H+HD→H2+D反应的高分辨交叉分子束实验研究

本文利用交叉分子束方法和离子速度成像技术,对H+HD→H₂+D反应在1.17 eV碰撞能下的态-态反应动力学开展了高分辨实验研究. 实验采用1+1''(真空紫外+紫外)近阈值激光电离方式对反应中的D原子产物进行探测,获得了高角度分辨和高能量分辨的产物离子速度影像,进而精确获得了反应的态-态微分截面. 实验观测到了H₂(v''=0,j''=1)和H₂(v''=0,j''=3)振转产物角分布中与散射过程的干涉效应相联系的前向散射振荡. 这一研究进一步表明了化学反应微分截面的精确测量在气相态-态反应动力学研究中的重要性.     

理解O(3P)+CHD3→OH+CD3反应的转动模式特异性: 反应物排列图像

本文采用含时波包方法和七维约化量子模型研究了典型碳氢氧化反应O(³P)+CHD₃→OH+CD₃中反应分子CHD₃的转动模式特异性. 发现理论计算反应几率依赖于CHD₃转动量子数J在分子对称轴上的投影$K$和在O-CHD₃分子间轴上的投影K_tot,即P_Ktot=K=0>P_Ktot=K=J>P_Ktot=J,K=0=P_Ktot=0,K=J. 这种关系可以用反应物分子相对取向进行解释. 另外,反应物CHD₃的转动激发(J≤4)表现出比较弱的促进作用,但是K=0转动态激发的促进作用比K=J的强,主要得益于K=K_tot=0分量的贡献. 该分量对应于CHD₃的滚动转动,这种运动形式可以增大初始有效反应碰撞角度的范围.     

交叉分子束实验研究F+D2(v=1, j=0)反应

本文使用交叉分子束方法研究了氟原子和振动激发态氘分子D₂(v=1, j=0)的反应. 使用受激拉曼抽运的方法制备了振动激发的D₂分子. 实验中未观测到来自于旋轨耦合激发态氟原子F^*(²P_1/2)与振动激发态D₂分子的贡献. 观测到来自于旋轨耦合基态氟原子F(²P_3/2)和振动激发态D₂的反应信号,相应的产物DF分子布居于v''=2,3,4,5振动态上. 与振动基态反应F+D₂(v=1,j=0)相比,振动激发态反应F+D₂(v=1,j=0)生成的DF产物转动分布更“热”. 获得了振动激发反应的四个碰撞能在0.32至2.62 kcal/mol范围内的微分反应截面. 在最低的碰撞能0.32 kcal/mol下,所有振动态的DF产物都以后向散射为主. 随着碰撞能的增加,DF产物的角分布逐渐从后向转移到侧向. 测量了DF(v''=5)产物的前向微分散射截面随碰撞能变化的曲线. 前向散射的DF(v''=5)信号出现于1.0 kcal/mol. 在2.62 kcal/mol碰撞能下DF(v''=5)主要为前向散射.     

碰撞能44∽164 cm−1范围内单量子态转动激发对F+D2反应的影响

当碰撞能很低,尤其是远低于反应势垒的时候,反应通常经过量子隧穿来进行. 目前,还没有明确的物理图像来描述反应物的转动激发对这类反应过程的影响. 本文基于里德堡态D原子飞行时间谱探测方法,利用多通道探测器交叉分子束装置研究了碰撞能44 cm^-1∽164 cm^-1下反应F+D₂(v=0,j=0,1)→DF(v'')+D的动力学过程,并得到了振动态分辨的微分截面. 在可资用能相等时,通过调控反应的平动能,研究了D₂转动激发对于反应的影响,发现反应物的转动比平动更有利于反应的进行. D₂的转动激发导致产物DF的角分布和量子态分布发生显著变化. 本工作进一步加深转动激发对于反应的影响的理解,尤其是在反应能量远低于反应势垒的情况下.     

使用态-态分辨的量子波包方法对Li+HF/DF反应的研究

使用基于反应物坐标的含时量子波包方法,在APW势能面上,计算了碰撞能在0～0.25 eV范围的Li+HF/DF(v=0,j=0,1)反应的积分和微分截面．同时也计算了初始态选择的反应速率常数．计算结果表明,Li+DF和Li+HF反应产物分布基本类似,只是前者产物转动激发态稍微多些．反应物的转动激发对于Li+DF反应影响很小．这两个反应的微分截面都是前向散射为主的,特别是在碰撞能较高时候．产物振转态分辨的积分截面和后向散射随碰撞能而呈现的振荡现象,可以用来指认Li+HF反应中的共振态．Li+HF的反应速率常数在100～300 K几乎不变,而Li+DF的反应速率常数则增长了10倍左右．Li+HF的反应几率和积分截面和以前报道的结果总体符合较好,差别应该是计算收敛性更好所致．     

H+Br2→HBr+Br反应的态-态量子动力学研究

H原子与卤素气体(F₂,Cl₂,Br₂)的反应是典型的轻-重-重原子-双原子反应. 对于研究化学激光的基本反应途径十分重要. 之前所有的实验结果都表明,H+Br₂→HBr+Br反应的势垒高度很小,甚至是负值. 本文基于11698个UCCSD(T)/CBS水平的从头算能量点,用FI-NN方法构建了HBr₂体系的精确全维全域势能面,还包括了Br原子²P_3/2轨道的自旋-轨道耦合. 势能面有一个下沉的势垒(-0.351 kcal/mol}),放热(ΔH₀=-41.265 kcal/mol) 和实验值吻合的很好,在这个势能面上应用含时波包方法计算了H+Br₂→HBr+Br反应的态-态积分和微分截面. 对初始基态反应,产物HBr(v′=2,3,4)态在所考虑的整个能量范围内占主导地位,说明HBr是振动态布居反转的. 温度300 K时,计算的产物振动分布在$v$$''$=3有最大值,在v′=0,1的分布可以忽略不计,这与Setser及合作者和Polanyi及合作者的实验结果相一致. 超过一半的总可用能量进入到产物的内部运动中,这其中大部分进入到振动中. 计算表明,反应物Br₂的初始转动激发对产物振转态分布和微分截面影响很小,而初始振动激发则有一定影响. 在低能区域,初始振动激发到v₀=5态很明显的增强了产物的振动激发. 在初始基态和初始转动激发态下,碰撞能量到0.5 eV的微分截面在后向达到峰值,但随着碰撞能量的增加,角分布的宽度显著增加. 对于初始振动激发态,产物微分截面的结构较为复杂,对高振动激发态产物有很强的前向散射峰.     

基于从头算势能面对S-(2P)+H2(1Σ+g)→SH-(1Σ)+H(2S)反应的量子含时波包计算

本文基于离子分子SH₂^-基态势能面,应用含时波包方法研究了反应S^-(²P)+H₂(¹Σ⁺_g)→SH^-(¹Σ)+H(²S)的动力学行为. 给出了反应几率和积分截面随碰撞能的变化关系,结果表明,在讨论的所有碰撞能量范围内二者均存在显著的振荡结构. 当初始转动量子数j=0,2,4,6,8,10和振动量子数v=0,1,2,3,4时,从总反应几率数值计算中可以看出,双原子H₂的振动激发和转动激发显著提高了反应活性. 同时积分散射截面的理论值与前人的实验值相符合.     

HCl-H2O和DCl-H2O二聚体的分子内和分子间振转态的全维和完全耦合量子计算

本文报道了氯化氢-水二聚体的两种同位素,HCl-H₂O和DCl-H₂O(DH)的J=1分子内和分子间振转态的全维和完全耦合量子束缚态计算. 本研究补充了我们最近对于这两类体系J=0九维(9D)振动水平结构的理论研究,并采用相同的精确9D置换不变多项式-神经网络势能面. 该计算得到了所有这些分子间和分子内低能的振转态的基本量,将结果与相同二聚体的9D J=0计算的结果进行了比较. K=1和K=0本征态之间的能量差异表现出与分子间振转态的明显变化,为此本文提供了定性的解释.     

OCS经由F 31Π里德堡态生成CO(X1Σ+)+S(1D2)产物的波长相关性光解离

本文利用时间切片离子速度成像技术在134∽140 nm波段研究了OCS分子经由F 3¹Π里德堡态的真空紫外光解离动力学. 在选取的5个分别对应OCS(F 3¹Π, v₁=0∽4)的伸缩振动激发的光解波长，实验测得了来自CO(X¹Σ⁺)+S(¹D₂)产物通道的SS(¹D₂))实验影像，并获得了总平动能谱和CO(X¹Σ⁺, v)共生产物的振动布居及角分布. 结果分析表明OCS分子解离生成CO(X¹Σ⁺)+S(¹D₂)产物的过程经历了上态F 3¹Π 与C_?v和C_s构型的下电子态间非绝热耦合过程. 实验结果显示了很强的波长相关性：OCS (F 3¹Π, v₁)的较低转动激发态(v₁=0∽2)和较高转动激发态(v₁=3, 4)的CO(X¹Σ⁺)产物的振动布居和角分布具有显著差异，表明该解离过程中具有不同的解离机理. 本结果提供了振动耦合可能对真空紫外光解离动力学产生关键作用的相关证据.     

反应N(2D)+H2→NH+H和N(2D)+D2→ND+D的立体动力学理论研究.

基于Ho等人的精确势能面(J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3063(2003))研究,运用准经典轨线方法计算了21.3 kJ/mol碰撞能下反应N(²D)+H₂→NH+H和N(²D)+D₂→ND+D的产物与反应物之间的矢量相关．发现两个反应的产物角分布都是前向和后向呈现峰值分布,产物的转动角动量矢量j′不仅是取向的,而且是在y轴负方向上定向的．两个反应显示出的同位素效应主要归因于同位素质量的差别．     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.