基于半导体激光的光腔衰荡光谱装置测定水汽含量

搭建了一套基于光腔衰荡光谱技术的光学湿度计. 通过测量水分子在1.35和1.56 μm波段不同强度的吸收线,可测定水汽的相对含量,测量范围从10^-2到低至10^-12水平. 通过与商用冷镜式露点仪的对比测量,对该装置的定量精度进行了检验. 该系统所具备的高灵敏度使得水汽探测极限可达8 pptv     

单光束多组分温室气体的腔衰荡光谱同步检测

腔衰荡光谱技术(CRDS)作为一种具有高灵敏度高光谱分辨率的检测方法已被广泛用于痕量气体检测。而目前基于CRDS痕量气体检测多针对单一气体进行测量或通过多个激光器产生的多光束进行多种组分气体浓度测量。利用DFB激光器波长可调谐特性，通过强弱吸收峰结合，使用单光束实现了多种温室气体的腔衰荡光谱技术同步检测。由于大气中水汽和二氧化碳浓度较高，为实现同一衰荡系统对三种温室气体的同步测量，在平衡吸收损耗的基础上，选取1 653~1 654 nm内甲烷的强吸收峰与水汽、二氧化碳的弱吸收峰进行测量。通过光谱叠加反演矩阵，分别得到甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳的浓度。在计算测量灵敏度过程中发现，通过去除衰荡过程初期的部分数据点(过滤区间)，会对噪声等效吸收系数产生影响。多数情况下，在测量灵敏度计算方面，列文伯格-马夸尔特算法(L-M)会优于离散傅里叶变换法(DFT)；但当衰荡曲线的单指数性下降时，上述结论不一定成立。搭建了一个低精细度(F≈6×103)衰荡腔对上述结论进行了实验验证。相较于用于测量温室气体浓度的高精细度衰荡腔(F≈1×105)，低精细度衰荡腔的衰荡速率较快，衰荡曲线的单指数性明显低于高精细度衰荡腔。实验表明，在过滤区间长度较短时，采用DFT算法计算得到的噪声等效吸收系数会小于L-M算法得到的结果。当过滤区间长度增加时，L-M算法得到的结果优于DFT算法。在受过滤区间长度影响方面，DFT算法的波动性要明显小于L-M算法。根据Allan方差分析，在512次采样平均(约8 s)下的最小噪声等效吸收系数进行计算，该CRDS装置测量灵敏度为2.4×10-10 cm-1。在25 ℃标准大气压下，对应甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳的测量灵敏度分别为0.64 ppbv，3.5 ppmv和4.0 ppmv。基于该CRDS装置，通过单光束多波长测量方法，利用光谱叠加反演矩阵，测得大气中甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳浓度分别为2.018，3 654和526 ppmv；而采用经典CRDS单波长测量得到的甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳浓度分别为2.037，3 898和630 ppmv。通过与温控调节波长，逐点扫描得到的光谱吸收曲线进行对比，采用多波长测量得到气体浓度进行复合拟合的光谱曲线残差小于单波长测量得到气体浓度进行简单拟合的光谱曲线残差。     

光腔衰荡法测量高反射率的实验研究

基于光腔衰荡光谱技术，建立了以共焦腔为衰荡腔的单波长反射率测量装置，该装置可用于精密测量全固体激光器高反射率腔镜的反射率，检测得到了高反腔镜在946nm的反射率。实验测得平凹镜和平面镜衰荡时间的平均值分别为1．624μs和821ns，平凹镜的反射率为99．794％，相对误差精确到10^-5；平面反射镜的反射率为99．800％，相对误差精确到10^-4。结果表明，光腔衰荡法可用于高反射率腔镜反射率的测量，与分光光度计测得的结果相比，具有非常高的测量精度。     

光腔衰荡光谱方法探测痕量一氧化碳气体

基于通讯波段的分布式反馈半导体激光器(DFB),搭建了一套光腔衰荡光谱仪(CRDS)。衰荡光腔由一对反射率高于99.997%的高反镜组成,衰荡腔长约为130cm,空腔衰荡时间约为150μs。当光谱平均次数达到1 000次时,光谱仪灵敏度(最小可探测吸收系数)达到5×10-12 cm-1。利用热隔绝的方式稳定衰荡腔长,并使用衰荡光腔自身作为光学标准具,来标定光谱的频率:利用反馈式光谱扫描程序步进改变激光器频率,使之与衰荡腔的纵模频率逐一匹配,从而实现所测得光谱的自动标定。通过测量一氧化碳分子在1.565μm附近的吸收光谱,测定气体中一氧化碳的含量。将光谱测量结果和标准样品中的一氧化碳含量进行对比,对装置的定量精度进行了检验,表明其对一氧化碳的探测极限达4ppbv。利用该装置对实际大气中一氧化碳的含量进行了实时监测。     

连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的电路设计与应用

 为实现连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的工程化,设计了一套集信号调理、高速采样及数据处理为一体的高集成度数字信号处理(DSP)系统。该系统被用于取代常规连续波腔衰荡光谱系统中由高速数据采集卡及计算机组成的腔衰荡信号测试系统,完成对腔衰荡信号的获取与拟合。该系统最高能实现16 bits/80 MHz的信号采样,并能准确地由腔衰荡信号反演出腔衰荡时间。实验结果表明：结合现有的光反馈式连续波腔衰荡光谱系统,该系统能实现等噪声测量灵敏度为1.0×10^-8 cm^-1的吸收光谱测量,其重复测量精度可达3‰。     

Ba原子6s6p1P1←6s6s1S0跃迁的光腔衰荡光谱

建立了一套光腔衰荡原子束吸收光谱测量装置,并对Ba原子的6s6p¹P₁←6s6s¹S₀吸收谱线用光腔衰荡光谱方法进行了测量,得到了Ba原子在553.548nm不同温度下的吸收谱线线型.实验结果表明,该装置测量吸收灵敏度达到6×10^-7. 关键词： 光腔衰荡 吸收光谱 Ba原子     

基于低增益低噪声光纤腔衰荡技术的湿度测量方法

提出了一种基于腔内带有低增益低噪声掺铒光纤放大器的光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术测量湿度的方法,并进行了实验证明.比较分析了光纤环形腔中有无掺铒光纤放大器对衰荡脉冲数量的影响.在掺铒光纤放大器中使用长度为2m的低增益和低噪声掺铒光纤来减少波形失真并补偿腔内噪声衰减.利用光纤环腔衰荡光谱技术对空气相对湿度进行测量,记录分析环形腔中光脉冲的衰减时间τ得到相对湿度的变化.结果表明:相对湿度和衰减时间τ在相对湿度30%~100%的范围内满足良好的线性关系,并且光纤环腔衰荡系统的灵敏度和线性拟合度分别为3.826 79μs/RH和0.994 77.采用腔内带有低增益低噪声掺铒光纤放大器的光纤腔衰荡技术在工业检测、环境检测以及医学诊断等领域进行湿度测量将具有良好的应用前景.     

光学反馈线性腔衰荡光谱技术不确定性

腔衰荡光谱技术是一种高灵敏的腔增强分子吸收光谱测量技术,由于激光频率噪声大,导致激光到腔耦合效率低,严重限制了其对痕量气体的探测灵敏度.光学反馈可以有效压窄半导体激光器的线宽,提高激光到外部谐振腔的耦合效率.本文基于精细度为7800的Fabry-Pérot腔,发展了光学反馈线性腔衰荡光谱技术.首先从光场相位的角度给出了线性腔光学反馈的原理,然后分析了影响测量不确定性的因素,包括光学反馈率、衰荡信号触发阈值、探测器相对透射汇聚光斑位置等.实验结果表明,通过设置低反馈率(3%自由光谱区间)、高衰荡信号触发阈值(90%腔模幅度)以及将光斑聚焦到探测器有效面中心等措施,结合光学反馈效应,可将空腔衰荡时间的相对不确定度提升至0.026%,远优于传统腔衰荡技术获得的典型值.系统在积分时间为180 s时,获得探测灵敏度为1.3×10^–10 cm^–1,对应甲烷的最小可探测吸收体积浓度为0.35×10^–9,从而满足了碳监测的要求.     

光外差腔衰荡光谱理论研究

提出了简化的光外差腔衰荡光谱技术，避免了通常腔衰荡光谱对衰荡时间的直接测量，同时消除了腔镜损耗的共模直流信号的测量.理论上其测量灵敏度可以达到量子噪声极限，而且技术实现相对简单，更适合于分子振转光谱研究.此外，还在理论上分析了该光谱技术具有的Gauss线型的一次微分光谱线型的特点，并讨论了一些实验参量对谱线强度和线型的影响，进而给出了最佳实验参量. 关键词： 光外差 腔衰荡光谱     

光反馈腔衰荡光谱技术中的数据处理(英文)

在光反馈式腔衰荡光谱技术中,光谱数据的处理因一种特殊的光谱纹波现象而变得困难。以6 590.8~6 591cm-1光谱范围内水汽分子的光反馈式腔衰荡光谱为基础,根据光谱纹波效应的特性分析结果,提出了一种简单的数据处理法。利用该方法确定了6 590.871cm-1处水汽分子吸收谱线的线宽约为0.100 3cm-1,这与Hitran数据库提供的线宽结果仅0.002cm-1的误差,充分验证了该方法的有效性。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.