超声波对PEG/磷酸盐双水相系统组成及BSA分配的影响

超声波有望强化双水相萃取分离过程。本文研究了超声波对聚乙二醇(PEG)/磷酸盐双水相系统(ATPS)组成及牛血清白蛋白(BSA)在其中分配的变化规律。在超声波作用下,由于PEG6000的分子量增大,引起PEG600010%(w/w)/PO43-6%(w/w)ATPS在混合过程的Gibbs自由能变化增大,所形成的两相间差别变大,相图节线变长;而且,PEG分子量增大改变了BSA在双水相系统的静电作用和盐析作用,超声波作用提高了BSA在ATPS上相中的含量,增大了分配系数,减少了下相分配率。     

超声提取防风多糖的抗氧化活性研究

采用不同电功率和频率的超声波辅助提取防风多糖,通过体外抗氧化实验,研究了多糖抗氧化活性与超声电功率及频率的变化规律。实验结果表明:超声频率为135kHz、电功率为290W时,提取的防风多糖得率最高,达到7.12%。超声频率在80kHz和135kHz,电功率范围在150W～220W时提取的防风多糖抗氧化活性较高。超声提取防风多糖能够提高提取效率,选择适当的电功率和频率能达到较好的抗氧化活性效果。     

明胶水溶液的超声性质

用频率为11.4兆赫兹的超声波研究了明胶水溶液的超声性质。超声吸收的浓度曲线表明,一直到重量百分比浓度c=8.5％时超声吸收也没达到饱和值。当溶液浓度大于1.5％时,在室温下它们都可以转变成冻胶,而且在整个转化过程中超声吸收值不变。当溶液的温度下降到接近冻点时,溶液的粘滞系数随时间逐渐增大,从而使声吸收的经典理论值可能超过实验值几个数量级;但当溶液温度适当高于冻点时,经典声吸收理论值可能小于实验值而处于同一数量级。浓溶液(c=6.4％)超声速度的温度极大值与纯水中声速温度极大值没有什么明显的不同。文中对所有被观测到的这些现象进行了讨论。     

88-1型超声乳化、强化处理机(研制产品)简介

一、概 况: 本机由电发生器和T-1型系列压电超声换能器组成,可用于超声乳化、强化处理,包括超声乳化、清洗、分散、破碎和强化化学反应等,系一机多用。 本机操作简单,实用性强,既可用于实验室小样试验处理,也可增加辅助设备配套用于工业生产。 二、主要性能和工作参数: 电发生器,频率14—20kHz可调,电功率0—250W可调。 T-1型系列压电超声换能器有T-1型T-1A型、T-1B型、T-1C型四种,都是带变幅器高强度超声换能器,频率14-20kHz,电功率小于250W。     

液相隔膜辉光放电等离子体自由基发射光谱研究

为了更好了解液相隔膜辉光放电等离子体引发的化学反应机理,运用发射光谱法研究了稀硫酸溶液隔膜辉光放电等离子体产生的自由基,估算了电子温度与电子密度。结果表明：当电压超过700 V时,观察到了羟基自由基和氢原子的发射光谱;当电压超过750 V时,除了羟基自由基和氢原子外,还观察到了氧原子的发射光谱;这些自由基的发射强度随电压升高而升高;稀硫酸溶液隔膜辉光放电等离子体的平均电子温度与平均电子密度分别为1.3×104 K与7.8×1017 cm-3。     

超声波降解有机物溶液的气泡动力学研究

在超声波降解有机物溶液过程中,超声空化产生的高温高压以及空化泡振荡产生的激波在有机物溶液的降解中发挥重要作用.本文通过对超声波作用下气泡动力学的研究,讨论了超声波声压、频率、气泡初始半径等参量对有机物溶液降解效率的影响.研究发现.存在使降解效率极大的声压和频率.在空化稳定的情况下,存在一个使降解效率极大的气泡初始半径,降解效率随着黏滞系数的增大而减小.研究还发现,双频超声作用的空化效果比单频超声作用时强,与双频超声作用下有机物溶液降解率较大这一实验结果一致.     

铝靶激光热应力的实验研究

 用高温应变计和热偶计等诊断技术，研究连续波氧碘化学激光（CW/COIL）与铝合金板作用产生的激光热应力。当照射靶面激光强度约1 000 W/cm²时，激光热应力随靶厚的增加而快速减小。当激光辐照靶材厚度h＝1.00 mm、激光强度I＝640~980 W/cm²时，激光热应力随辐照靶面激光强度的增加而增大。两者的激光热应力－时间曲线随靶厚的减薄或随辐照靶面激光强度的增加而变得越来越复杂。当靶厚h≤2.50 mm，辐照靶面激光强度I≥800 W/cm²时，激光热应力强度超过激光辐照区材料断裂强度，萌生许多孔洞裂纹，引起材料断裂破坏。     

溅射功率对直流磁控溅射Ti膜结构的影响

 采用直流磁控溅射方法制备了纯Ti膜，研究了不同功率下Ti膜的沉积速率、表面形貌及晶型结构，并对其应力进行了研究。研究表明：薄膜的沉积速率随溅射功率的增加而增加，当溅射功率为20 W时，原子力显微镜(AFM)图像显示Ti膜光洁、致密，均方根粗糙度最小可达0.9 nm。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明薄膜的晶体结构为六方晶型，Ti膜应力先随溅射功率增大而增大，在60 W时达到最大值（为945.1 MPa），之后随溅射功率的增大有所减小。     

基于表面光散射法的聚乙二醇水溶液表面张力实验研究

基于表面波散射原理,本文研制了表面光散射法表面张力实验系统。利用标准参考物质纯水和乙醇对实验系统的可靠性进行了检验,并标定了散射角度。结果表明:新系统测量的两种物质的表面张力实验结果与标准数据的偏差为0.1mN·m~(-1),散射角度约为0.2°。利用新的表面光散射法表面张力实验系统,对质量分数为4%~16%的PEG1000、PEG2000、PEG4000、PEG6000、PEG8000水溶液的表面张力进行了实验研究,结果表明:PEG水溶液的表面张力随着PEG质量分数的增大有减小趋势,且PEG水溶液的表面张力与PEG本身的聚合度无关;PEG4000和PEG6000水溶液具有较大的表面张力,可以作为潜在的诱导蛋白质结晶的沉淀剂。     

普洱茶茶褐素类主要组分特征及光谱学性质研究

利用不同分子截留量的透析袋可有效将茶褐素类物质分离。随分子量增大,茶黄素(TF)、茶红素(TR)、茶褐素(TB)、茶多糖(TPS)含量逐渐增加,分子量大于25 000Da的样品中TB含量最高。羧基和羟基含量随分子量增大而增加,特别是总羧基含量在分子量大于25 000Da的样品中增幅最大。AFM显示,不同分子量茶褐素粒子形貌并不均一,单分子呈岛屿状态或颗粒状聚集物结构。当粒子聚集较多时,呈线状链接且有较多分支或形成网状结构。CP-MAS NMR表明,在3 500～25 000Da的茶褐素属含有多苯环的苯多酚类高聚物,结合多糖、蛋白质残基,富含羧基、羟基、甲基等基团,具有酚类物质特性。其酸未水解物经CP-MAS NMR分析表明为多苯环高聚物,CP-GC/MS共鉴定出16种可能存在的化合物。     

Quantification of ultrasonic intensity based on the decomposition reaction of porphyrin

A simple method is proposed for quantification of the effective ultrasonic intensity in the reaction vessel based on the decomposition reaction of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfotophenyl) porphyrin (H₂TPPS⁴⁻). The change of concentration of porphyrin in solution irradiated by the ultrasound wave depends on the irradiation time and the output power of ultrasound generator. The decomposition ratio of porphyrin is defined as the ratio of the concentration of porphyrin after ultrasonic irradiation to that before ultrasonic irradiation. A linear relationship between the decomposition ratio of porphyrin and the concentration Fe³⁺ in the Fricke solution under sonication was obtained. The decomposition ratio was related to the absorption dose in radiation chemistry.     

Ultrasonic frequency effects on the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa

Algae bloom in source water causes high chemical consumption and deteriorates water quality in waterworks. This paper studied the ultrasonic removal of Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that algae cells could be effectively removed by sonication and gas vesicle collapse was the main mechanism. The ultrasonic algae removal followed the first order reaction with a rate constant of 0.023 min(-1) (80 W, 80 kHz). Higher ultrasound frequency benefited algae removal; the algae removal rate constant was 0.114 min(-1) at 1320 kHz and 0.0224 min(-1) at 20 kHz (80 W). Higher ultrasound power also accelerated algae removal; the algae removal rate constant was 0.023 min(-1) at 80 W and 0.007 min(-1) at 32 W (80 kHz). However, high ultrasound power and long irradiation caused microcystins to increase. 80 W, 80 kHz sonication for 5 min increased the extracellular microcystins concentration from 0.87 microg/L to 3.11 microg/L. Sound frequency had little impact on the microcystins release. The chlorophyll a concentration initially decreased and then stabilized after 5 min of sonication.     

Numerical simulations and electrochemical experiments of the mass transfer of microvias electroforming under ultrasonic agitation

This paper explores the mass transfer mechanism of microvias electroforming under ultrasonic agitation by numerical simulations and electrochemical experiments. Firstly, the velocity distribution of electroforming solution inside the microvias under ultrasound treatment is simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics software. The ultrasonic frequency is that of 120 kHz. The ultrasonic powers are 100 W, 200 W, 300 W and 400 W, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the mean liquid velocity inside the microvias increases with the increasing of acoustic power. In addition, under a certain ultrasonic power, the mean liquid velocity will decrease with increasing the distance between microvias and transducer, the aspect ratio of microvias and the distance between cathode and central position. Secondly, electrochemical experiments are presented to investigate the effect of ultrasonic agitation on the electrode kinetics of microvias electroforming. It is found that ultrasonic treatment decreases the thickness of diffusion layer, increases the limiting diffusion current densities and further enhances the mass transfer of microvias electroforming. Compared with the silent condition, the diffusion layer thicknesses with the acoustic power of 100 W, 200 W, 300 W, 400 W are decreased by 50.0%, 64.1%, 69.3% and 74.5%, respectively. Finally, according to the results above, the 200 × 200 metal micro-column array structures are fabricated by ultrasonic electroforming under the condition of 120 kHz and 200 W. The metal micro-column is 250 μm high and has a diameter of 80 μm. The results show that ultrasonic electroforming can enhance the mass transfer of microvias electroforming, and further solve the problem of porous structure in electroforming layer. This work contributes to expanding the application of ultrasonic agitation in the microvias electroforming.     

The effect of ultrasonic waves on the oxidation current of chlorpromazine in the 38 and 96 kHz-ultrasonic vibrating electrode voltammetry

In the case of 38 and 96 kHz ultrasonic vibrating electrode (USVE) voltammetry of chlorpromazine, the oxidation current increased considerably with ultrasonic power (amplitude). Movement of the first oxidation product, crimson coloured cation radical, and the streaming of liquid in the neighbourhood of the USVE, were visually observed in order to understand the mechanism of the promotive effects of ultrasound on the oxidation reaction. The reaction profile of the oxidation of chlorpromazine in 38 kHz seems to be somewhat different from that in 96 kHz. However, the mechanical agitation of solution in the area nearest the electrode surface, which is essentially the same fundamental mechanism, takes place in both the cases of 38 and 96 kHz. Both micro- and macro-streamings due to the vibration of a small bubble on the electrode surface with a frequency lower than that of the ultrasonic wave were formed in 38 kHz. These streamings seemed to contribute to the agitation and the exchange of the solution near the electrode surface. However, at the same ultrasonic amplitude, the oxidation current at 96 kHz was much greater than that at 38 kHz. Such a promoting effect of ultrasound on the electrode reaction was considered to be due to the increase of the moving speed or to the acceleration of the particle in the solution.     

超声功率对电化学沉积铜过程速率的影响

测定了H2SO4-CuSO4溶液中，超声频率为24kHz时，超声功率对铜电化学阴极沉积过程速率的影响。实验结果表明，在超声作用下铜电化学阴极沉积过程的电流密度明显提高，即超声作用能提高过程的沉积速率。超声对铜电化学沉积过程速率强化程度随超声功率的增加而增大；在相同温度和超声功率下，超声强化速率的效果从反应控制区域（低操作过电位）向传质控制区（高操作过电位）过渡时而更加显著；在其它条件相同的情况下，超声对铜电化学沉积过程速率的强化程度随温度的升高而减小：超声强化速率的效果与溶液中铜离子的浓度基本无关。     

超声场中sol-gel法制备纳米TiO2光催化剂的研究

本文在频率分别为20kHz、30kHz、40kHz(电功率均为500W)的超声场中制备溶胶。用光散射法测得溶胶粒子粒径分别为29．4nm、18．3nm、13．2nm，对无超声场和超声场(40kHz)制备的凝胶进行超临界乙醇干燥。用XRD、BET、TEM、DRS对上述干燥的TiO2粒子进行表征，以光催化降解罗丹明B为模型反应。结果表明，在实验范围内溶胶粒径随超声波频率的升高而减小，加超声场制备的纳米TiO2粒子光催化活性比无超声场下制备的粒子高。     

Experimental aspects of ultrasonically enhanced cross-flow membrane filtration of industrial wastewater

Ultrasound based on-line cleaning for membrane filtration of industrial wastewater was studied. An ultrasonic transducer was assembled in the membrane module in order to get an efficient cleaning of membranes in fouling conditions. The focus of the studies was on the effects of the ultrasound propagation direction and frequency as well as the transmembrane pressure. The more open the membrane was the easier the membrane became plugged by wastewater colloids, when the ultrasound propagation direction was from the feed flow side of the membrane. If the membrane was tight enough, the ultrasound irradiated from the feed side of the membrane increased the flux significantly. However, in the circumstances studied, the power intensity needed during filtration was so high that the membranes eroded gradually at some spots of the membrane surface. It was discovered that the ultrasonic field produced by the used transducers was uneven in pressurised conditions. On the other hand, the ultrasound treatment at atmospheric pressure during an intermission pause in filtration turned out to be an efficient and, at the same time, a gentle method in membrane cleaning. The input power of 120 W (power intensity of 1.1 W/cm2) for a few seconds was sufficient for cleaning. The flux improvement was significant when using a frequency of 27 kHz but only minor when using 200 kHz.     

Ultrasonically aided mineral processing technique for remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals

In this study, power ultrasound was used as aiding method for the mineral processing technique, which have recently been developed for the remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metal containing bullets, their broken parts and alteration products. Power ultrasound was used to disperse the soil to remove metals and metal compounds from soil particle surfaces instead of attrition conditioning. The soil diluted with water was treated using 22 kHz ultrasound power of 100 W up to 500 W. The effect of different ultrasonic treatment time and pulsation of ultrasound were studied on the purity of sink and float fractions in heavy medium separation process, screen fractions, and mineral concentrates and tailings from flotation process. Ultrasound enhanced the remediation of soil fractions in all the studied cases. Optimisation of the ultrasonic power will be done in the continuation study.     

Ultrasound-assisted regeneration of zeolite/water adsorption pair

The use of ultrasound to enhance the regeneration of zeolite 13X for efficient utilization of thermal energy was investigated as a substitute to conventional heating methods. The effects of ultrasonic power and frequency on the desorption of water from zeolite 13X were analyzed to optimize the desorption efficiency. To determine and justify the effectiveness of incorporating ultrasound from an energy-savings point of view, an approach of constant overall input power of 20 or 25 W was adopted. To measure the extent of the effectiveness of using ultrasound, the ultrasonic-power-to-total power ratios of 0.2, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5 were investigated and the results compared with those of no-ultrasound (heat only) at the same total power. To analyze the effect of ultrasonic frequency, identical experiments were performed at three nominal ultrasonic frequencies of ~28, 40 and 80 kHz. The experimental results showed that using ultrasound enhances the regeneration of zeolite 13X at all the aforementioned power ratios and frequencies without increasing the total input power. With regard to energy consumption, the highest energy-savings power ratio (0.25) resulted in a 24% reduction in required input energy and with an increase in ultrasonic power, i.e. an increase in acoustic-to-total power ratio, the effectiveness of applying ultrasound decreased drastically. At a power ratio of 0.2, the time required for regeneration was reduced by 23.8% compared to the heat-only process under the same experimental conditions. In terms of ultrasonic frequency, lower frequencies resulted in higher efficiency and energy savings, and it was concluded that the effect of ultrasonic radiation becomes more significant at lower ultrasonic frequencies. The observed inverse proportionality between the frequency and ultrasound-assisted desorption enhancement suggests that acoustic dissipation is not a significant mechanism to enhance mass transfer, but rather other mechanisms must be considered.     

Effective ultrasound electrochemical degradation of methylene blue wastewater using a nanocoated electrode

A novel sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation-driven process using a nanocoated electrode to treat methylene blue (MB) wastewater was developed. The nano-scale (nanocoated) electrode generated more hydroxyl radicals than non-nano-scale (non-nanocoated) electrodes did. However, hydroxyl radicals were easily adsorbed by the nanomaterial and thus were not able to enter the solution. Supersonic waves were found to enhance the mass-transfer effect on the nanocoated electrode surface, resulting in rapid diffusion of the generated hydroxyl radicals into the solution. In solution, the hydroxyl radicals then reacted with organic pollutants in the presence of ultrasonic waves. The effect of the nanocoated electrode on the MB wastewater treatment process was enhanced by ultrasound when compared to the non-nanocoated electrode used under the same conditions. The synergy of the nanocoated electrode and ultrasonic waves towards MB degradation was then studied. The optimum operating conditions resulted in a 92% removal efficiency for TOC and consisted of a current of 600 mA, an ultrasound frequency of 45 kHz, and a supersonic power of 250 W. The mechanism of ultrasound enhancement of the nanocoated electrode activity with respect to MB treatment is discussed. The reaction intermediates of the sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation process were monitored, and degradation pathways were proposed. The sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation-driven process using nanocoated electrodes was found to be a very efficient method for the treatment of non-biodegradable wastewater.