对悬链式超声功率计测量误差的理论探讨

对在使用悬链式超声功率计测量时由于声源指向性所产生的误差进行了理论探讨，并对几个实例进行了数值计算，给出了相应的修正值。     

基于虚拟仪器技术开发的超声弹性模量测量系统

本文利用脉冲回波法，通过声速测量材料弹性模量，基于虚拟仪器技术发挥软件算法的优势提高测量精度。通过研制超声脉冲收发卡，编制弹性模量测量系统软件，开发了超声弹性模量测量系统。     

精密声速和超声衰减自动跟踪测试仪

中国科技大学超声检测实验室研制的精密声速和超声衰减自动跟踪测试仪已于去年通过省级鉴定。并投入小批量生产．该仪器在声速和超声衰减的测量原理方面进行了创新，在精密声速的测量中实现了脉冲回波重合法（PEO）和回鸣法（SA）两者优点的兼容，从而实现了精密声速的目动高精度测量癌超声衰减的测量中采取了一系列措施，提高了测量精度．仪器的另一特色是实现了精密声速和超声衰减的同时自动测量，整个测量过程用微机控制，工作软件提供了较强功能，测试结果可以显示、存储、打印，也可以根据测量要求方便地编制特定的测量软件进行定时…     

一种用于应力测量的复合型超声波探头

为了在应力测量中更好地测量超声波的纵波声速和横波声速，提高测量的精度和准确性，本文研究了一种由两种不同频率的纵波晶片和两处偏振方向相互垂直的横波晶片组成的复合型超声波探头，研究了它的几种组合的发射与接怍ＭＡＳＯＮ等效电路图，并报道了它的一些实验结果。     

用时域自易法测量超声换能器灵敏度

超声换能器的灵敏度是实际应用中很重要的物理参量，传统测试方法是在消声水槽中用连续正弦波进行逐点频率测量，过程较繁复，测量频率范围也受到限制，并且不能获得重要的相位信息．本文所采用的时域自易法是一种新颖的换能器核准方法．通过对超声换能器的激励电流和回波电压脉冲进行傅氏变换，可得到灵敏度的幅频相频特性，且具有测量速度快、频带宽和易于操作等优点．把时域自易法所测得结果与频域法测量所得结果进行比较，证实相符．     

人体血管壁超声传输衰减特性的研究

本文利用超声脉冲反射法，对人体血管壁声衰减特性进行了离体测量，给出了人体血管壁声能量衰减参数的测量值。这对超声在医学领域的应用以及超声连体非介入血栓消溶有着十分重要的意义。     

超声马达实验

本文介绍超声马达实验的原理和方法，用常规仪器测量并绘制导纳圆图、测量自制超马马达的输入功率和输出力矩。     

CCD在超声光栅实验中的应用

本文详细探讨了超声波在液体中传播速度的测量方法；利用CCD测量技术实现了超声波速度的自动化测量；设计了响应的接口电路和信号处理系统，从而大大地提高了实验测量的精度和准确度．     

超声相比较方法在固体弹性性能研究中的应用

 本文用超声相比较方法测量了几种不同类型材料（半导体GaAs晶体、含有Si₃N₄晶须结构的复合材料、过渡金属氧化物CoO以及高温超导体AgYBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ）的声速及后两种样品声速随压力、温度的变化，得到一些用超声脉冲回波重合法不易测定的结果。用相比较法测定声速具有测量频率范围宽、精度高、测量简便等特点，它能测量1 mm左右厚度的薄样品以及声衰减较大的样品，是研究这些材料弹性性能的有效方法。     

一种基于互易原理的超声功率新测量方法

本文从换能器的互易原理出发，利用平面波自易校准法获得换能器的自由场发送电流响应．根据平面活塞型换能器的衍射规律，推导出发射声功率的表达式．由此计算互易换能器在给定驱动电流（或电压）作用下的辐射超声功率．基于上述原理，使用自易校准装置测量了互易换能器的声功率一频率曲线．估计的测量不确定优于±20％．     

Radionuclides in deposition in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005

Results of radionuclide activity concentration measurements in deposition and ground-level air conducted at the station of the Institute of Physics situated 3.5 km from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Ignalina NPP) in 2005 are analyzed. Atmospheric depositional fluxes of ⁷Be, ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs are estimated. Radionuclide particle deposition rates are calculated. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model of the global dispersion and deposition is used to explain variations in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in the ground-level air in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005. An increase in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration of up to 17.4 μBq m⁻³ on 30 October-5 November is studied. Modelling results show that the Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 Sarcophagus and the radiocaesium resuspension from the Chernobyl NPP accident polluted regions are sources of ¹³⁷Cs to the environment of the Ignalina NPP. Results on solubility in water of aerosols — carriers of ¹³⁷Cs — are discussed.     

原位动态电子显微学研究进展

随着电镜内原位技术的不断成熟和发展,透射电子显微镜不再仅仅是材料结构表征的工具,还是实现高精度纳米加工、性能测试等的重要手段。这不但丰富了纳米尺度下开展实验研究的方法,也拓宽了透射电子显微镜的应用范围,为纳米科学与技术的迅速发展提供了新的契机。本文侧重作者所在研究小组的研究工作,以"将纳米实验室建在透射电子显微镜里"的构想为主线,从材料的原位生长、结构加工、性能表征和器件构建等四个方面综述了近年来基于透射电子显微镜的代表性原位实验研究进展。     

Synergism in electron gas in crossed fields

An electron gas in crossed electric and magnetic fields of arbitrary strength is considered in the framework of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It is known that more than one independent frequency existing in a system, which are of comparable magnitude, can generate coherent synergic radiation. In the present system three independent frequencies exist: viz the synchrotron frequency due to the magnetic field, the hopping frequency due to the electric field, and the plasma frequency. It is shown that all these can combine to generate a new synergic coherent radiation. The results also show the possibility of interpreting the quantum nature of Hall conductance as due to density function alone. Besides these, the solution admits the Schubnikov-de Haas oscillation of the electrical conductivity due to change in the fields.     

集成电路微互连结构中的热迁移

高工作电流在集成电路微互连结构中产生大量焦耳热,引起局部区域的温升、形成高温度梯度,金属原子沿着温度梯度反向运动发生热迁移.热迁移是集成电路微互连失效的主要原因之一.阐述了热迁移原理、失效模式及原子迁移方程.综述和分析了在单纯温度场、电场和温度场耦合等不同载荷条件下金属引线和合金焊料的热迁移研究.归纳并提出了集成电路微互连结构热迁移研究亟待解决的问题. 关键词： 集成电路 微互连 热迁移     

Noise in porous silicon structures in air and in conditions of gas adsorption

Low-frequency noise, in the range 1–500 Hz, is measured at room temperature in samples of Au/PS/SCS/Al structure with a layer of porous silicon. Numerical values of the Hooge parameter α_H are estimated and the dependence of α_H on the composition of the gaseous environment, where the sample is placed, is determined. Possible reasons of observed high values of α_H for the samples in air and of the increase in α_H in conditions of gas adsorption are discussed. Introducing of carbon oxide in air changes the shape of spectrum.     

Scale-free phenomenon in industries in China

In this paper, we investigate the data of industries in China and find that the frequency distributions of fixed assets and fixed-assets’ investment of industries obey power laws. We show that these power-law modes can be explained by the rules of the Simon Model, rather than the existing investment theories such as the classical investment theory or acceleration principle. Moreover, the mechanism of the investment distribution may be similar to the forest-fire model of self-organizing criticality. By introducing the complex system methods, this research changes the traditional opinion of the investment and gains some meaningful understanding in the dynamics of industries and the economic cycle.     

Parametric resonance in neutrino oscillations in matter

Neutrino oscillations in matter can exhibit a specific resonance enhancement — parametric resonance, which is different from the MSW resonance. Oscillations of atmospheric and solar neutrinos inside the earth can undergo parametric enhancement when neutrino trajectories cross the core of the earth. In this paper we review the parametric resonance of neutrino oscillations in matter. In particular, physical interpretation of the effect and the prospects of its experimental observation in oscillations of solar and atmospheric neutrinos in the earth are discussed. On leave from National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia     

On phase-coherence in rescattering in multiphoton ionization and in higher-order harmonic generation

Summary  The recently discovered plateau and rings in high-order multiphoton ionization apparently have their origin in rescattering. Similarly, rescattering is involved in higher-order harmonic generation. Using a simple one-dimensional model, it is shown that the phase-coherence in this rescattering process is of considerable importance. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction. This work has been supported by the East-West Program of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and by the Austrian Ministry of Science and Transportation under project no. 45.372/2-IV/6/97. One of us (JZK) acknowledges the support of the Polish Committee of Scientific Research (grant KBN 2 P03B 007 13).     

Absorption in the final state in reactions and decays in the medium

The role of strong absorption of particles in intermediate and final states has been considered. The range of applicability of phenomenological models of absorption has been studied. This model is nonuniversal. Its applicability depends on the type of interaction Hamiltonian and matrix element used. We also demonstrate that the violation of the unitarity condition can produce a qualitative error in the results. The absorption (decay) in the final state does not tend to suppress the total process probability as well as the probability of the channel corresponding to absorption. This is true for the reactions, decays and nˉ conversion in the medium.     

国内CIDEP研究进展

化学诱导动态电子极化（CIDEP）是检测瞬态顺磁粒子并表征其特征的强有力的手段,对于研究光化学和光物理瞬态过程的微观机理和规律有重要意义. 本文较为详细地总结了4种常见的CIDEP机理,讨论了各种极化谱及相应的极化条件;简要介绍了国内研究小组在CIDEP理论以及在均相溶液和微复相体系中光化学过程的CIDEP研究成果. 