贵金属Au冷却过程中结构及能量变化的分子动力学计算机模拟

通过分子动力学方法,研究了不同冷速下贵金属Ａｕ在温度２０００～３００Ｋ的冷却过程中微观结构的变化特点,结果发现,冷却速度对Ａｕ的微观结构产生重要影响,采用偶关联函数和键对分析技术对原子局域团簇结果者分析,并考察了冷却过程中原子势能随温度的变化,比较了Ａｕ的微观结构转变与能量变化的对应关系,从能量转化的角度对冷却过程中Ａｕ的结构变化进行了说明。     

耐蚀合金Au3Cu高温冷却过程中能量及结构转变的分子动力学模拟

用分子动学模拟方法对液态Au3Cu冷却过程进行了研究,考察了不同冷却速度下Au3Cu结构变化特点,原子间相互作用势采用F-S多体势,结构分析采用键取向序和对分析技术。计算结果表明,冷却速度对液态Au3Cu能量及结构转变有重要影响,给出了不同冷却速度下液态Au3Cu结构转变的微观信息。     

冷却速率对Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中结构与动力学性质的影响

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了五种不同冷却速率对Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中结构与动力学性质的影响。采用两种不同的方法来确定玻璃转变温度Tg,并且对结晶温度Tc、径向分布函数g(r)、均方位移函数MSD与扩散系数D、平均配位数进行比较分析。结果表明：冷却速率影响Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中的结构。当使用足够高的冷却速率冷却时,体系发生玻璃化转变,而且冷却速率越快,玻璃转变温度越高;当冷却速率较小时,体系形成晶体,而且冷却速率越慢,结晶温度越高,结晶程度也越高。同时发现,冷却速率对扩散系数和平均配位数也有很大影响,二者在体系发生玻璃转变时都有一个缓变的过程,表明了过冷液相区的存在。     

液态合金NiAl凝固过程中微观结构转变的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法对液态NiAl凝固过程进行了研究 ,考察了不同冷却速度下液态NiAl结构变化特点 ,原子间相互作用势采用F S多体势 ,结构分析采用键取向序和对分析技术 .计算结果表明 ,冷却速度对液态NiAl结构转变有重要影响 ,在不同的冷却速度下 ,NiAl凝固过程出现了明显不同 ,冷速为 4× 10 13 和4× 10 12 K/s时 ,NiAl快速凝固为无序的非晶体结构 ;而在较慢的 8× 10 11K/s冷速下 ,NiAl凝固为晶态结构 .给出了不同冷却速度下液态NiAl结构转变的微观信息 .     

液态金属Ni3Al凝固过程中结构转变的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法对液态Ni3Al凝固过程进行了研究,考察了不同冷却速度下液态Ni3Al结构变化特点,原子间相互作用势采用F－S多体势,结构分析采用键取向序和对分析技术,计算结果表明,冷却速度对液态Ni3Al结构转变有重要影响,给出了不同冷却速度下液态Ni3Al结构转变的微观信息。     

冷却速率对Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中结构与动力学性质的影响

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了五种不同冷却速率对Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中结构与动力学性质的影响.采用两种不同的方法来确定玻璃转变温度Tg,并且对结晶温度Tc、径向分布函数g(r)、均方位移函数MSD与扩散系数D、平均配位数进行比较分析.结果表明:冷却速率影响Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中的结构.当使用足够高的冷却速率冷却时,体系发生玻璃化转变,而且冷却速率越快,玻璃转变温度越高;当冷却速率较小时,体系形成晶体,而且冷却速率越慢,结晶温度越高,结晶程度也越高.同时发现,冷却速率对扩散系数和平均配位数也有很大影响,二者在体系发生玻璃转变时都有一个缓变的过程,表明了过冷液相区的存在.     

蓄冷能力对液氢贮箱蒸气冷却屏瞬态特性的影响

蒸气冷却屏可有效降低贮箱漏热,延长低温流体贮存时间。为明确间歇性排气下蒸气冷却屏是否有足够的蓄冷能力能够在短时排气过程中充分蓄存/回收低温气体冷量,本文针对液氢贮箱绝热结构建立了耦合真空多层绝热与蒸气冷却屏的瞬态传热模型,研究了间歇性排气下液氢贮箱外部绝热结构和内部气液相的热力参数变化规律,讨论了绝热结构瞬态温度分布随蒸气冷却屏蓄冷能力的变化特性,对比分析了蓄冷能力对蒸气冷却屏绝热性能的影响。     

尺寸效应对Al纳米线凝固行为的影响

结合EAM镶嵌原子作用势, 通过经典的分子动力学模拟研究了不同截面尺寸Al纳米线在两种冷却速率下的凝固行为, 并采用键对分析技术探讨了相变过程中原子团簇的演化情况. 结果表明:Al纳米线的最终结构不仅与冷却速率有关, 还呈现出明显的尺寸效应. 在较快的冷却速率下, 五种截面尺寸的Al纳米线均得到了多壳螺旋结构; 而当冷却速率降低以后, 除了N₃纳米线发生了断裂以外, 其余纳米线的结构随着截面尺寸的增加, 逐渐从多壳螺旋结构经由类-六边形多壳结构最终过渡到稳定的晶态结构.     

尺寸效应对Al纳米线凝固行为的影响

结合EAM镶嵌原子作用势, 通过经典的分子动力学模拟研究了不同截面尺寸Al纳米线在两种冷却速率下的凝固行为, 并采用键对分析技术探讨了相变过程中原子团簇的演化情况. 结果表明:Al纳米线的最终结构不仅与冷却速率有关, 还呈现出明显的尺寸效应. 在较快的冷却速率下, 五种截面尺寸的Al纳米线均得到了多壳螺旋结构; 而当冷却速率降低以后, 除了N₃纳米线发生了断裂以外, 其余纳米线的结构随着截面尺寸的增加, 逐渐从多壳螺旋结构经由类-六边形多壳结构最终过渡到稳定的晶态结构.     

冷却过程中Pd923 团簇的结构转变研究

本文利用分子动力学模拟方法, 研究了钯团簇在不同冷却条件下形成晶体及非晶的过程. 利用平均原子体积、双体分布函数、键对分析和键序参数方法研究了微观局域结构随温度的变化关系. 研究发现：在50 K/ps冷却过程中,液态Pd923团簇在1000 K发生玻璃化转变,在100 K下形成非晶结构; 而在0.1 K/ps冷却过程中,液态Pd923团簇发生结晶,并最终形成六角密排（hcp）晶体结构。     

Cu~+、Ag~+、Au~+与乙硫醇的气相化学反应

利用激光溅射 分子束的技术 ,结合反射飞行时间质谱计 ,研究了Cu+、Ag+、Au+与乙硫醇的气相化学反应。结果显示这三种金属离子与 (CH3 CH2 SH) n 反应形成一系列团簇离子M+(CH3 CH2 SH) n,且团簇离子尺寸不一样。Ag+、Au+与乙硫醇的反应还生成了 (CH3 CH2 SH) +n ,由此推测Cu+、Ag+、Au+与乙硫醇团簇的反应存在两种通道 ,一种通道是生成M+(CH3 CH2 SH) n,另一种是生成 (CH3 CH2 SH) +n 。Cu+、Au+与乙硫醇的反应还生成了M+(H2 S) (M =Cu、Au) ,但是实验中没有观察到Ag+(H2 S) ,理论计算表明Ag+(H2 S)很不稳定。另外 ,分析产物离子M+(CH3 CH2 SH) n 的强度发现 ,n =1～ 2之间存在明显的强度突变现象     

Density functional investigation of structural and electronic properties of small bimetallic silver–gold clusters

Structural and electronic properties of bimetallic silver–gold clusters up to eight atoms are investigated by the density functional theory using Wu and Cohen generalized gradient approximation functional. By substitution of Ag and Au atoms, in the optimized lowest energy structures of pure gold and silver clusters, we determine the ground state conformations of the bimetallic silver–gold ones. We reveal that Ag atoms prefer internal positions whereas Au atoms prefer exposed ones favoring charge transfer from Ag to Au atoms. For each size and composition, binding energy, HOMO–LUMO gap, magnetic moment, vertical ionization potential, electron affinity and chemical hardness were calculated. On increasing the size of the cluster by varying number of Ag atoms with fixed number of Au ones, vertical ionization potential and electron affinity show obvious odd–even oscillations consistent with the pure Ag and Au clusters. Au atoms inclusion in the cluster increases the binding energy and vertical ionization potential, indicating higher stability as the number of Au atoms grows. The variation of chemical hardness with the composition in a cluster with the same size shows peaks when the number of Ag atoms is greater than or equal to Au ones, corresponding to transition from planar to tri-dimensional structures. For clusters with even number of atoms, the peaks indicate that the clusters with the same number of Ag and Au atoms are the most stable ones. Analyzing the density of states, we found that increasing the concentration of Ag atoms affects the energy separation between the HOMO and the low lying occupied states.     

Softlanding and STM imaging of Ag<Subscript> 561</Subscript> clusters on a C<Subscript> 60</Subscript> monolayer

The low energy deposition of silver cluster cations with 561 (±5) atoms on a cold fullerene covered gold surface has been studied both by scanning tunneling microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. The special properties of the C₆₀/Au(111) surface result in a noticeable fixation of the clusters without a significant change of the cluster shape. Upon heating to room temperature we observe a flattening or shrinking of the cluster samples due to thermal activation. Similar changes were observed also for mass selected Ag clusters with other sizes. For comparison we also studied Ag islands of similar size, grown by low temperature deposition of Ag atoms and subsequent annealing. A completely different behavior is observed with much broader size distributions and a qualitatively different response to annealing.     

High stability of the goldalloy fullerenes:A density functional theory investigation of M₁₂@Au₂₀（M=Na,Al,Ag,Sc,Y,La,Lu,and Au） clusters

Discovering highly stable metal fullerenes such as the celebrated C 60 is interesting in cluster science as they have potential applications as building blocks in new nanostructures.We here investigated the structural and electronic properties of the fullerenes M 12 @Au 20(M=Na,Al,Ag,Sc,Y,La,Lu,and Au),using a first-principles investigation with the density functional theory.It is found that these compound clusters possess a similar cage structure to the icosahedral Au 32 fullerene.La 12 @Au 20 is found to be particularly stable among these clusters.The binding energy of La 12 @Au 20 is 3.43 eV per atom,1.05 eV larger than that in Au 32.The highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(HOMO-LUMO) gap of La 12 @Au 20 is only 0.31 eV,suggesting that it should be relatively chemically reactive.     

High probability of single molecule junction formation with Ag electrodes

We use a scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction technique to compare the probability of the formation of a single-molecule junction for a series of amine-terminated oligophenyl and alkane species using either Ag or Au as electrodes. For all molecules, we find that there is a significantly higher probability of junction formation when using Ag electrodes than with Au electrodes. We also find that longer molecules have a higher probability than shorter molecules to form a junction for both Ag and Au electrodes. For all molecules, the measured molecular junction length that is formed with the Ag electrodes was longer than that formed with Au electrodes. Furthermore, we can make a single atomic oxygen junction and can measure its conductance using Ag electrodes. These observations are attributed to a narrower gap of the Ag electrodes compared to that of the Au electrodes after the metal contact ruptures. Since there is a high probability of a molecular junction forming when using Ag electrodes, we can therefore perform a statistical analysis within the context of the material properties that are suitable for future molecular electronics.     

Multiphase density functional theory parameterization of the interatomic potential for silver and gold

The ground state energies of Ag and Au in the face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centeredcubic (BCC), simple cubic (SC) and the hypothetical diamond-like phase, and dimer werecalculated as a function of bond length using density functional theory (DFT). Theseenergies were then used to parameterize the many-body Gupta potential for Ag and Au. Wepropose a new parameterization scheme that adopts coordination dependence of theparameters using the well-known Tersoff potential as its starting point. Thisparameterization, over several phases of Ag and Au, was performed to guaranteetransferability of the potentials and to make them appropriate for studies of relatednanostructures. Depending on the structure, the energetics of the surface atoms play acrucial role in determining the details of the nanostructure. The accuracy of theparameters was tested by performing a 2?ns MD simulation of a cluster of 55 Ag?atoms – awell studied cluster of Ag, the most stable structure being the icosahedral one. Withinthis time scale, the initial FCC lattice was found to transform to the icosahedralstructure at room temperature. The new set of parameters for Ag was then used in atemperature dependent atom-by-atom deposition of Ag nanoclusters of up to 1000 atoms. Wefind a deposition temperature of 500?±?50?K where low energy clusters are generated,suggesting an optimal annealing temperature of 500?K for Ag cluster synthesis. Surfaceenergies were also calculated via a 3 ns MD simulation.     

Cluster method density of states for noble metals and comparison with photoemission spectra

The multiple scattering cluster method is used to calculate densities of states for Cu, Ag, and Au. The results compare favorably with experimental photoemission spectra. The method converges rapidly with the cluster size used for the calculation.     

扩散系数局域变化对生长亚单层薄膜的影响

将Au沉积在PVF有机膜基底上生成亚单层薄膜,发现了不同于金属/单晶组合的亚单层表面形貌,即某些表面区域形成特别大的团簇,而团簇周围有一近似圆形空带．推测这是由于表面局部区域扩散系数发生变化引起的,用改进后包括边缘扩散的DDA模型证明了这一推测．模拟的结果还表明在PVF膜基底上,Au团簇所包含的原子数S与团簇扩散系数D_S应呈指数关系. 关键词：     

吸附原子在Ag,Pt,Au(110)表面上的自扩散现象

采用表面嵌入势，用静态计算和分子动力学方法研究了Ag,Pt,Au单个吸附原子在(110)表面上的自扩散现象.分别给出了跳跃机制和交换机制所对应的能量变化曲线及相关原子的运动轨迹，分析了这三种不同金属(110)表面上的自扩散特点，结果与分子动力学模拟及有关的实验结果相符合.     

Scaling relations for implantation of size-selected Au,Ag, and Si clusters into graphite

The deposition of size-selected clusters represents a new route to the fabrication of truly nanometer-scale surface architectures, e.g., nanopores. We report a systematic experimental study, coupled with molecular dynamics simulations, of the implantation depths of size-selected Au7, Ag7, and Si7 clusters in the model graphite substrate. For impact energies between 1.0 and 5.5 keV, we find that the implantation depth scales linearly with the momentum of the clusters for all three types of cluster. This "universal" behavior is consistent with a (viscous) retarding force proportional to the velocity of the cluster, akin to Stokes's law.