RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL NOTES LETHAL THRESHOLD CURVE OF GUINEA-PIGS IN HIGH-INTENSITY SOUND FIELD

Some results from the study of the physiological effects of high level broad-band noise fields(165-173 dB)on guinea-pigs are presented in this paper.The lethal time for guinea-pigs undervarious sound pressure levels was determined.The logarithm of exposure time and the sound pres-sure level had good linear correlation.The experimental results showed that lethal time was decreasedby half if the sound pressure level was increased by 3 dB.These results agreed with the law ofequal energy and showed the death of guinea-pigs depended on the noise-dose,i.e.the noise in-tensity times the exposure duration.The average value of the lethal noise-dose is a constant,about33 J/mm~2.     

Scaling of the flow field in a combustion chamber with agas——gas injector

The scaling of the flowfield in a gas--gas combustion chamber is investigated theoretically, numerically and experimentally. To obtain the scaling criterion of the gas--gas combustion flowfield, formulation analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) Navier--Stokes equations for a gaseous multi-component mixing reaction flow is conducted and dimensional analysis on the gas--gas combustion phenomena is also carried out. The criterion implies that the size and the pressure of the gas--gas combustion chamber can be changed. Based on the criterion, multi-element injector chambers with different geometric sizes and at different chamber pressures ranging from 3~MPa to 20~MPa are numerically simulated. A multi-element injector chamber is designed and hot-fire tested at five chamber pressures from 1.64~MPa to 3.68~MPa. Wall temperature measurements are used to understand the similarity of combustion flowfields in the tests. The results have verified the similarities between combustion flowfields under different chamber pressures and geometries, with the criterion applied.     

Scaling of heat transfer in gas-gas injector combustor

The scaling of heat transfer in gas-gas injector combustor is investigated theoretically, numerically and experimentally based on the previous study on the scaling of gas-gas combustion flowfield. The similarity condition of the gas-gas injector combustor heat transfer is obtained by conducting a formulation analysis of the boundary layer Navier-Stokes equations and a dimensional analysis of the corresponding heat transfer phenomenon. Then, a practicable engineering scaling criterion of the gas-gas injector combustor heat transfer is put forward. The criterion implies that when the similarity conditions of inner flowfield are satisfied, the size and the pressure of gas-gas combustion chamber can be changed, while the heat transfer can still be qualitatively similar to the distribution trend and quantitatively correlates well with the size and pressure as q ∝ pc0 .8d t-0.2. Based on the criterion, single-element injector chambers with different geometric sizes and at different chamber pressures ranging from 1 MPa to 20 MPa are numerically simulated. A single-element injector chamber is designed and hot-fire tested at seven chamber pressures from 0.92 MPa to 6.1 MPa. The inner wall heat flux are obtained and analysed. The numerical and experimental results both verified the scaling criterion in gas-gas injector combustion chambers under different chamber pressures and geometries.     

In-Situ Measurement of Electrical Character of PbTe at High Pressure and High Temperature

There is a widespread interest in lead telluride (PbTe) as a good thermoelectric material. We report the temperature dependence of thermopower S(T) and resistance R(T) for PbTe at the different pressures of from 1.8GPa to 5 GPa obtained by using the cubic anvil high pressure apparatus. With increasing pressure, R(T) and S(T) decrease. The effect of pressure on R(T) is larger than that on S(T). The power factor that is determined by thermopower and resistivity increases with increasing pressure. This method is an efficient tool for synthesizing good thermoelectric materials at high pressure and high temperature.     

MIDDLE EAR MECHANISMS IN PROTECTION AGAINST NOISE-INDUCED COCHLEAR DAMAG*

Quantitative estimation of sound transmission attenuation by different middle-ear protecting mecha-nisms was made with the use of a computer-based CM-cogram analyzing method (FFT of cochlear out-put in response to white noise)and other audiometric means.Strong reflex contraction of the middle-earmuscles in guinea pigs may cause a 5—20 dB transmission attenuation in different frequency ranges.Forimpulse noise exposure,the presence of an effective reflex at the lashing of every impulse may reduce thepost-exposure hearing threshold shift in 15 dB on an average.Increasing tension of the tympanic mem-brane by applying pressure to the ear-canal is also efficacious,especially for frequencies below 500 Hz whereattenuation of more than 10dB may result at a pressure difference of about 200mm H_2O between the twosides of the membrane.Simulated opening of the eustachian tube helps only very insignificantly,withattenuation less than 5 dB.Destruction of the middle-ear structures(drum perforation,ossiculardisruption     

ECHO CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERWATER SPHERICAL TARGETS

In this paper,the ability of likelihood ratio method in the classification of underwater sphericaltargets with the same diameters is investigated.The formulae for probabilities of correct classifi-cation and incorrect classification for various thresholds are developed based on statistic theory.It is shown that these probabilities depend on the mean value and variance of test function.Both ofthem can be determined by the quadrature samples of target echoes. Three target pairs consisting of four spherical targets were used in the experiment.The resultsshow that the performance indices of classification(i.e.the area under the ROC curve)for these threetarget pairs are different and are the functions of S/N raio.As an example,for one pair of them theperformance index increases by 0.0268 on average as the S/N ratio increases by 1 dB when the S/N ratiotakes the value from 0 dB to 5 dB.While the average increasing rate becomes 0.0212/dB when theS/N ratio takes the value from 5 dB to 10 dB.     

Multi-hole plastic optical fiber force sensor based on femtosecond laser micromachining

We study the theoretical and experimental effects of hole quantity and inter–inter-hole spacing on insertion loss for using femtosecond laser to make bend-sensitive multi-hole plastic optical fiber(POF), and also analyze the mechanism of bending loss in multi-hole POF. A force sensor based on bending loss of the multi-hole POF is fabricated. The measurement ranges from 0 to 65 N, and the maximum output change exceeds 15.51 dB with good linearity and repeatability, and the sensitivity is 0.24 dB/N.     

Phase Transition of Graphitic-C3N4 under High Pressure by In Situ Resistance Measurement in a Diamond Anvil Cell

In situ resistance measurement of Graphitic-C3N4 has been performed under high pressure in a diamond anvil cell. The result reveals that there are changes of electron transport behaviour. As the pressure increases from ambient to 30 GPa, three abnormal resistance changes can be found at room temperature and two are found at 77K. The abnormal resistance dropped at 5 GPa is close to the phase transition pressure from the P6m2 structure to the p structure predicted by Lowther et al. [Phys. Reg. B 59 (1999) 11683] Another abnormal change of resistance at 12 GPa is related to the phase transition from g-C3N4 to cubic-C3N4 [Teter and Hemley, Science 271 (1990) 53].     

Magnetic Field Gradient and Curvature-Driven Drift Modes in Toroidal Plasmas

A new kind of instability driven by the magnetic field gradient and curvature (MFGC) in toroidal plasmas is presented. It is found that the MFGC drift modes possess finite growth rates even if the plasma pressure gradient vanishes. In addition, the effects of plasma pressure gradient and safety factor on the MFGC modes have been analysed numerically.     

Influence of air pressure on mechanical effect of laser plasma shock wave

The influence of air pressure on mechanical effect of laser plasma shock wave in a vacuum chamber produced by a Nd:YAG laser has been studied. The laser pulses with pulse width of 10ns and pulse energy of about 320mJ at 1.06$\mu $m wavelength is focused on the aluminium target mounted on a ballistic pendulum, and the air pressure in the chamber changes from $2.8\times 10^{3}$ to 1.01$\times $10$^{5 }$Pa. The experimental results show that the impulse coupling coefficient changes as the air pressure and the distance of the target from focus change. The mechanical effects of the plasma shock wave on the target are analysed at different distances from focus and the air pressure.