三角肋条大涡模拟与减阻机理研究

已有实验表明三角肋条具有较好的表面减阻效果,但雷诺时均湍流模型难以模拟与揭示肋条减阻机理。本文采用大涡模拟(LES)对下壁面安装肋条的槽道流进行模拟,通过减阻率与实验值的对比以及平均速度剖面和脉动速度均方根等与直接数值模拟(DNS)结果的对比确认本文计算的准确性。根据计算的流场细节分析表明:肋条通过增加近壁区的边界层厚度,抑制流向涡的发展,减少近壁活动,使得近肋条壁面的剪切力比平板的剪切力小而获得减阻。     

用直接模拟数据检验RANS二阶矩燃烧模型

用谱方法对三维槽道不可压湍流反应流动进行了直接模拟(DNS),并对关联量精确输运方程中各项的贡献进行统计,发现产生项和耗散项起重要作用.进一步用DNS数据库对BANS二阶矩(SOM)湍流燃烧模型进行检验,发现扩散项和产生项的模拟值在大部分区域都和精确统计值接近,但在近壁区需要修正;耗散项的模拟有待改进.     

平行射流大涡模拟及SGS模型的比较

高精度算法和亚网格尺度(SGS)模型是大涡模拟的关键,对声源流场和气动声场的准确预测有着重要的影响。本文采用前人具有部分DNS数据的平板射流为考核算例,使用具有4阶空间精度和3阶时间精度的高精度算法,系统地比较Smagorinsky模型(SM)、选择多尺度模型(SMSM)、以及前人采用动态Smagorinsky模型(DSM)的计算结果。对射流速度、剪切层、湍流脉动以及涡结构的多尺度特性的结果分析表明,Smagorinsky模型的黏性耗散过大,而选择多尺度模型则能揭示转捩过程中的黏性变化,其结果比DSM更接近DNS的数据。同时,SMSM是局部模型,在大规模分布式内存的并行计算方面易于编程,具有良好的应用前景。     

湍流槽道内近壁区域脉动速度特性研究

本文采用直接数值模拟方法(DNS)研究了单相槽道流动问题.采用联合密度函数对近壁面区域内脉动速度分量进行了象限分析,同时,对脉动速度进行了概率密度分析及频谱分析,从而对近壁区域内流动的概率事件,速度概率分布及不同频率的涡对速度场的影响有了清晰的认识。研究发现,方向性事件主要集中在对数层以下,低频涡对于流向和法向脉动速度的贡献随着法向高度增加而增大,并且在近壁面上展向速度的脉动在对数层以及黏性底层存在较大脉动强度。     

变系数瞬态热传导问题边界元格式的特征正交分解降阶方法

提出了一种基于边界元法求解变系数瞬态热传导问题的特征正交分解(POD)降阶方法,重组并推导出变系数瞬态热传导问题适合降阶的边界元离散积分方程,建立了变系数瞬态热传导问题边界元格式的POD降阶模型,并用常数边界条件下建立的瞬态热传导问题的POD降阶模态,对光滑时变边界条件瞬态热传导问题进行降阶分析.首先,对一个变系数瞬态热传导问题,建立其边界域积分方程,并将域积分转换成边界积分;其次,离散并重组积分方程,获得可用于降阶分析的矩阵形式的时间微分方程组;最后,用POD模态矩阵对该时间微分方程组进行降阶处理,建立降阶模型并对其求解.数值算例验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.研究表明:1)常数边界条件下建立的低阶POD模态矩阵,能够用来准确预测复杂光滑时变边界条件下的温度场结果;2)低阶模型的建立,解决了边界元法中采用时间差分推进技术求解大型时间微分方程组时求解速度慢、算法稳定性差的问题.     

湍流边界层拟序结构的大涡模拟研究

采用动力亚格子模型,利用大涡模拟方法模拟了雷诺数为13000的充分发展槽道湍流流动。从瞬时速度和脉动 速度场、脉动速度相关、均方根脉动涡量分布、以及瞬时涡量场等多个方面,对湍流边界层流动的拟序结构进行了分析, 包括近壁区小尺度湍流结构和瞬态过程,如条纹结构、喷射和扫掠过程、以及近壁旋涡结构等。     

粗糙壁面湍流边界层流动和拟序结构的大涡模拟研究

采用LES方法和虚拟粗糙元模型,,模拟了Rer=180有粗糙壁面的充分发展槽道湍流流动.从流向平均速度、脉动速度均方根、雷诺剪切应力、脉动速度相关,以及瞬时近壁准流向涡结构等多个方面,对粗糙壁面湍流边界层流动和拟序结构进行了分析.结果表明,粗糙壁面处雷诺剪切应力、脉动速度均方根以及近壁条带平均距离和准流向涡尺度都大于光滑壁面,且随着粗糙元高度的增加这种趋势更加明显.本工作为进一步研究颗粒在近壁区域的弥散规律奠定了基础.     

高聚物减阻溶液对壁湍流输运过程的影响

基于相同雷诺数下清水和高分子聚合物溶液壁湍流的高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TRPIV)的对比实验, 从高聚物溶液对湍流边界层动量能量输运影响的角度分析其减阻的机理. 对比两者的雷诺应力发现高聚物的存在抑制了湍流输运过程. 这一影响与高聚物对壁湍流中占主导地位的涡旋运动和低速条带等相干结构的作用密切相关. 运用条件相位平均、相关函数和线性随机估计(linear stochastic estimation, LSE)等方法, 分析提取了高聚物溶液流场中的发卡涡和发卡涡包等典型相干结构的空间拓扑形态. 相比于清水, 高聚物溶液中相干结构的流向尺度增大, 涡旋运动的发展及低速流体喷射的强度受到削弱, 表明了添加的高聚物阻碍了湍流原有的能量传递和自维持的机理. 正是通过影响相干结构, 高聚物抑制了湍流边界层中近壁区与外区之间的动量和能量输运, 使得湍流的无序性降低, 从而减小了湍流流动的阻力.     

四阶精度显式滤波大涡模拟方法研究

在传统大涡模拟方法的基础上引入显式滤波技术,有效地控制了最小解析尺度区域的各种数值误差.对有限差分格式的守恒特性进行了研究,发展了适用于三维平板通道大涡模拟的四阶精度守恒格式.分别利用二阶和四阶精度的传统与显式滤波大涡模拟程序模拟平板通道内的湍流流动,将计算结果与DNS数据进行了对比,得到了合理结果.     

湍流边界层内流向涡的数值模拟研究

采用准二维共振三波作为湍流边界层近壁区相干结构初值,用直接数值模拟方法计算了流动从二维结构发展到三维结构并且伴随流向涡生成的整个过程,分析结果显示流向涡对湍流动能和质量传输有着重要作用,是湍流边界层相干结构的重要特征和运动形式.     

Coherence and Reynolds stresses in the turbulent wake behind a curved circular cylinder

The turbulent wake behind a curved circular cylinder is investigated based on data obtained from a direct numerical simulation. Here, emphasis is placed in the assessment of two approaches for simplified modelling: reduced-order modelling (ROM) and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. To this end, the instantaneous vortical structures, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the flow, and relevant Reynolds stress components have been analysed. The results show that despite the complexity of the instantaneous vortical structures, the wake dynamics are governed by the quasi-periodic shedding of primary vortices. Between 24% and 50% of the kinetic energy in the POD is captured by the two most energetic modes, and about 200 modes are needed to capture 90% of the kinetic energy. These findings suggest that, as long as the large-scale structures of the von Kármán vortex shedding are concerned, the present case can be approached by ROM; but a detailed representation of the flow dynamics without an eddy viscosity model that accounts for the unresolved turbulent fluctuations would require a large amount of degrees of freedom. Concerning the Reynolds stresses, their magnitude varies considerably depending on the depth at which they have been sampled. This dependence is related to the strength of the vortex shedding, and the intensity of the secondary flows induced by the curvature of the cylinder. As a consequence of the combination of these two effects, the correlation between streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations is highest in the wake behind the midspan of the curved cylinder, and the correlation between cross-flow and vertical velocity fluctuations reaches large values in the lower wake.     

确定分布的展向Lorentz力调制下的槽道湍流涡结构

采用直接数值模拟方法,对槽道湍流中确定分布的Lorentz力的流动控制与减阻问题进行研究.讨论了Lorentz力作用于槽道湍流后,流场的特性和涡结构的特性,并对此类Lorentz力对槽道湍流的控制与减阻机理进行了讨论.研究发现:1)Lorentz力诱导的层流流场壁面附近存在梯度极大的展向速度剪切层,该剪切层容易形成流向涡结构;2)在给定合适参数的确定分布的Lorentz力作用下,湍流流场仅剩周期分布的准流向涡;3)与未控制流场相比,控制后的流场中,准流向涡的抬升高度大大降低,从而减小猝发强度,使壁面阻力下降.     

Visualisation and analysis of large-scale vortex structures in three-dimensional turbulent lid-driven cavity flow

In this paper, large eddy simulation (LES) of a three-dimensional turbulent lid-driven cavity (LDC) flow at Re = 10,000 has been performed using the multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method. A Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model was used to represent the sub-grid scale stresses with appropriate wall damping. The prediction for the flow field was first validated by comparing the velocity profiles with previous experimental and LES studies, and then subsequently used to investigate the large-scale three-dimensional vortical structures in the LDC flow. The instantaneous three-dimensional coherent structures inside the cavity were visualised using the second invariant (Q), Δ criterion, λ₂ criterion, swirling strength (λ_ci) and streamwise vorticity. The vortex structures obtained using the different criteria in general agree well with each other. However, a cleaner visualisation of the large vortex structures was achieved with the λ_ci criterion and also when the visualisation is based on the vortex identification criteria expressed in terms of the swirling strength parameters. A major objective of the study was to perform a three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) on the fluctuating velocity fields. The higher energy POD modes efficiently extracted the large-scale vortical structures within the flow which were then visualised with the swirling strength criterion. Reconstruction of the instantaneous fluctuating velocity field using a finite number of POD modes indicated that the large-scale vortex structures did effectively approximate the large-scale motion. However, such a reduced order reconstruction of the flow based on the large-scale vortical structures was clearly not as effective in predicting the small-scale details of the fluctuating velocity field which relate to the turbulent transport.     

Reduced-order modeling of transonic flows around an airfoil submitted to small deformations

A reduced-order model (ROM) is developed for the prediction of unsteady transonic flows past an airfoil submitted to small deformations, at moderate Reynolds number. Considering a suitable state formulation as well as a consistent inner product, the Galerkin projection of the compressible flow Navier–Stokes equations, the high-fidelity (HF) model, onto a low-dimensional basis determined by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), leads to a polynomial quadratic ODE system relevant to the prediction of main flow features. A fictitious domain deformation technique is yielded by the Hadamard formulation of HF model and validated at HF level. This approach captures airfoil profile deformation by a modification of the boundary conditions whereas the spatial domain remains unchanged. A mixed POD gathering information from snapshot series associated with several airfoil profiles can be defined. The temporal coefficients in POD expansion are shape-dependent while spatial POD modes are not. In the ROM, airfoil deformation is introduced by a steady forcing term. ROM reliability towards airfoil deformation is demonstrated for the prediction of HF-resolved as well as unknown intermediate configurations.     

Analysis of flow structures in supersonic plane mixing layers using the POD method

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method was applied to analyzing the database obtained from the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of supersonic plane mixing layers. The effect of different forms of the inner products in the POD method was investigated. It was observed that the mean flow contributes to a predominant part of the total flow energy, and the energy spectrum of the turbulence fluctuations covers a wide range of POD modes. The patterns of leading (high energy) POD modes reveal that the flow structures exhibit spanwise counter rotating rolls, as well as oblique vortices. These flow patterns are insensitive to the velocity of the observer. As the convective Mach number increases, the energy spectrum becomes wider, the leading POD modes contain more complicated structures, and the flow becomes more chaotic.     

Effect of surface roughness element on near wall turbulence with zero-pressure gradient

In the present paper,we present an investigation on the effect of roughness elements onto near-wall kinematics of a zeropressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer.An array of spanwisely-aligned cylindrical roughness elements was attached to the wall surface to regulate the near-wall low-speed streaky structures.With both qualitative visualization and quantitative measurement,we found that the regularization only occurs in the region below the height of the roughness elements.Statistical analysis on the probability distribution of the streak spanwise spacing showed that the mean spanwise streak spacing is dominated by the roughness elements;however,the latter's effect is in competition with the intrinsic streak generation mechanisms of smooth wall turbulence.Below the top of the roughness elements,local streamwise turbulent fluctuation intensity can be reduced by about 10%.We used POD analysis to depict such regularization effect in terms of near-wall structure modulation.We further found that if the spanwise spacing of roughness elements increased to be larger than the mean streak spacing in the smooth wall turbulence,there is no streak-regularization effect in the buffer region,so that the near-wall streamwise turbulent fluctuation intensity doesn't reduce.     

Enablers for robust POD models

This paper focuses on improving the stability as well as the approximation properties of reduced order models (ROMs) based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The ROM is obtained by seeking a solution belonging to the POD subspace and that at the same time minimizes the Navier–Stokes residuals. We propose a modified ROM that directly incorporates the pressure term in the model. The ROM is then stabilized making use of a method based on the fine scale equations. An improvement of the POD solution subspace is performed, thanks to a hybrid method that couples direct numerical simulations and reduced order model simulations. The methods proposed are tested on the two-dimensional confined square cylinder wake flow in laminar regime.     

飞行器大攻角复杂流动的POD和DMD对比分析

基于非结构/混合网格、耗散自适应2阶混合格式以及脱体涡模拟（detached eddy simulation,DES）方法开展了现代战斗机模型复杂分离流动的数值模拟,并与有限的平均气动力试验数据进行了对比,结果表明计算具有合理性,在此基础上进一步应用本征正交分解（proper orthogonal decomposition,POD）和动力学模态分解（dynamic mode decomposition,DMD）方法对数值模拟流场的非定常特性进行了对比分析.研究表明飞行器背风区流场由一对边条涡的螺旋运动主导,旋涡破裂前在横向空间截面上流场是中性稳定的,同时主涡核的运动是多频耦合的.POD和DMD的对比分析则表明:两者模态配对的方式不同,但主要模态之间具有一定相关性;POD模态中包含多种频率的运动,而且能量较集中于主模态,流场重构效率更高;DMD则将流场的主要特征运动提取为一些单频模态的组合,同时能够给出模态的稳定性.      

Applicability of molecular dynamics method to the pressure-driven gas flow in finite length nano-scale slit pores

This study investigates the applicability of the molecular dynamics (MD) method to the pressure-driven gas flow in finite length nano-scale slit pores. The reflecting particle membrane is introduced to induce a pressure difference between the inlet and outlet. The flow properties are compared with those of the Burnett equations. The inlet and outlet pressures, as well as the mass flow rate in these two simulations are maintained the same by adjusting the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient in the Burnett simulation, which is found to be between 0.4 and 0.5. Qualitative and quantitative agreements are observed between the MD and Burnett simulation results in the bulk of the pore for both streamwise distributions and cross-section profiles. The MD simulation shows an advantage in the near-wall region, in which the wall force field dominates flow behaviour. This study indicates that MD simulation can be used to describe the pressure-driven gas flow characteristics in finite length nano-scale slit pores.     

Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent MHD channel flow at low magnetic Reynolds number for electric correlation characteristics

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulent channel flow has been performed under the low magnetic Reynolds number assumption.The velocity-electric field and electric-electric field correlations were studied in the present work for different magnetic field orientations.The Kenjeres-Hanjalic (K-H) model was validated with the DNS data in a term by term manner.The numerical results showed that the K-H model makes good predictions for most components of the velocity-electric field correlations.The mechanisms of turbulence suppression were also analyzed for different magnetic field orientations utilizing the DNS data and the K-H model.The results revealed that the dissipative MHD source term is responsible for the turbulence suppression for the case of streamwise and spanwise magnetic orientation,while the Lorentz force which speeds up the near-wall fluid and decreases the production term is responsible for the turbulence suppression for the case of the wall normal magnetic orientation.