导热优化:热耗散与最优导热系数场

本文讨论了通过重新布置场内的导热系数分布来强化热传导的导热优化问题。针对边界上传热量一定的任意几何区域的稳态导热,在全场的导热系数积分为定值的条件下,以最小热耗散作为目标,利用变分方法导出了导热优化的基本准则;导热系数与局部热流密度成正比。该准则指导下的导热优化过程可获得热耗散最小的导热系数分布。实例证明了该方法是有效且合理的。     

吸附剂基质膨胀石墨的渗透率与导热系数研究

为了测试混合吸附剂基质材料石墨的传热传质特性,设计了吸附剂渗透率与导热系数测试装置,首先用平板热源法测试了散装石墨在不同膨胀温度及不同膨胀时间下的导热系数,优选出了石墨的最佳膨胀工艺,然后采用最佳膨胀工艺下的石墨进行固化,以氮气作为气源对固化石墨进行了渗透率研究,以稳态热源加热法对固化石墨进行导热系数测试,结果表明,当...     

热线法同时测定含湿多孔介质导热系数和导温系数的实验技术

本文对利用常功率热线法测定含湿多孔介质热物性的特殊性作了分析,采取了有效的技术措施以控制湿材料导热系数和导温系数的测试误差.报道了对含湿型砂热物性的测试结果.     

一个简单、快速、非破坏性地测定低导热材料导热系数的热比较仪

Powell提出的热比较器法具有测试时间短、不破坏被测材料的优点.在Powell热比较器的基础上,参考Goldsmid比较器,我们设计了一种适宜测试各种建筑材料、塑料等低导热材料导热系数的热比较仪. 该仪器的测量本体是一个特殊的探头(见图1).探头的主要测试元件是两对铜—镰铜热电偶.温差热电偶A用以测定热端与探头触点之间的温差,温差热电偶B用来测定     

3ω法测量单根碳纤维导热系数和热容

考虑环境热损失,建立了单根碳纤维沿轴向的导热方程,得到了碳纤维热参数与交流加热信号的频域特性之间的关系.建立了适用于微细导电线或丝的3ω测试系统.利用3ω方法同时测量了单根碳纤维沿轴向的导热系数和热容.在室温下测量了Pt丝的导热系数和热容,验证了建立的实验系统的合理性,利用该方法测量的直径为7 μm单根碳纤维沿轴向的导热系数和热容分别为84.35 W·m-1·K-1和1.19 MJ·m-3·K-1.给出了实验测量的不确定度分析.建立的实验系统可用于单根碳纳米管或导电纳米线热参数的表征.     

微探针法测试番茄各成熟阶段导热系数的研究

研究采用适合测试果实导热系数的微探针法,对同一品种的番茄,在相同部位进行平行测定,得出的导热系数值与文献值相近,证明了该方法的可行性.研究结果表明,番茄的导热系数随着果实的可溶性内含物变化存在着有规律的变化.这可从果实组织细胞结构上得到进一步解释,为热物理学理论在研究复杂植物生命现象的应用中作了有益的尝试.     

同时测定热绝缘材料α和λ的常功率平面热源法

本文报道了根据半无限大固体表面被常热流加热的不稳定导热理论所拟订的同时测定热绝缘材料导温系数α和导热系数λ的测试方法与技术.从埋论上分析了控制测试精度的试验条件,可使α和λ的测试结果的累计总误差不超过±6％.     

单根单壁碳纳米管导热系数随长度变化尺度效应的实验和理论

考虑纳米碳管与基体之间的热损失,采用四焊盘-3ω法测量了室温下基体表面不同长度单根单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)的导热系数.SWNT的导热系数在测试长度范围(05—7μm)内随长度的增大而增大,增加的幅度逐渐减小.考虑二阶3-声子过程的影响,采用改进的WV模型预测了SWNT导热系数随长度的变化规律.理论预测的声子平均自由程～175nm.导热系数的测量结果与室温下不同长度SWNT的实验结果相吻合.理论预测结果与实验结果均说明SWNT导热系数随长度变化具有尺度效应. 关键词： ω法')" href="#">3ω法 单壁碳纳米管 导热系数 二阶3-声子过程     

热损耗条件下导热系数反演模型及实验研究

通过导热反问题反演求解导热系数通常误差较大,本文构建考虑热损耗条件下的虚拟薄板模型精确求解导热系数。首先通过数值算例验证模型的准确性和稳定性,正向问题使用有限差分法进行求解,反问题求解采用人工蜂群算法进行目标函数最优化。然后搭建第二类边界条件下导热正向装置,进行导热系数实例反演和实验研究,并将新模型与理论模型反演结果对比分析。结果表明理论模型反演结果的相对误差约为-14.76%,而新模型下导热系数反演相对误差达到-4.67%。新模型较理论模型反演结果更精确,有效降低了热损耗对反演的影响,提高了反演精度,更符合实际工况。     

环路热管毛细芯有效导热系数的实验研究

通过建立相关测试平台,对一系列环路热管用烧结毛细芯的有效导热系数进行了实验研究,分析了组元配比,孔隙率和浸润工质等参数对有效导热系数的影响。研究发现烧结镍铜毛细芯有效导热系数显著低于单一组元毛细芯,并随着孔隙率的增加而降低,饱和了水的毛细芯导热系数相比干态毛细芯的导热系数有所增加。实验结果与文献中的有效导热系数模型比较,Alexander模型与实验数据拟合最为良好。     

应力对石墨烯热输运性质影响的分子动力学模拟

本文建立了低维薄膜材料导热模型,运用非平衡分子动力学模拟的方法,利用lanmmps软件对单层石墨烯纳米带的导热特性进行仿真分析,根据Fourier定律计算热导率,再对石墨烯纳米带的原子施加一定耦合应力场,把应力耦合作用下的石墨烯热导率与正常的石墨烯纳米带进行了对比研究,模拟数据结果表明:在石墨烯纳米带上施加耦合应力时,会导致石墨烯纳米带热导率升高,且随应力增加而增大,模拟范围内热导率升高2.61倍,并且应力方向会对热导率变化产生一定影响,这个研究为纳米尺度上石墨烯相关研究和进一步提升热导率提供了新思路.     

Utilization of the magnetogranulometric analysis to estimate the thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids

In this study, the semi-empirical equation for the effective thermal conductivity of the Holotescu-Stoian model was applied to a set of four dilutions of a transformer oil based magnetic fluid with magnetite nanoparticles as magnetic phase, using the results obtained for the size distributions from the magnetogranulometry analysis, followed by a comparison with the measured values of the effective thermal conductivity obtained by the hot ball method. The link between the size distribution by number and by volume used in the magnetogranulometry analysis and the Holotescu-Stoian model adaptation to the lognormal distribution were presented. The comparison between the results given by the model and the corresponding experimental data showed that by using the approximated size distribution to calculate the effective thermal conductivity the analytical results much closer to the experimental ones are obtained, compared to those given by the Maxwell classical model.     

Dielectric characteristics and thermal behaviour of terbium fumarate heptahydrate crystals

Dielectric properties, ac conductivity and thermal characteristics of terbium fumarate heptahydrate crystals grown by gel diffusion method have been carried out. The real part of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of the material have been measured as a function of temperature and frequency of the applied electric field. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of the title compound were systematically investigated, showing a hump at about 85 °C, which could be attributed to water molecules in the crystal boundary. The dielectric anomaly exhibited by the material has been correlated with its thermal behaviour. The ac conductivity of the material obeys the Jonscher's power law relation; σ(ω) = σ_o + Aω^s, with the temperature dependent power exponent s < 1. The ac conductivity of the compound has been found to increase with the increase in frequency. The material is suggested to show protonic conduction. The non-isothermal kinetics was used to evaluate the activation energy for the dehydration step of thermal decomposition of terbium fumarate heptahydrate by using the Coats–Redfern integral method.     

Scanning near field thermal microscopy on a micromachined thin membrane

A resistive probe based scanning thermal microscope (SThM) has been used to perform complementary near field thermal measurements on the surface of a thin semiconductor membrane. This thin structure is part of a micromachined thermal rf power sensor and includes an integrated resistive heater used as an absorbing element for the input power. The resulting 2D surface temperature distribution and the 2D thermal wave propagation characteristic were determined. Considering the thermal wave behaviour at near field conditions, the local thermal conductivity of the thin membrane and the surrounding bulk material was investigated by usage of the 3ω-method.     

The effect of particle size on the thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids

We present new data for the thermal conductivity enhancement in seven nanofluids containing 8–282 nm diameter alumina nanoparticles in water or ethylene glycol. Our results show that the thermal conductivity enhancement in these nanofluids decreases as the particle size decreases below about 50 nm. This finding is consistent with a decrease in the thermal conductivity of alumina nanoparticles with decreasing particle size, which can be attributed to phonon scattering at the solid–liquid interface. The limiting value of the enhancement for nanofluids containing large particles is greater than that predicted by the Maxwell equation, but is predicted well by the volume fraction weighted geometric mean of the bulk thermal conductivities of the solid and liquid. This observation was used to develop a simple relationship for the thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids in both water and ethylene glycol.     

Molecular dynamics study for the thermal conductivity of diatomic liquid

The thermal conductivity of diatomic liquids was analyzed using a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) method. Five liquids, namely, O₂, CO, CS₂, Cl₂ and Br₂, were assumed. The two-center Lennard-Jones (2CLJ) model was used to express the intermolecular potential acting on liquid molecules. First, the equation of state of each liquid was obtained using MD simulation, and the critical temperature, density and pressure of each liquid were determined. Heat conduction of each liquid at various liquid states [metastable (ρ=1.9ρ_cr), saturated (ρ=2.1ρ_cr), and stable (ρ=2.3ρ_cr)] at T=0.7T_cr was simulated and the thermal conductivity was estimated. These values were compared with experimental results and it was confirmed that the simulated results were consistent with the experimental data within 10%. Obtained thermal conductivities at saturated state were reduced by the critical temperature, density and mass of molecules and these values were compared with each other. It was found that the reduced thermal conductivity increased with the increase in the molecular elongation. Detailed analysis of the molecular contribution to the thermal conductivity revealed that the contribution of the heat flux caused by energy transport and by translational energy transfer to the thermal conductivity is independent of the molecular elongation while the contribution of the heat flux caused by rotational energy transfer to the thermal conductivity increases with the increase in the molecular elongation. Moreover, by comparing the reduced thermal conductivity at various states, it was found that the increase of thermal conductivity with the increase in the density, or pressure, was caused by the increase of the contribution of energy transfer due to molecular interaction.     

Macroscopic polarization and thermal conductivity of GaN

We theoretically investigated the effect of macroscopic polarization (sum of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization) on the thermal conductivity of wurtzite GaN. Macroscopic polarization contributes to the effective elastic constant of the GaN and thus modifies the phonon group velocity. We used the revised phonon velocity to estimate the Debye frequency and temperature. Different phonon scattering rates were calculated as functions of the phonon frequency. The thermal conductivity of GaN was estimated using revised parameters such as the phonon velocity and phonon relaxation rate. The revised thermal conductivity at room temperature increased from 250 to 279 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ due to macroscopic polarization. The method we developed can be used for thermal budget calculations for GaN optoelectronic devices.     

Sectoral thermal emitter for testing of modern IR systems

The paper presents multi-sector stable IR grey body radiation source, that can be used for testing of MRT. Its main element is monolithic metal plate with a test pattern, made of material with high thermal conductivity. On the surface of the test plate the sectors of different emissivity are created during manufacturing process. As a result when viewed by a thermal camera those sectors exhibit thermal contrast depending mainly on the radiative properties of each sector. The value of thermal contrast between particular sectors can be adjusted by changing the temperature of a test plate with respect to ambient. The emissivity values of particular sectors have been calculated and the procedure of adjusting the thermal contrast has been described, as well as the technology used to create the test plate. The model of described emitter has been tested and the results of temperature values obtained from thermal camera were compared with theoretical, calculated figures. The proposed emitter is dedicated for testing and calibrating of modern observations IR systems.     

Effect of triangular vacancy defect on thermal conductivity and thermal rectification in graphene nanoribbons

We investigate the thermal transport properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) possessing various sizes of triangular vacancy defect within a temperature range of 200–600 K by using classical molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the thermal conductivities of the graphene nanoribbons decrease with increasing sizes of triangular vacancy defects in both directions across the whole temperature range tested, and the presence of the defect can decrease the thermal conductivity by more than 40% as the number of removed cluster atoms is increased to 25 (1.56% for vacancy concentration) owing to the effect of phonon–defect scattering. In the meantime, we find the thermal conductivity of defective graphene nanoribbons is insensitive to the temperature change at higher vacancy concentrations. Furthermore, the dependence of temperatures and various sizes of triangular vacancy defect for the thermal rectification ration are also detected. This work implies a possible route to achieve thermal rectifier for 2D materials by defect engineering.     

Graphene based silicone thermal greases

Two kinds of silicone grease containing graphene nanoplatelets or reduced graphene oxide were prepared, and their thermophysical properties have been investigated. When the volume fraction was 1%, the reduced graphene oxide was the most effective additive to enhance the heat transfer properties of silicone, and graphene nanoplatelet was slightly inferior to the former. While when the concentration was enhanced, the viscosity of silicone grease containing reduced graphene oxide became very large due to its rich pore structure. Graphene nanoplatelet was efficient for the thermal conductivity enhancement of silicone grease, and it provided a thermal conductivity enhancement was up to 668%$668\text{\%}$ (loading of 4.25 vol.%$4.25\text{vol.}\text{\%}$). The experimental result is in excellent agreement with the recently developed theoretical model analyzing the thermal conductivity of isotropic composites containing randomly embedded GNPs, and it validates that graphene is an effective thermally conducting filler to let grease have high thermal conductivity with low filler content.