蜡烛火焰三维温度场重建实验研究

本文在实验室中以蜡烛火焰为研究对象,研究采用辐射图像处理技术重建蜡烛三维温度场。并采用细丝热电偶实测火焰局部温度,对蜡烛火焰三维温度场可视化的结果进行了比较。结果表明,火焰高温区的重建温度是合理的,此方法能够很好地重建单峰、双峰三维温度分布。进一步证实了基于火焰图像处理技术实现三维温度场可视化的可行性。     

燃烧器四角切圆布置炉膛内非对称冷态流场的数值模拟

以燃烧器四角切圆布置的超超临界塔式锅炉炉膛内的流动换热为背景,利用Fluent软件通过数值模拟研究了一个物理和几何结构完全对称的三维炉膛内冷态流场变化情况,选用6个燃烧器喷嘴出口速度作为不同的工况来计算炉内的流场,速度变化范围为5~30 m/s,湍流模型采用雷诺应力模型。计算结果表明,随着出口气流速度的增大,流动呈现出的切圆半径越来越大;当喷嘴出口速度小于等于10 m/s时,在所用计算模型下,流体速度场呈中心对称结构,切圆中心位于中央;随着出口速度的持续增加,流场从中心对称结构逐步转变成非中心对称结构,切圆中心发生明显偏斜.数值结果表明,即使几何结构完全对称且边界物理条件也完全对称的燃烧器四角切圆布置的炉膛中的流动,仍然可能是非对称的,这是造成烟气侧热偏差的可能的原因之一。     

四角切圆炉膛三维温度分布优化控制建模研究

炉膛燃烧三维温度分布可视化技术为实现炉内燃烧三维温度分布优化控制奠定了基础。本文采用数值计算的方法建立了炉内不同高度特征截面平均温度及相应的温度中心坐标作为中间被控变量,以各层各角燃烧器燃料量及一次风、二次风量等参数为输入变量的线性模型。检验结果表明该模型能正确反映输入变量的变化对炉内温度分布的影响,为采用自适应遗传算法实施燃烧优化控制创造了条件。     

三维复杂温度场高精度声学测量方法

声学温度场检测技术通过多路径声波传播时间数据,反演被测区域的温度分布。提供了一种高精度的三维复杂温度场的声学测量方法。首先从射线声学角度给出了三维非均匀温度场中声波传播路径的数学模型。在此基础上,将三维温度场的重建问题转化为声波传播路径的求解和温度场的反演问题,建立了基于多项式修正径向基函数(RBF-PR)和改进的Tikhonov正则化三维温度场重建算法。采用两种典型的炉膛三维温度场模型,在信噪比SNR=35 dB下进行了数值模拟,分析了声波传播路径在非均匀温度场中的弯曲特性、算法的重建质量和抗噪性,同时进行了实际炉膛内二维温度场的重建。结果表明了提出的考虑声线弯曲的温度场重建算法具有精度高,抗噪性强、适用性好的特点,为实现高精度的复杂温度场的声学测量提供了有效方法。      

基于纹影法的气体温度场可视化系统的设计

纹影法是介质折射率变化可视化的实用方法.本文基于分束镜等光学器件设计了一种新的折叠式纹影光路,可改善传统光路的低清晰度问题,同时利用光线的正入射消除了重影干扰.利用热风拆焊台出风口热流进行定标实验,获得纹影图像灰度值的差值与温度的函数关系,并利用纹影图像绘制灰度三维图像,实现了气体温度场可视化处理,提供了一种非接触测量气流温度与温度场摄像系统的测量方案.     

煤粉炉内辐射图象处理和燃烧过程数值模拟相结合初探

1引言大型电站锅炉炉膛内的燃烧过程是发生在相对较大空间内的、不断脉动的、具有强烈三维特征的复杂物理和化学过程。因为实际炉膛尺寸太大,以至于还没有建立适用的可视化技术手段[1],只能对其缩小了的模型在实验室进行研究[2.3]。作者在炉膛煤粉燃烧二维温度分布检测研究[4]的基础上,提出了以多幅辐射图像处理为基础的三维温度分布检测方法[5]。本文将建立较为严密的辐射图象信息同炉内燃烧过程的关系式,并借助燃烧过程数值模拟技术来估计炉内燃烧介质辐射特性参数非均匀分布,改进以辐射图象处理为基础的炉内三维燃烧温度分布检测方…     

200MW燃煤炉分级燃烧及NO_x减排的数值研究

本文针对某电厂200 MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉,采用数值方法,模拟了其额定工况采用和不采用分级燃烧以及不同分级燃尽风比率下炉内流场,温度场及NO_x的生成情况,探讨通过分级燃烧减少NO_x排放的方法。结果表明,在原来不采用分级燃烧的额定工况,数值模拟结果与设计值和在实际运行中的测试结果吻合良好,表明数值模拟基本符合实际;炉膛主燃区氧量过大是导致炉膛生成的NO_x浓度较高的重要原因,采用分级燃烧能够显著降低炉膛NO_x生成量;在本文计算条件下,当燃尽风比例占15%时NO_x生成量最小。     

炉膛三维温度场重建中Tikhonov正则化和截断奇异值分解算法比较

在煤粉锅炉诊断中火焰辐射能图像扮演着越来越重要的角色, 通过电荷耦合器件(CCD)获得的辐射能图像可以重建出炉内火焰三维温度场, CCD 用于获取视场角内的辐射能图像. 温度场重建的矩阵方程是一个严重病态的方程, 本文使用两种算法(Tikhonov正则化算法和截断奇异值分解(TSVD)算法)来重建温度场. 应用广义交叉检验算法来选取正确的正则化参数. 数值模拟的环境为一个10 m×10 m×10 m的三维炉膛, 系统被划分为10×10×10的1000个网格, 每个网格单元都是边长为1 m的立方体. 在正问题求解所得到的CCD接受信号基础上加上不同随机误差以模拟测量时的CCD接受信号. 研究两种算法重建后的温度重建误差、两者的重建时间, 以及最高温度的重建效果. 初步的研究结果显示, 一般情况下基于Tikhonov算法重建的温度场比基于TSVD算法重建的温度场误差要小, 计算所需时间短, 最高温度重建更准确.     

基于聚焦型光场相机的火焰温度场重建

光场成像技术可以在一次曝光中,同时记录下入射光线的空间分布信息和传播方向信息,能够得到更丰富的热辐射信号。本文利用聚焦型光场相机对三维火焰进行了光场采集,并利用这些光场信息通过截断奇异值分解(TSVD)重建了不同火焰的三维温度场分布,在重建过程中考虑了光场相机白图像的特点,剔除了对重建不利的无效像素,并且分别对均匀分布、轴对称分布和非轴对称分布的火焰进行了温度场重建,重建结果表明均匀温度分布的重建结果最佳,轴对称分布的重建结果次之,非轴对称分布的重建结果最差。最后考察了不同测量误差下重建结果,重建结果表明在一定的测量误差范围内,TSVD方法的重建效果对测量误差不敏感。     

四墙切圆燃烧方式壁面热负荷

本文将燃烧器布置在四墙中心附近,试验发现:四墙切圆燃烧方式可大大提高燃烧器区域壁面热负荷分布的均匀性。对宜宾无烟煤,四墙中心布置方式其壁面温差Tmax-Tmin平均值为四角切圆方式的24.7%; 对神木烟煤,其壁面温差Tmax-Tmin平均值为四角切圆方式的58.7%。这对防止燃烧器区域壁面结渣和高温腐蚀有重要意义。     

Transient and steady-state behavior of auto-igniting propane and dimethyl ether fuel jets in high-temperature vitiated coflows

In the current study, the auto-ignition dynamics of cold fuel jets issuing into a high-temperature, vitiated environments is investigated. Due to the short time scale of these events, high-speed measurements are used to resolve the coupled spatio-temporal behavior. The present study uses high-speed (20-kHz) OH* chemiluminescence imaging to identify the location and timing of the formation of the initial ignition kernels, providing visualization of the ignition dynamics and a detailed statistical evaluation of ignition heights and ignition delay times across a broad parameter space which includes variations in fuel type, dilution levels, coflow temperature, and coflow oxidizer content. The auto-ignition location and ignition delay times show a strong sensitivity to coflow temperature with increased sensitivities at lower coflow temperatures. Comparisons between kernel formation location for the transient jet and the fluctuating flame base of the subsequent, steady-state flame is presented, highlighting the role of flame propagation on flame stabilization. Results indicate that at lower temperatures the flame stabilization mechanism is dominated by auto-ignition, but at higher coflow temperatures, flame propagation plays a key role. The effects of variations in the hot, coflow oxidizer content on ignition properties were found to be noticeable, but still significantly less than variations in the temperature.     

Crystallization and surface morphology of Au/SiO2 thin films following furnace and flame annealing

A crystallization and surface evolution study of Au thin film on SiO₂ substrates following annealing at different temperatures above the eutectic point of the Au/Si system are reported. Samples were prepared by conventional evaporation of gold in a high vacuum (10⁻⁷ mbar) environment on substrates at room temperature. Thermal treatments were performed by both furnace and flame annealing techniques. Au thin films can be crystallized on SiO₂ substrates by both furnace and flame annealing. Annealing arranges the Au crystallites in the (1 1 1) plane direction and changes the morphology of the surface. Both, slow and rapid annealing result in a good background in the XRD spectra and hence clean and complete crystallization which depends more on the temperature than on the time of annealing. The epitaxial temperature for the Au/SiO₂ system decreases in the range of 350-400 °C. Furnace and flame annealing also form crystallized gold islands over the Au/SiO₂ surface. Relaxation at high temperatures of the strained Au layer, obtained after deposition, should be responsible for the initial stages of clusters formation. Gold nucleation sites may be formed at disordered points on the surface and they become islands when the temperature and time of annealing are increased. The growth rate of crystallites is highest around 360 °C. Above this temperature, the layer melts and gold diffuses from the substrate to the nucleation sites to increase the distance between islands and modify their shapes. Well above the eutectic temperature, the relaxed islands have hexagonally shaped borders. The mean crystallite diameters grow up to a maximum mean size of around 90 nm. The free activation energy for grain boundary migration above 360 °C is 0.2 eV. Therefore the type of the silicon substrate changes the mechanism of diffusion and growth of crystallites during annealing of the Au/Si system. Epitaxial Au(1 1 1) layers without formation of islands can be prepared by furnace annealing in the range of 300-310 °C and by flame annealing of a few seconds and up to 0.5 min.     

基于激光光解诱导荧光技术实现燃烧反应区及中间产物CH_3瞬态可视化

实现火焰反应区和不同中间组分的在线二维瞬态成像,在湍流燃烧的基础研究中具有十分重要的意义。用Nd∶YAG激光器的5倍频输出(212.8nm)作为光源,通过激光光解诱导荧光技术在甲烷/空气预混火焰中,成功实现了火焰反应区的瞬态成像,并首次采用该技术实现了CH_3的在线瞬态成像测量。分析了该方法同其他荧光标示物在反应区二维瞬态成像方法的优势,并研究了火焰燃烧过程中其他燃烧中间产物和不同燃空比对CH_3单脉冲成像的影响,讨论了现有条件下该技术的应用范围。根据实验结果,在燃空比Φ=1.2的条件下,在反应区我们获得了信噪比约为8的单脉冲成像,分析火焰中CH_3的单脉冲成像结果可知火焰燃空比在1.0~1.4之间时,或者火焰中CH_3的浓度大于9.3×1015 molecules·cm-3信噪比较好。该项技术在动力机械及其他研究领域的应用有十分重要的参考价值。     

Improved Performance of On-line Atom Trapping in Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry by Chemical Vapor Generation: Determination of Cadmium in High-Salinity Water Samples

ABSTRACT

On-line atom trapping inside a nickel flame furnace using chemical vapor generation for sample introduction was proposed for the determination of trace cadmium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Cadmium volatile species was generated upon reaction with potassium borohydride and then flushed into a flame furnace for on-line trapping by a flow of nitrogen carrier gas. The middle part of the flame furnace, where the carrier gas impacts, is cooled by the gas flow, and this provides a fine strategy for on-line atom trapping for the purpose of preconcentration. A stainless steel plate is put on the top of the flame burner in the middle to form a flame-free zone, which also greatly lowers the temperature of the flame furnace and facilitates the atom-trapping process. Due to the introduction of chemical vapor generation, matrix effect was greatly alleviated compared with direct pneumatic nebulization for on-line atom trapping in flame furnace AAS. With trapping time of 35 s, the current approach achieved an excellent limit of detection of 20 ng L^?1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantification of cadmium in high-salinity samples.     

Flame four-dimensional deflection tomography with compressed-sensing-revision reconstruction

Deflection tomography with limited angle projections was investigated to visualize a premixed flame. A projection sampling system for deflection tomography was used to obtain chronological deflectogram arrays at six view angles with only a pair of gratings. A new iterative reconstruction algorithm with deflection angle compressed-sensing revision was developed to improve reconstruction-distribution quality from incomplete projection data. Numerical simulation and error analysis provided a good indication of algorithm precision and convergence. In the experiment, 150 fringes were processed, and temperature distributions in 20 cross-sections were reconstructed from projection data in four instants. Four-dimensional flame structures and temperature distributions in the flame interior were visualized using the visualization toolkit. The experimental reconstruction was then compared with the result obtained from computational fluid dynamic analysis.     

A model of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) end-point prediction based on spectrum information of the furnace flame with support vector machine (SVM)

In the common basic oxygen furnace technique, we often get the information of furnace flame by our eyes, from which we could estimate the content of the carbon in the molten iron. In order to using an optical device to estimate the end point of BOF accurately, we design an arithmetic to predict the end point. The variety of the furnace flame essentially is the variety of the spectrum. So we proceed with the variety of spectrum distributing, distilling some parameters which could depict the variety of spectrum, combining with the support vector machine (SVM) to compose a system which could predict the end point of BOF relatively accuracy. The result of the experiment shows that the model meets the requirements of end-point judgment online. Furthermore, by discussing with the different output function of SVM, we can confirm that we can measure the content of carbon in the molten iron in real time by using this model.     

Simultaneous high speed PIV and CH PLIF using R-branch excitation in the C2Σ+-X2Π (0,0) band

Simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) utilizing R-branch transitions in the C-X (0,0) band were performed at a 10-kHz repetition-rate in a turbulent premixed flame. The CH lines at 310.690?nm (from the R-branch of the C-X band) used here have greater efficiency than A-X and B-X transitions, which allows for high-framerate imaging with low laser pulse energy. Most importantly, the simultaneous imaging of both CH PLIF and PIV is enabled by the use of a custom edge filter, which blocks scattering at the laser wavelength (below ～311?nm) while efficiently transmitting fluorescence at longer wavelengths. The Hi-Pilot Bunsen burner operated with a turbulent Reynolds number of 7900 was used to demonstrate simultaneous PIV and CH PLIF utilizing this filtered detection scheme. Instances where pockets of products were observed well upstream of the mean flame brush are found to be the result of out-of-plane motion of the flame sheet. Such instances can lead to ambiguous results when interpreting the thickness of reaction layers. However, the temporally resolved nature of the present diagnostics facilitate the identification and proper treatment of such situations. The strategy demonstrated here can yield important information in the study of turbulent flames by providing temporally resolved flame dynamics in terms of flame sheet visualization and velocity fields.     

煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱实验研究

针对煤粉燃烧辐射光谱问题,利用光纤光谱仪对煤粉平面火焰炉实验装置煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱进行了测量,详细分析了煤粉辐射光谱特征,并基于普朗克辐射传热定律,通过对光谱仪波长响应特性的标定,得到火焰绝对辐射强度随波长的分布情况,进而利用最小二乘法获得火焰温度与辐射率参数,由此提出基于煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱测量的火焰参数测量方法。利用该方法对不同燃烧条件下煤粉燃烧参数进行测量,开展了不同燃烧参数下煤粉火焰辐射光谱实验研究,研究结果表明:煤粉燃烧火焰辐射在200~1 100nm波段具有较强且连续的光谱特征,基于普朗克辐射定律与最小二乘法可实现煤粉燃烧火焰温度与辐射率的测量;煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱在590,766,769和779nm附近可见明显的Na和K等碱金属痕量元素原子光谱发射谱线,并且这些原子谱线的出现与火焰温度有关;随着煤粉浓度的提高,虽然燃烧温度变化不大,但由于火焰辐射率的增加,造成辐射光谱强度的大幅提升。这对锅炉煤粉燃烧优化具有重要参考价值。     

High temperature O2-CARS thermometry

O₂ temperature measurements at T=1910K have been performed by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) inside a homogeneously heated gas volume of a tube furnace. The oxygen CARS spectrum can now be modeled accurately within the higher vibrational levels of the Q-branch manifold populated at flame temperatures using recently available spectroscopic data and collisional broadening coefficients.     

Experimental and kinetic study of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and iso-octane in laminar flames

Laminar flame speeds of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene are investigated at equivalence ratios of 0.7–1.6, initial temperatures of 298–453 K and initial pressures of 0.1–0.5 MPa. The comparison between 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and iso-octane is also performed. Results show that 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene has faster laminar flame speed than iso-octane. Chemical kinetic models (Metcalfe model, Modified model I) were tested against the present experimental data. The laminar flame speeds are apparently over-estimated by the Metcalfe model and under-predicted by the Modified model I. Therefore, high-level quantum mechanical calculations were used to revise the Modified model I to obtain Modified model II and it can give fairly good prediction at various conditions on laminar flame speeds. In addition, the chemical kinetic analysis was conducted. The analysis indicates both thermal and kinetic effects result in the discrepancy of laminar flame speeds between 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and iso-octane. Furthermore, IC₄H₈ plays a dominant role in laminar flame speeds of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and iso-octane.