的球的衍射。在这种情况下,被不同球体散射的光之间没有相干的相位关系,总散射能量等于被一个球体散射的能量乘以它们的整数。当观测平面与入射波电矢量振动方向之间的夹角Φ=0或者Φ=π／2时,散射光分量E(s)_θ或者E(s)_Φ消失。由于ND18的粒径比ND75的粒径小,所以ND18的前向散射波瓣较大,前向散射与后向散射的比值较小。在相同光照条件下,ND75的多次散射现象要比ND18严重。根据路径相关矩阵的理论,多次散射容易引起退偏振,二次辐射波会在角域内扩散和分布。因此,被测乳化油表面产生的散射次数与入射光能的阻尼能力成正比。由于乳化油表面入射光的能量耗散存在差异,因此能量耗散率与入射波矢量方向的前向散射振幅的分量成正比,且乳化油的偏振散射程度不同于入射光的偏振散射程度。实验结果表明,DODP可以反映出乳化油由多次色散引起的去偏振能力。由于模拟光源是自然光,所以计算散射光的偏振参数非常方便,可以大大缩短数据处理时间,减小实验误差。DODP不仅能够识别海水中的乳化油,而且能够区分不同浓度的污染物,准确识别出乳化油的边缘扩散。     

Effect of electric field on light scattering by aqueous colloids of diamond and graphite

We present the results of our experimental investigation of light scattering by polydisperse colloids of diamond and graphite. The scattering is studied at a random orientation of particles and in an external radiofrequency electric field, which orients particles along the strength. The average dimensions of particles in both colloids are close to each other and comparable with the wavelength of the incident light. The shape of particles and the optical and electrooptical properties of diamond and graphite colloids are significantly different. We analyze the polarization components of scattered light energy when the light incident on the colloids is linearly polarized. We show that the quadrupole light scattering by isotropic diamond particles has the main effect on angular dependences of depolarization of scattered light. For light scattering by anisotropic graphite particles, the depolarization of scattered light is mainly determined by a particular feature of the dipole scattering of particles. It is shown that, in both colloids, the orientational order of particles considerably reduces the depolarization of light scattered by particles. We show that relative changes in the intensity and depolarization of scattered light, which depend on the scattering angle and polarization direction of light, as well as on the parameters of particles, can be used as a measure of electrooptical effects observed in colloids.     

Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review

Light absorption by aerosols contributes to solar radiative forcing through absorption of solar radiation and heating of the absorbing aerosol layer. Besides the direct radiative effect, the heating can evaporate clouds and change the atmospheric dynamics. Aerosol light absorption in the atmosphere is dominated by black carbon (BC) with additional, significant contributions from the still poorly understood brown carbon and from mineral dust. Sources of these absorbing aerosols include biomass burning and other combustion processes and dust entrainment.For particles much smaller than the wavelength of incident light, absorption is proportional to the particle volume and mass. Absorption can be calculated with Mie theory for spherical particles and with more complicated numerical methods for other particle shapes.The quantitative measurement of aerosol light absorption is still a challenge. Simple, commonly used filter measurements are prone to measurement artifacts due to particle concentration and modification of particle and filter morphology upon particle deposition, optical interaction of deposited particles and filter medium, and poor angular integration of light scattered by deposited particles. In situ methods measure particle absorption with the particles in their natural suspended state and therefore are not prone to effects related to particle deposition and concentration on filters. Photoacoustic and refractive index-based measurements rely on the heating of particles during light absorption, which, for power-modulated light sources, causes an acoustic signal and modulation of the refractive index in the air surrounding the particles that can be quantified with a microphone and an interferometer, respectively. These methods may suffer from some interference due to light-induced particle evaporation. Laser-induced incandescence also monitors particle heating upon absorption, but heats absorbing particles to much higher temperatures to quantify BC mass from the thermal radiation emitted by the heated particles. Extinction-minus-scattering techniques have limited sensitivity for measuring aerosol light absorption unless the very long absorption paths of cavity ring-down techniques are used. Systematic errors can be dominated by truncation errors in the scattering measurement for large particles or by subtraction errors for high single scattering albedo particles. Remote sensing techniques are essential for global monitoring of aerosol light absorption. While local column-integrated measurements of aerosol light absorption with sun and sky radiometers are routinely done, global satellite measurements are so far largely limited to determining a semi-quantitative UV absorption index.     

Seasonal variation of tropospheric aerosol properties by direct and scattered solar radiation spectroscopy

Long-term characterization of tropospheric aerosol has been carried out at Chiba, Japan, using a compact, stand-alone spectroradiometer under clear-sky conditions between August 2007 and March 2009. The spectra of direct solar radiation, aureole, and scattered solar radiation in various directions are observed in a wavelength range between 350 and 1050 nm with an optical resolution of 10 nm. Radiative transfer calculation using the MODTRAN4 code is employed to retrieve aerosol optical parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), extinction coefficient, single-scattering albedo, scattering phase function, and asymmetry parameter, as well as water vapor column amount. The retrieved value of AOD varies in the range 0.1-0.5, while the water vapor column amount changes from 0.2 to 4 g/cm², showing reasonable agreements with the concurrent measurements with a sunphotometer and a microwave radiometer, respectively. The seasonal variation of the retrieved parameters indicates the major impacts of dust particles in spring, sea salt particles in summer, and anthropogenic fine particles in winter.     

非球形气溶胶粒子散射相函数经验公式

散射相函数是研究电磁波传输特性的重要参数，直接影响电磁波传输方程的简化程度和解的精度。基于电磁散射与辐射传输中的基本理论，对非球形粒子散射相函数的经验公式进行了研究。为了很好的模拟非球形粒子的后向散射峰值，提高辐射传输方程的简化程度和解的精度，提出了一种新的相函数经验公式。分析新的相函数对非球形粒子的适用性，以单个沙尘性气溶胶为例，计算了不同形状粒子的Henyey-Greenstein*相函数和新的相函数随角度的变化，并与T矩阵法的计算结果进行了对比，发现椭球形粒子的长短轴比和有限长圆柱形粒子的径长比大于0.5时，新的相函数在大角度后向散射部分与T矩阵法的吻合程度较高。考虑波长变化，对比了尺寸谱满足对数正态分布的四种气溶胶粒子的Henyey-Greenstein*相函数和新的相函数与T矩阵法的计算结果。研究表明，对于椭球形粒子和有限长圆柱形粒子，在大角度(大于90°)后向散射部分，除了0.694时的椭球形海洋性气溶胶，新的相函数均方根差较小的占100%，证明了新的相函数可以较好的模拟非球形粒子的后向散射特征。新的相函数对准确模拟辐射传输过程具有重要意义。