图象法与极值法在物理解题中的应用

应用物理公式解题,实际上就是把物理问题转化为数学问题,然后运用数学知识和有关的数学技巧来解答物理问题,可以使问题的解答变得更为简单.下面介绍数学方法中的图象法和极值法在物理解题中的应用.     

物理教学中的方法教学

中专物理教学的目的,不仅是教给学生物理学中的基本概念和基本规律,更重要的是培养学生分析和解决问题的能力和掌握正确的方法．因此,物理教学中方法教学就显得十分重要．１　物理学中的重要方法１．１　物理模型法此法又名理想化方法,即将具体的物理对象经思维抽象,关注事物的主要方面,忽略次要方面,简化为一种现实生活中不存在的物理模型．如质点,理想气体,点电荷等．１．２　比值定义法物理学中的很多物理量通常是用两个物理量或多个物理量的比值来定义的．如速度、加速度、电流、电场强度、电势等等．这种方法定义的物理量通常…     

电象法教学探讨

本文介绍了电象法教学的一种尝试．即把平面和导体球的例子合而为一来讲授．这样能较自然地把无穷大导体平面不接地与接地是否有区别的问题解释清楚，对拓宽学生的知识面也是有益的．     

辐射法——一种独特多效的复习方法

复习课的目的不仅是温故知新 ,而且应该培养各项能力 ,尤其是整理知识的能力 .我们对复习课教学进行了不懈的探究 ,通过观察和分析 ,我们把突破口定位在如何使学生学会寻找整理知识的线索上 ,构建了一种新的复习方法———辐射法 .1　辐射法概要辐射法是指以主干知识为中心作为     

判断波动质点振动方向的简单方法

判断波中某一质点的振动方向通常用“时间差法”和“微平移法”，这两种方法在实际做题时判断速度不够快，并且难于记忆．为了使同学们解题时迅速作出判断，现介绍一种便于记忆的简单方法——“上下坡法”．     

发现法在物理教学中的应用

美国哈佛大学心理学家、哈佛“认知研究中心”的创设者布鲁纳教授倡导一种“发现学习”的教学思想和方法,通常称之为发现法。发现法又称为探索法或研究法,布鲁纳认为要培养具有发明创造才能的科技人才,不但要使学生掌握学科的基本概念、基本原理,而且要发展学生对待学习的探索性态度,从而大力提倡、广泛使用发现法。他指出“发现不限于寻求人类尚未知晓的事物,确切地说,它包括用自己的头脑亲自获得知识     

改进测电阻方法

1测量电阻器的电阻Rx 常用电流表的内接法或外接法伏安法测Rx.由于忽略RV、RA的影响,实验测量存在系统误差.减小误差测法如图1、图2所示.     

隔离法和整体法运用例析

隔离法和整体法是解决动力学问题的最基本的方法，下面举一例供同学们参考．     

“比例法”在物理解题中的应用

“比例法”是利用物理过程中的比值关系解决物理问题的一种行之有效的方法.它能使一些复杂的问题变得简单、明了,从而对学生的思维方式,解题技巧等能力的培养大有益处. 1 抓住物理过程比值关系的实质,用比例法巧解习题例1:一个做初速为零的匀加速直线运动的物体,求它通过第一个1m,第二个1m,第     

使验电器带电

1前言 验电器是静电实验的必备仪器,在对静电现象的研究以及对验电器的大量使用和研究中,常常需要给验电器带上一定量或一定种类的电荷.譬如,用验电器辨别电荷的种类时,要先使验电器带上某种已知电荷,金箔箔片的张角宜在40°～60°左右.再将待测带电体渐渐移近验电器的金属球,根据金箔张角的增减判断带电体电荷的性质[1],这也就是说要先使验电器带上一定量和一定种类的电荷.在做静电实验时,通常通过接触传导法和感应法给验电器带电.     

A study on the evaluation of usefulness depending on the image reconstruction method in bone SPECT scan

The recent advances in image-processing techniques have led to the development of many methods to reduce the scan time without degrading the image quality. In particular, tomography has improved image reconstruction methods with the concomitant improvement of high-quality images. In this study, PRECEDENCE 16 was used to reconstruct images using the filtered back projection method, which is generally used, and the Astonish method and three-dimensional ordered-subsets expectation maximization method, which are based on repetition techniques. In qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reconstructed images, a comparison was made between images with different acquisition times and between images with the same acquisition time, which aimed at determining the optimal method for reconstructing high-quality images. A blind test for qualitative analysis confirmed almost no difference in image quality depending on the image acquisition time. Furthermore, in quantitative analysis, there was no significant difference in image quality depending on the image acquisition time. On the other hand, the results of the analysis in the image reconstruction method with the same acquisition time demonstrated a significant difference. The images reconstructed by the Astonish method, which uses a repetition technique, are believed to be excellent because they have high resolution and provide clinical diagnostic information. This study confirmed that the reconstruction method with a repetition technique could be used to improve image quality and reduce the scan time, despite not being in general use until recently due to the lengthy time needed for image reconstruction and lack of storage space.     

Comparisons of Lagrangian and Eulerian PDF methods in simulations of non-premixed turbulent jet flames with moderate-to-strong turbulence-chemistry interactions

Transported probability density function (PDF) methods have been applied widely and effectively for modelling turbulent reacting flows. In most applications of PDF methods to date, Lagrangian particle Monte Carlo algorithms have been used to solve a modelled PDF transport equation. However, Lagrangian particle PDF methods are computationally intensive and are not readily integrated into conventional Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Eulerian field PDF methods have been proposed as an alternative. Here a systematic comparison is performed among three methods for solving the same underlying modelled composition PDF transport equation: a consistent hybrid Lagrangian particle/Eulerian mesh (LPEM) method, a stochastic Eulerian field (SEF) method and a deterministic Eulerian field method with a direct-quadrature-method-of-moments closure (a multi-environment PDF-MEPDF method). The comparisons have been made in simulations of a series of three non-premixed, piloted methane–air turbulent jet flames that exhibit progressively increasing levels of local extinction and turbulence-chemistry interactions: Sandia/TUD flames D, E and F. The three PDF methods have been implemented using the same underlying CFD solver, and results obtained using the three methods have been compared using (to the extent possible) equivalent physical models and numerical parameters. Reasonably converged mean and rms scalar profiles are obtained using 40 particles per cell for the LPEM method or 40 Eulerian fields for the SEF method. Results from these stochastic methods are compared with results obtained using two- and three-environment MEPDF methods. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of accuracy and computational requirements are explored and identified. In general, the results obtained from the two stochastic methods (LPEM and SEF) are very similar, and are in closer agreement with experimental measurements than those obtained using the MEPDF method, while MEPDF is the most computationally efficient of the three methods. These and other findings are discussed in detail.     

A study of fringe pattern trace and analysis

In this paper,the gometric center and centroid method are suggested to tracecenter location of a close fringe pattern.The fringe pattern of the interferogram is analysed byusing the general Fourier method.The analytic accuracy is controlled by using P-test methodof statistics.The analytic accuracy and sampling speed of the fringe pattern depend on thequality of the interferogram and the numbers of the sampling points.     

Explicit Multi-Symplectic Splitting Methods for the Nonlinear Dirac Equation

In this paper, we propose two new explicit multi-symplectic splitting methods for the nonlinear Dirac (NLD) equation. Based on its multi-symplectic formulation, the NLD equation is split into one linear multi-symplectic system and one nonlinear infinite Hamiltonian system. Then multi-symplectic Fourier pseudospectral method and multi-symplectic Preissmann scheme are employed to discretize the linear subproblem, respectively. And the nonlinear subsystem is solved by a symplectic scheme. Finally, a composition method is applied to obtain the final schemes for the NLD equation. We find that the two proposed schemes preserve the total symplecticity and can be solved explicitly. Numerical experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

一种新的格状波分复用光网络保护方法

在P圈法和哈密顿环保护法的基础上,提出了一种新的适用于格状波分复用光网络的基于资源的环保护方法,我们称之为RP圈法.与其他基于环的格状光网络保护方法相比,RP圈法具有配置方式简单、与业务模型不相关以及圈具有长度限制等许多特点.文中给出了RP圈法的一种启发式算法,仿真结果表明此算法具有较高的容量效率,是一种可适用于动态业务的实用化光网络保护方法.     

耦合势有限体积法高效模拟各向异性地层中海洋可控源的三维电磁响应

本文基于电场矢势与标势分解的耦合势有限体积法研究建立一套各向异性地层中海洋可控源电磁法的三维响应的高效数值模拟技术.首先引入电场的矢势和标势,将电场分解为无散场和无旋场之和,Maxwell方程转换为关于矢势与标势的混合Helmholtz方程,克服低感应数问题.在此基础上,借助Yee氏交错网格和有限体积法以及非均质单元中等效电导率公式,建立混合Helmholtz方程的离散方程.并采用直接法求解器PARDISO求解离散方程,有效保证在大的求解空间中仍然能够获得电磁场稳定可靠的数值解.此外,在数值模拟中利用差异场技术,克服源的奇异性问题,尽可能提高近场的计算精度.与解析解的对比证明了该算法的有效性.数值模拟结果表明,海洋可控源电磁法沿测线方向的电场,对油气藏的纵向电阻率敏感,对横向电阻率不敏感;对油气藏上方的覆盖层的纵向电阻率和横向电阻率都敏感.     

反射法和自准法测三棱镜顶角的比较

通过对反射法和自准法测量三棱镜顶角的比较,从测量的准确程度以及实验过程中操作容易程度来看,自准法更适合测量三棱镜顶角。     

Positivity preserving semi-Lagrangian discontinuous Galerkin formulation: Theoretical analysis and application to the Vlasov–Poisson system

Semi-Lagrangian (SL) methods have been very popular in the Vlasov simulation community , , , , , ,  and . In this paper, we propose a new Strang split SL discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for solving the Vlasov equation. Specifically, we apply the Strang splitting for the Vlasov equation [6], as a way to decouple the nonlinear Vlasov system into a sequence of 1-D advection equations, each of which has an advection velocity that only depends on coordinates that are transverse to the direction of propagation. To evolve the decoupled linear equations, we propose to couple the SL framework with the semi-discrete DG formulation. The proposed SL DG method is free of time step restriction compared with the Runge–Kutta DG method, which is known to suffer from numerical time step limitation with relatively small CFL numbers according to linear stability analysis. We apply the recently developed positivity preserving (PP) limiter [37], which is a low-cost black box procedure, to our scheme to ensure the positivity of the unknown probability density function without affecting the high order accuracy of the base SL DG scheme. We analyze the stability and accuracy properties of the SL DG scheme by establishing its connection with the direct and weak formulations of the characteristics/Lagrangian Galerkin method [23]. The quality of the proposed method is demonstrated via basic test problems, such as linear advection and rigid body rotation, and via classical plasma problems, such as Landau damping and the two stream instability.     

离散元与有限元结合的多尺度方法及其应用

在深入研究复杂结构和非均质材料冲击响应和破坏机理的过程中,往往遇到多尺度计算问题.提出并建立起离散元与有限元结合的多尺度方法,该方法采用离散元对感兴趣的局部进行细观尺度的模拟,利用有限元进行宏观的模拟,从而节约了计算时间.采用一种特殊的过渡层衔接离散元区和有限元区.将这一方法应用于激光辐照下预应力铝板的破坏响应,并将得到的模拟结果与实验进行了比较.     

带嵌件型腔内熔接过程的数值模拟研究

基于充模过程的两相黏弹性流体模型, 采用同位网格有限体积法, 结合浸入边界法和界面追踪的复合水平集流体体积方法实现了带嵌件型腔内充模过程的动态模拟. 基于上述模型和算法模拟了熔体前沿界面及熔接线的动态演化过程, 而且通过线性应力-光学定律得到了熔接线附近的流动诱导应力分布情况; 讨论了熔体温度及模具温度对熔接线区域凝固层厚度的影响. 数值结果表明: 本文提出的方法可用于模拟复杂型腔内的充模过程以及熔接线的自动追踪; 由于聚合物黏弹性熔体流动的复杂性, 当两股熔体相遇后, 熔接线不同位置的应力分布变化较大; 熔体或模具温度越高, 熔接线区域凝固层厚度越薄, 提高熔体或模具温度能够改善甚至消除充模过程中的熔接线.