垃圾焚烧过程中重金属分布特性的研究

本文对垃圾焚烧过程中,不同粒径的灰颗粒中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni六种重金属元素含量进行了测定,同时比较了燃烧飞灰、煤与垃圾混烧的飞灰以及垃圾飞灰三种灰样中相应的重金属含量。结果表明:焚烧飞灰中重金属浓度含量随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减少;三种不同灰样的重金属含量大小依次为:垃圾飞灰>煤与垃圾混烧飞灰>燃煤飞灰。     

流化床中垃圾与煤混烧的技术经济分析

本文对城市生活垃圾在流化床中与煤的混烧技术进行了分析;根据垃圾热值;讨论了低热值垃圾焚烧中添加煤混烧的必要性;给出了垃圾处置收费和售电价格对于混烧电厂的经济影响。结果表明:对于所给定焚烧项目的垃圾来讲,其垃圾的低位热值近似为 4200 kJ/kg,需要进行混烧,其中煤的比例应小于10～20％;垃圾量的提高,垃圾收费带来的收益九;而垃圾热值的提高,售电价格带来的收益大。增加垃圾收费补贴可鼓励焚烧厂焚烧更多的垃圾。     

垃圾焚烧炉氯源对氯化氢和二噁英排放的影响

本文研究了150 t/d垃圾与煤混烧流化床锅炉在不同含氯水平和添加钙基脱硫时氯化氢和二噁英的排放特性。实验结果表明烟气中的氯化氢和二噁英浓度随燃料中垃圾比例的增加而上升,在含氯量一定的情况下,炉内燃烧状况决定了二噁英的生成量,烟气中的二噁英随燃料中含氯量的增加而增加,飞灰中的二噁英则随燃烧状况的改善而增加。钙基的加入可以有效降低氯化氢和二噁英的排放。在我国目前的垃圾组分条件下,全煤工况和垃圾与煤混烧工况的二噁英排放量很低。     

城市垃圾与煤在CFBC试验台上的混烧试验

城市垃圾的焚烧处理一直是人们关注的研究领域。本文详细报告了一种城市垃圾与劣质煤在0.15兆瓦CFBC试验台上的混烧试验。试验结果表明,城市垃圾与劣质煤在循环流化床中的混烧可以很好地满足稳定和高温燃烧的要求,通过添加石灰石等含钙物料可以有效地在燃烧过程巾控制SO2、HCl和二(?)英类污染物的生成。     

CFBC混烧城市污泥与煤:N2O和NO的排放

在0.15MWth CFBC试验台上混烧城市污泥与煤,当城市污泥的含水率和混烧率分别变化在30％～60％和25％～100％之间时,可以实现稳定燃烧。分析了炉膛温度和城市污泥混烧率对NO和N_oO生成浓度的影响。结果显示,在焚烧氮含量很高的城市污泥过程中,通过适当提高炉膛温度,可以控制N_2O的生成,但是NO的生成浓度主要与混烧率有关。     

超低排放燃煤机组Se、Hg在固相产物中的赋存形态和浸出特性研究

煤燃烧会产生大量污染物,研究燃煤固相产物中有害痕量元素的含量分布和赋存形态具有深远意义。本文依托Se和Hg两种元素,探讨了其在燃煤电厂超低排放机组固相产物中的含量分布、结合形态及浸出特性。结果表明,飞灰中Se含量高于底渣;底渣中Se和Hg的主要存在形态为较为稳定的残渣态,4#机组底渣中残渣态含量最低;飞灰中Se和Hg的主要存在形态为可氧化态;四台机组底渣和飞灰中Se和Hg浸出量均低于《危险废物鉴别标准–浸出毒性鉴别》(GB5085.3-2007)规定排放限值;4#机组飞灰中Se对环境的潜在风险更低,Hg在底渣和飞灰中的浸出量几乎为0,不存在浸出风险。     

燃烧烟气中镉和锌的在线监测实验研究

本文发展一种基于电感耦合等离子体(ICP)技术的烟气镉和锌的在线测量方法,连续测定煤燃烧烟气中镉和锌的瞬时浓度,从而全面跟踪镉和锌的挥发释放过程。实验得到优化的ICP(功率1400W)进气流速为:样品气体,0.03L/min;氩气,0.16 L/min。在线测量系统与流化床实验装置配备在一起,对煤燃烧烟气中镉和锌的浓度进行在线测量。温度对重金属的蒸发有很大影响,温度增加有利于其蒸发,但不是呈线性关系。重金属与飞灰颗粒在高温下反应生成稳定化合物,从而抑制了重金属的挥发。该技术对于研究燃烧过程重金属的释放和控制过程,是一种有用的工具。     

卤素对于燃烧中CO氧化和NO生成的影响

卤族元素在燃烧时会影响CO的氧化和NO的生成。本文通过化学平衡方法分析了H2O和HCl对于CO氧化的协同效应,在非均匀布风流化床中进行了PVC塑料与煤或半焦的混烧试验,测量了CO和CH4的排放特性,从而从理论上和实验上证明了HCl对CO氧化的抑制作用。并给出了今后研究的方向和问题。     

城市下水污泥和煤/LPG在循环流化床上的混烧试验研究

在高6000 mm、直径300mm的循环流化床上进行了含水率为79％的湿污泥与煤／石油液化气(LPG)的混烧试验。试验结果表明:无论用煤还是LPG作为辅助燃料,试验都能在设定的工况条件下稳定运行;向炉内加入石灰石的量达到钙硫摩尔比为3．4∶1时,二氧化硫和氯化氢的排放达标,脱硫效率和脱氯效率分别为75％和94％;在试验中, 烟气中NOx排放、烟气中汞含量和二恶英类排放都不超标;试验产生的飞灰含碳量低,飞灰中痕量元素的浸出毒性不超标;计算表明,如果利用余热干燥污泥和预热空气可有效地减少辅助燃料的消耗量。     

污泥中重金属的形态分析及其可浸出性

以自来水厂和污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,采用Tessier五步法和火焰原子吸收光谱法研究污泥中重金属（Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Mn）含量、形态分布以及可浸出性。结果发现,在自来水厂污泥和污水处理厂污泥中重金属总量大小依次为Zn〉Mn〉Ni〉Cu〉Cd,Zn〉Mn〉Cu〉Ni〉Cd,污泥中Zn含量最高,为448.17mg.kg-1;Cd含量最低,为27.17mg.kg-1,超过国家标准,限制了污泥的农用。Tessier形态分析结果表明,污泥中Zn、Cu、Cd主要以稳定态存在;Mn主要以有效态存在,潜在的迁移性和植物毒性最值得关注;Cu浸出率最高,为14.8%,Zn浸出率最低,为0.11%,因此浸出率不仅与金属和污泥的特性有关,而且金属在污泥中赋存的化学形态对其可浸出性也有重要的影响。     

锯屑与煤混烧过程积灰实验研究

积灰降低锅炉效率,危及安全运行,是生物质燃烧技术发展的主要障碍.本文基于高温一维下行炉,选用锯屑和兖矿原煤作为燃料,通过自动控温采样枪收集积灰,分析积灰的采集效率、撞击效率和捕集效率等宏观效果参数.结果显示,锯屑与兖矿混烧时积灰倾向性显着增加.扫描电镜/能谱微观分析发现:碱金属和碱土金属的存在是积灰倾向增加的原因,两条主要途径是:碱性物质在飞灰表面冷凝增加了飞灰的表面黏性;碱性物质与硅铝酸盐结合形成低熔点的化合物.     

预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰玻璃化的影响

在垃圾焚烧飞灰进行熔融玻璃化之前,先用磷酸盐或绿矾溶液对飞灰进行洗涤,研究这种化学稳定化预处理对飞灰玻璃固化效果的影响。结果表明当使用磷酸盐溶液或磷酸盐与绿矾(FeSO4·7H2O)溶液一起对飞灰进行预处理、并且磷酸盐用量达2g磷/kg干灰时,对飞灰的熔融玻璃化有良好的促进效果,经过预处理后的飞灰通过玻璃化过程可实现对所检测的Pb、Hg、As、Cd、Cr五种重金属的全部稳定化,并且在熔融过程中烟尘的产生和重金属的挥发得到有效抑制。     

Reduction effect of co-firing of torrefied straw and bituminous coal on PM1 emission under both air and oxyfuel atmosphere

Straw sample was torrefied at 260 °C and 300 °C in N₂, respectively, to prepare torrefied straw named as T-260 and T-300, and the reduction effect of co-firing straw or torrefied straw and steam coal on PM₁ is investigated. The combustion experiments were conducted in a high temperature drop tube furnace (DTF) at 1400 °C to collect the inorganic PM₁₀ for further analysis. Combustion atmosphere was air for all cases and 50% O₂/50% CO₂ (OXY50) for coal, T-260 and their blends of 1:1 and 4:1. The results show that all three biomass fuels show obvious emission reduction of PM with aerodynamic diameters of ≤?0.3?µm (PM_0.3) under both mix ratios. Reduction ratios of co-firing are overall higher at mix ratio of 1:1 than 4:1, and co-firing of T-260 or T-300 with coal shows higher reduction ratio than co-firing of straw. The higher ash content in torrefied straw leads to higher contents of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM), which will further react with both Si and S during co-firing and coagulate into particles of larger sizes, leading to higher reduction ratios of PM_0.3 and unconspicuous reduction effects in PM_0.3–1 emitted from co-firing. During co-firing in oxyfuel atmosphere, a higher combustion temperature compared to air leads to an intensitive gasification, may resulting in effective and even higher reduction ratio in PM_0.3.     

Occurrence forms and leachability of inorganic species in ash residues from self-sustaining smouldering combustion of sewage sludge

This contribution reports the occurrence forms and leachability of major inorganic elements and heavy metals in the solid residue from smouldering combustion of sewage sludge (SS). Under the experimental conditions (moisture content: 50 wt%; sand-to-SS (wet) mass ratio of 4:1; and Darcy air flux: 3.5 cm/s), self-sustaining is achieved, destructing ～98% of carbon in the SS and yielding a solid ash residue rich in Si, Al, P, Fe, K and Ca. The results from BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction suggest that, majority of Na, K, Al, and Fe in the smouldering residue are presented as stable residue form, while Mg and Ca exist predominantly as acid-soluble. P in the residue is contributed by both reducible and residue fractions. All the heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu) in the residue are dominated by residue form, except Zn, which exists mainly as acid-soluble and reducible forms. Leachability tests demonstrate that considerable amounts of Ca (15.23—18.82%), Mg (11.92—16.74%), and K (5.91—7.04%) are readily leached out from the smouldering residue under pH 4.2—12.0. The concentrations of all the heavy metals in leachate meet the relevant regulatory values as determined by Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The smouldering residue generated here has potential to recover nutrients and is safe to be disposed via landfilling, addressing the environmental concerns that hinder the further development of smouldering combustion as a SS treatment technology.     

利用荷花与睡莲对沉积物中重金属的修复研究

选取水景植物荷花、睡莲对黑臭河道沉积物中重金属进行修复,用ICP-AES全谱直读电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定沉积物、植物中重金属镉、铬、铜、镍、铅的总量与形态的量,重金属在植物中分布。结果表明：荷花对沉积物中重金属平均去除率为20.42%,睡莲为18.23%;睡莲、荷花种植后沉积物重金属形态的量呈减小趋势,经植物修复后沉积物中铬、铅、镍的主要形态为残渣态,镉、铜的主要形态为弱酸溶解态。铜、镍在睡莲中的分布特征为茎<叶<根,镉和铅为叶<茎<根,铬为茎<根<叶。铬、镍在荷花中分布为根<叶<茎, 铜为叶<根<茎,镉、铅主要积累在荷花的叶部组织。     

Ash formation and deposition during combustion of pulverized torrefied wood and coal in a 100 kW downflow combustor

Torrefied wood originating from beetle-killed trees is an abundant biomass fuel that can be co-fired with coal for power generation. In this work, pulverized torrefied wood, a bituminous coal (Sufco coal) and their blended fuel with a mixing ratio of 50/50 wt.%, are burned in a 100-kW rated laboratory combustor under similar conditions. Ash aerosols in the flue gas and ash deposits on a temperature-controlled surface are sampled during combustion of the three fuels. Results show that ash formation and deposition for wood combustion are notably different from those for coal combustion, revealing different mechanisms. Compared to the coal, the low-ash torrefied wood produces low concentrations of fly ash in the flue gas but significantly increased yields (per input ash) of ash that has been vaporized. All the mineral elements including the semi- or non-volatile metals in the wood are found to be more readily partitioned into the PM₁₀ ash than those in the coal. The inside layer deposits sticking to the surface and the loosely bound outside deposits exposed to the gas both show a linear growth in weight during torrefied wood test. Unlike coal combustion, in which the concentration of (vaporized) ash PM₁ controls the inside deposition rate, wood combustion shows that the formation of porous bulky deposits by the condensed residual ash dominates the inside deposition process. Co-firing removes these differences between the wood and coal, making the blended fuel to have more similar fly ash characteristics and ash deposition behavior to those of the bituminous coal. In addition, results also show some beneficial effects of co-firing coal with torrefied wood, including reduction of the total deposition rate and the minimization of corrosive alkali species produced by wood.     

Study of slag content and properties after plasma melting of incineration ash

The paper presents the investigation of plasma melting of the mixed bottom and fly incineration ash at various mixing ratios of the components. Chemical compound of the bottom and fly ash as well as the slag after its melting was analyzed by different methods, and the content of toxic components in them was determined. It is demonstrated that the direct disposal of the fly and bottom incineration ash may cause dioxin and heavy metal contamination of the environment. The influence of melted ash basicity on the resulting slag compound was studied. The mass balance of the melting process was defined. The tests were performed to determine the heavy-metals leaching from the ash and slag. It is also shown that the slag after plasma melting is dioxin-free and environmentally friendly.     

Simultaneous adsorption of dyes and heavy metals from multicomponent solutions using fly ash

In wastewaters originating from dye industry there are amounts of dyes (very common methyl orange, methylene blue—MB) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel mainly from the organo-metallic dyes). They tend to adsorb in a competitive process and modify the substrate. Advanced removal is usually proposed via adsorption and the use of modified fly ash as a substrate is sustainable solution. The main constituents of fly ash (silica, alumina, iron oxide and un-burned carbon), are the priority compounds which favour the heavy metal adsorption and are active sites in dyes’ adsorption processes. The paper studies the effect of MB adsorbed on the fly ash surface on the removal efficiency of cadmium, copper and nickel ionic species from complex, multi-cationic dye solutions. The adsorption efficiency and kinetics are evaluated from the complex, multicomponent systems and possible influences are discussed. High efficiencies are obtained at low heavy metal concentrations (as it is the real case for the dyes industry) whereas at medium values, competitive processes lower the individual efficiencies of copper, nickel or cadmium from mixtures.     

Determination of Cadmium Separated Selectively with Ion Exchange Method from Solution by ICP- AES

The removal of heavy metals, such as cadmium, from solution was investigated by using modified asphaltite ash as an ion exchange. Analysis were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (i.e., ICP- AES). The effect of time, temperature, pH and concentration of cadmium on the removal process of cadmium was examined. An optimum condition for complete removal of cadmium from solution has been found. Therefore pretreated asphaltite ash can be used as an alternative material for removal of cadmium from industrial waste waters.