线性模式下GaAs光电导开关的时间抖动特性

针对线性模式下GaAs光电导开关时间抖动特性的研究,对提高精密同步控制系统的输出性能具有重要意义.根据电脉冲的概率分布和时间与电脉冲波形的对应关系,结合载流子的输运过程,对光电导开关时间抖动进行了定性的理论推导.此外,通过搭建实验平台,利用正交光栅分光,将一束激光同时触发两路并联的GaAs光电导开关,改变触发激光脉冲宽度及外加偏置电压测试开关时间抖动,根据实验值的对比分析,得出在不同的外加偏置电压下,随着触发激光脉冲宽度的减小,开关时间抖动值随之减小.验证了触发激光脉冲宽度对开关时间抖动的影响及理论分析的正确性.研究结果对GaAs光电导开关时间抖动的进一步减小具有一定的指导意义.     

Characterization and Switching Performance of Electron-Beam Controlled Discharges

The electron-beam sustained discharge switch is an attractive concept for repetitive pulsed power switching because it has a demonstrated capability to interrupt direct current and because it is inherently scalable. We report on experiments with this type of switch in a 4-kV dc circuit. A wire-ion-plasma (WIP) electron-beam (e-beam) gun is used to irradiate and sustain a switch discharge with a 100-cm2 cross-sectional area in 1 atm of N2 or CH4. Interruption of 8-10-?s pulses of up to 1.9 kA, and of 100-?s pulses of 150 A has been demonstrated in methane, and interruption against higher recovery voltages (11 kV) has been performed at 1.2 kA by adding series inductance to the circuit. These values represent power supply limitations rather than limitations of the switch itself. A comparison of the measured discharge characteristics with theoretical predictions shows that the measured switch conductivities are higher than the predicted values for given e-beam current values. A qualitative explanation for this observation is offered by considering the effects of electron reflection from the discharge anode and of nonlinear paths for the beam electrons across the discharge gap. We conclude that the switching performance of the e-beam controlled discharge switch corresponds to its design parameters, and that for a given switch size a lower voltage drop during the on time can be expected compared with the voltage drop predicted by previously published theory.     

Ultrashort electron beam and volume high-current discharge in air under the atmospheric pressure

Conditions are studied under which an electron beam and a volume discharge with a subnanosecond rise time of a voltage pulse are produced in air under atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the electron beam appears in a gas-filled diode at the front of the voltage pulse in ∼0.5 ns, has a half-intensity duration of ≤0.4 ns and an average electron energy of ∼0.6 of the voltage across the gas-filled diode, and terminates when the voltage across the gap reaches its maximum value. The electron beam with an average electron energy of 60 to 80 keV and a current amplitude of ≥70 A is obtained. It is assumed that the electron beam is formed from electrons produced in the gap due to gas ionization by fast electrons when the intensity of the field between the front of the expanding plasma cloud and the anode reaches its critical value. A nanosecond volume discharge with a specific power input of ≥400 MW/cm³, a density of the discharge current at the anode of up to 3 kA/cm², and specific energy deposition of ∼1 J/cm³ over 3 to 5 ns is created.     

Laser Triggering through Fiber Optics of a Low Jitter Spark Gap

An optical filter is employed to transport a 15-ns light pulse from a high power ruby laser for precise triggering of a gas filed high voltage spark gap. The maximum power density that can be transmitted by the fiber is limited to 6 × 1012 W/m2 above which laser induced damage occurs on the fiber entrance face. The overall throughput efficiency of the optical system was measured as 62 percent. Results are presented for the switching delay time and associated jitter for various mixtures of A and N2 gas, and as a function of the voltage across a pulse-charged Blumlein generator gap. Pulse charging of the Blumlein generator was accomplished by a three-stage Marx generator, resulting in output voltages up to 250 kV. It was conclusively demonstrated that an optical fiber will transport a sufficiently intense laser pulse to evince subnanosecond jitter in the triggering of a pressurized gas switch under the conditions studied.     

Triggering of radial multichannel pseudospark switches by a pulsedhollow cathode discharge

We report on a special trigger discharge for pulsed high-power pseudospark switches. The switch used is a radial three-channel pseudospark switch. For triggering, a cylindrical trigger electrode is inserted into the hollow cathode of the main gap. This electrode acts as a hollow cathode for the dc preionization, while the hollow cathode of the main gap is the anode. A negative high-voltage pulse supplied to the trigger electrode ignites the main discharge. We report the temporal evolution of the trigger discharge observed with a fast camera. This trigger method gives an excellent current distribution among the discharge channels, as can be proven by fast photography. The switch has a delay of 220 ns and a jitter of 15 ns     

Energy distribution of runaway and fast electrons upon nanosecond volume discharge in atmospheric-pressure air

Nanosecond space discharge in a gas-filled diode is promising for pumping of lasers and high-power lamps. The space charge formed in the absence of an additional preionization source has a few advantages. The energy distributions of the beam electrons and the X-ray spectrum are determined. It is demonstrated that several high-energy electron bunches are formed in such a discharge. The main contribution to the beam current measured behind the foil is related to the runaway electrons, which have energies of tens or hundreds of kiloelectronvolts (supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB)). Fast electrons with energies of several or tens of kiloelectronvolts are responsible for the generation of the soft X rays in the discharge gap. Anomalous electrons whose energy is higher than the voltage across the gap provide for a minor (less than 5%) contribution to the beam current. The generation time of these electrons is equal to the SAEB generation time accurate to 0.1 ns. It is demonstrated that the anomalous electrons can be generated owing to the acceleration in the presence of the field in front of the moving background-electron multiplication wave. The spectra of the X-ray radiation generated by the fast electrons in the volume are calculated.     

Marx发生器建立时间及抖动实验研究

 Marx发生器建立时间及抖动与Marx发生器中球隙开关的工作状态有关，同时与开关的触发电压幅值及极性有关。通过实验获得了Marx发生器建立时间及抖动最小时最佳工作状态的相关参数。天光一号电子束加速器从同步机发出指令信号至主Marx输出，总的延时及抖动为（1629±8.4）ns，满足MOPA系统建立时间抖动小于20ns的要求。     

中能X光机触发系统

介绍了中能X光机装置触发系统研制和相关实验结果,触发系统包括主机6个支路激光开关的触发和主机放电的触发。其中6个支路的触发由6台YAG四倍频激光器完成,主机放电电触发系统由1台YAG四倍频激光器来触发。实验结果表明:每台激光器出光时间抖动σ小于等于0.3 ns,激光开关导通延迟时间约25 ns,抖动σ小于等于1.2 ns,电触发系统中激光与触发器输出电压之间的时间抖动σ为0.5 ns,匹配负载上电压大于120 kV,前沿约28 ns,脉宽150 ns。中能X光机在杆箍缩二极管负载上获得最大输出为4.2 MV/100 kA的电脉冲,电压脉冲半高宽约55 ns,输出的X射线时间抖动σ为3.4 ns。实验结果表明触发系统具备对6个支路精确调节和控制的能力,确保了中能X光机装置的高可靠性。     

Performance Predictions for Electron-Beam Controlled On/Off Switches

An electron beam (e-beam) controlled switch makes use of the low-energy secondary electrons in a diffuse e-beam sustained discharge as the conducting medium which carries the switched current. The conductivity of the gas in the switch is negligible before the e-beam is turned on because the circuit parameters are chosen so that the open circuit voltage which appears across the switch electrodes is well below the static breakdown voltage of the gas in the switch gap. The e-beam switch can interrupt direct current because the density of the electrons in the switch decays by recombination and attachment when the e-beam is turned off and the switch conductivity decreases. In typical circuits, this decay in conductivity causes the switch voltage to rise and the switch current to fall, i.e., the switch "turns off." This paper presents the results of a series of theoretical calculations which were performed in order to: 1) identify the electron transport and other gas properties which optimize the performance of e-beam switches, 2) evaluate the performance of several real gases for use in e-beam switches, and 3) determine the laws which predict the scaling properties of e-beam switches. Results are presented for N2, Ar, a N2:Ar = 1:9 mixture, and CH4. These results show that CH4 provides the best e-beam switch performance. Comparison of experimental results and theoretical predictions for CH4 supports both the theory and the predicted good e-beam switch performance for CH4.     

光纤探针诊断100 kA-LTD模块开关的同步性

设计了一套用于同轴多间隙气体开关导通起始时间诊断的光纤探针阵列测试系统,其由光纤阵列与多通道快响应光电转换仪两部分组成,系统同步时间小于1 ns。使用该套系统同时对100 kA-LTD模块所有并联支路的10只开关的放电过程进行了测试,获得了开关导通起始时间及模块的输出电流波形。实验结果表明:开关工作欠压比为85%时,时间抖动不超过6.9 ns,负载波形重复一致性较好;开关工作欠压比降至53%时,时间抖动急剧增加至117.7 ns,负载波形重复一致性显著恶化。同时将光纤测试系统获得的各个开关导通起始时间带入PSpice电路模型进行模拟反演,结果表明,模拟结果与实验得到的模块输出电流波形吻合较好,证明了测试系统的准确性。     

Study of Intense Electron Beams Produced by High-Voltage Pulsed Glow Discharges

We report the generation of high-current-density (20 A/cm2) pulsed electron beams from high-voltage (48-100 kV) glow discharges using cathodes 7.5 cm in diameter. The pulse duration was determined by the energy of the pulse generator and varied between 0.2 ?s and several microseconds, depending on the discharge current. The largest electron beam current (900 A) was obtained with an oxidized aluminum cathode in a helium-oxygen atmosphere. An oxidized magnesium cathode produced similar results, and a molybdenum cathode operated at considerably lower currents. A small-diameter (<1 mm) well-collimated beam of energetic electrons of very high current density (>1 kA/cm2) was also observed to develop in the center of the discharge. Electrostatic probe measurements show that the negative glow plasma density and the electron beam current have a similar spatial distribution. Electron temperatures of 1-1.5 eV were measured at 7 cm from the cathode. The plasma density (8.5 · 1011 cm-3 at 450 A) was found to depend linearly on the discharge current. In discharges at high currents a denser and higher temperature plasma region was observed to develop at approximately 20 cm from the cathode. We have modeled the process of electron beam generation and predicted the energy distribution of the electron beam. More than 95 percent of the electron beam energy is calculated to be within 10 percent of that corresponding to the discharge voltage.     

平面火花隙三电极开关研制及性能测试

 研制了一种适用于平行板传输连接的平面火花隙三电极开关，开关正负电极为半圆形状，触发电极为细条状。将之替代立体式（半球形电极）火花隙三电极开关并应用于爆炸箔起爆装置中，装置回路参数将得以优化。实验测试了空气间隙为4.12， 3.14和2.2 mm的平面火花隙三电极开关的性能。结果表明，在开关间隙间距一定的情况下，随着电压的升高，开关间隙的放电时延和分散时间呈指数降低，开关电感小于15 nH；对于不同范围内的应用电压，使用不同间隙间距的开关，其分散时间不大于10 ns。该开关应用于较低充电电压（小于10 kV）的脉冲功率装置中，与立体式火花隙三电极开关相比，回路电感降低了约50 nH，放电周期缩短近1/3，峰值电流增加约1/3。     

自由电子激光振荡器中电子束能量跳跃对增益的影响

 微脉冲中电子束能量、电流的跳跃会影响电子束的质量, 从而也影响激光的增益。在CAEP FIR FEL 理论设计模型参数的基础上,利用一维定态程序对电子束能量跳跃对增益的影响进行了数值研究,并与非定态程序计算结果进行比较,给出可容许的能量跳跃范围。     

Predicted emittance and brightness of the pseudospark electron-beam

The emittance and brightness of the electron beam generated during the hollow cathode phase of pseudospark operation are calculated using the two-dimensional hybrid fluid-particle model previously developed to study the time and space development of the plasma in a pseudospark discharge. Two distinct energy components exist in the electron beam; a high-energy component with an energy equivalent to the full discharge voltage and another, broad, low-energy component. In the 100 ns following breakdown and for the conditions of the calculations, the emittance of the high energy component decreases by an order of magnitude and the brightness of the high energy component reaches almost 10¹⁰ A/m² rad². This work demonstrates the feasibility of using the model to guide the optimization of the pseudospark electron beam properties and shows that the optimum beam properties are achieved after the plasma has filled the hollow cathode and begun to expand radially in the main gap     

Laser Interferometric Measurements of a Laser-Preionization-Triggered Spark Column

A KrF laser (248 nm) is used to volume preionization trigger a 40-100-kV, > 10-kA, 100-ns spark gap switch. This method of triggering creates reproducible and axisymmetric spark columns having low temporal and spatial jitter. A short pulse (< 5 ns) tunable dye laser and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer are used to obtain spatial and temporal measurements of the spark column. The spatial resolution of the interferograms is better than 5 ?m. The fringe shifts of the interferograms are used to calculate the electron and heavy particle density distributions within the spark column as a function of time during the spark. Results are presented for sparks in 5-percent SF6/ 20-percent N2/75-percent He and 1-percent Xe/99-percent H2 gas mixtures. Dc and pulsed self-breakdown voltages are also measured in order to provide a reference for the laser-triggered results. Data on laser-triggering reliability and spark breakdown delay time are also presented.     

Experimental observations of steady anodic vacuum arcs withthermionic cathodes

Stationary plasma discharges have been investigated in a high vacuum ambient (background gas pressure <10^-2 Pa), with an externally heated cathode and a consumable hot evaporating anode. With various anode materials like chromium or copper, and electrode separations between 0.5 and 3 mm, the nonself-sustained discharge operates with DC arc currents in the range of 220 A. The waveform of the arc voltage is strongly influenced by the magnetic field of the cathode heating current, and arc voltages between a minimum of 3 V and a maximum exceeding 100 V have been observed. The voltage-current characteristics (V_CC) and the influence of the electrode separation have been measured separately for the minimum and the maximum of the arc voltages and show a different behavior. The metal plasma expands into the ambient vacuum toward the walls of the vacuum vessel and offers a macroparticle free deposition source of thin films. The arc voltage can be varied by external manipulations of the arc discharge, and the mean ion energy of the expanding metal plasma shows a linear dependence of the mean arc voltage     

Spectra of electrons and X-ray photons in a diffusive nanosecond discharge in air under atmospheric pressure

The spectra of electrons and X-ray photons generated in nanosecond discharges in air under atmospheric pressure are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Data for the discharge formation dynamics in a nonuniform electric field are gathered. It is confirmed that voltage pulses with an amplitude of more than 100 kV and a rise time of 1 ns or less causing breakdown of an electrode gap with a small-radius cathode generate runaway electrons, which can be divided into three groups in energy (their energy varies from several kiloelectronvolts to several hundreds of kiloelectronvolts). It is also borne out that the formation of the space charge is due to electrons appearing in the gap at the cathode and a major contribution to the electron beam behind the foil comes from electrons of the second group, the maximal energy of which roughly corresponds to the voltage across the gap during electron beam generation. X-ray radiation from the gas-filled diode results from beam electron slowdown both in the anode and in the gap. It is shown that the amount of group-3 electrons with an energy above the energy gained by runaway electrons (in the absence of losses) at a maximal voltage across the gap is much smaller than the amount of group-2 electrons.     

Possible application of a volume avalanche discharge initiated by an electron beam for designing a krypton dimer laser

The emissive and amplifying properties of volume nanosecond discharge plasma formed at high pressures in krypton have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. It is theoretically shown that lasing can be obtained in this type of discharge at krypton pressures exceeding 6–7 atm. In the discharge gap with a cathode of small curvature radius, volume discharge without preliminary ionization is obtained at a high pressure and intense krypton dimer emission that peaks at a wavelength of 146 nm is detected. It is shown that, upon excitation by a volume avalanche discharge initiated by an electron beam, no less than 90% of the energy in the range 120–540 nm is emitted by krypton dimers. At a krypton pressure of 1.5 atm, an energy of ～30 mJ of spontaneous emission into the total solid angle and a radiation pulse width at half maximum of ～240 ns are obtained.     

新型等离子体喷射触发气体开关

为了提高气体开关的同步性,降低自放电概率和抖动,提出并设计了一种新型等离子体喷射触发气体开关。开关整体结构与传统的三电极场畸变开关相似,最大特点是在触发电极内部嵌入一个微型激励腔,用于产生等离子体喷射。研究了触发电压和气压对等离子体的喷射特性的影响,对比场畸变和等离子体喷射两种触发方式下开关触发特性的差异,并研究触发电压对开关性能的影响。实验结果表明:等离子体喷射高度随触发电压的升高而增加,随气压的升高而降低;采用等离子体喷射触发能够显著降低过压间隙的延时和抖动;提高触发电压不但降低开关的抖动,而且还扩展开关稳定触发的工作范围;当触发电压80kV,工作系数27.4%,开关仍然能够可靠触发,延时和抖动分别为97.1ns和3.5ns。     

UV-Laser Triggering of 2.8-Megavolt Gas Switches

We are investigating the use of a low-divergence (100, ?rad) KrF laser to trigger 2.8-MV gas switches for lage pulsed-power systems. Using less than 0.1 J of laser energy, we have demonstrated subnanosecond-jitter triggering (1?) of these switches, which are insulated with pure SF6, at voltages between 75-90 percent of the self-breakdown voltage of the switch. The time delay between the laser pulse and the switch closure is relatively insensitive to variations in voltage, with delay changing by as little as 1.5 ns between 80-90 percent of the self-breakdown voltage. We also present parametric studies of laser triggering using lenses with different focal lengths at various input laser energies.