锅炉管束声散射的理论分析

声波除灰技术虽然已经在国内外的电站、石化及一般工业锅炉上推广应用,但是与之相关的多数基本问题都还没有得到很好的解决。本文使用Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ积分方程的数值计算方法讨论了锅炉换热器管排的声场散射问题,得到了管道表面及管排周围的声场分布特性,对当前声波除灰技术的发展应用具有重要指导意义．     

声波除灰技术的应用研究

声波除灰技术虽然已经在国内外的电站、石化与一般丁业锅炉上推广应用，但是与之相关的多数基本问题都还没有得到很好的解决。本文通过对几例应用结果的分析，说明了声波除灰的效果；揭示了一些有待深入认识的基本现象和需要解决的问题，讨论了声波除灰的研究和应用发展方向。     

时林－声力克低频声波锅炉除灰技术简介

时林－声力克低频声波锅炉除灰技术简介声波锅炉除灰是指利用声波能量的作用，清除锅炉换热器表面积灰和结焦，以达到恢复锅炉的热效率，保证锅炉正常运转并改善其运行状态的目的．＂时林一声力克＂低频声波锅炉除灰技术是由中国科学院声学研究所与北京时林电脑公司五音声...     

声波除灰技术的理论及应用

声波除灰技术是近年来发展起来的一项新技术，已广泛用于电厂、石化及一般工业锅炉。该技术有很多优于其他除灰技术的优点，但有些作用机理尚需进一步研究。本文重点介绍声波除灰技术的物理声学基础、除灰机理、技术特点及应用情况，并提出具体的结论和建议。     

含气泡液体中的非线性声传播

考虑到分布在液体中的气泡是声波在含气泡液体中传播时引起非线性的一个很重要的因素,本文研究了声波在含气泡液体中的非线性传播.将气体含量的影响引入到声波在液体中传播的方程中,从而得到声波在气液混合物中传播的数学模型.通过对该模型进行数值模拟发现,气体含量、驱动声场声压幅值及驱动声场作用时间均会影响到气液混合物中的声场分布及声压幅值大小.液体中的气泡会"阻滞"液体中声场的传播并将能量"聚集"在声源附近.对于连续大功率的驱动声场来说,液体中的气泡会"阻滞"气液混合物中声场及其能量的传播.     

奇妙的声全息技术

声全息是利用声波干涉获得被观察物体声场全部信息的声成像技术.20世纪60年代中期,为了检测和显示对于可见光和X射来说是不透明物质的结构特性,人们提出用声波代替光波的声全息技术的研究,并且迅速地得到发展和应用.     

声全息技术

 声全息是利用声波干涉获得被观察物体声场全部信息的声成像技术。20世纪60年代中期,为了检测和显示对于可见光和X射线来说是不透明物质的结构特性,人们提出用声波代替光波的声全息技术的研究,并且迅速地得到发展和应用。声全息在原理上与光全息完全相同。     

中国海洋声学研究进展

海洋声学研究声波与海洋的相互作用。它包括两方面的问题：一方面研究海洋环境对海中声场的影响；另一方面利用声波来探测海洋结构。海洋声学是一门应用范围很广、发展十分迅速的学科。本文简要介绍了海洋声学研究的某些进展，其中包括浅海与深海声场，浅海混响与低频声吸收。     

声波测井技术的重要进展——偶极横波远探测测井

近年来单井反射声波远探测技术的一个重要进展是利用偶极声波探测仪器来发射和接收地层深部的反射信号。本文首先介绍了单井反射声波成像技术的研究进展。然后,从偶极横波成像原理、充液井孔中偶极远场辐射指向性、偶极声源激励下的井外声场分布、反射横波幅度和反射系数、偶极横波数据中的反射波分析和现场资料处理实例分析等方面详细论述了偶极声波远探测技术。最后,讨论了这门技术今后改进和发展的方向,通过本文读者可以了解偶极横波远探测技术的原理、方法、效果和应用前景。     

Schlieren成像和声场可视化

Schlieren技术是利用声场引起透明媒质光折射率的变化而实现声场可视化的光学成像技术。它具有对声场无干扰、快速、瞬态成像的特点。本文利用二维光学Fourier变换分析了Schlieren技术的成像原理,在采用连续激光和高速ICCD的Schlieren成像系统中,实验研究了平面波声场和线聚焦声场中换能器光学校准方法和声压的定量检测技术。发展声场瞬态和动态成像技术,观测了声波的聚焦过程和固-液界面的声场分布和变化。这些结果表明Schlieren技术是一种有效的声场可视化和定量检测的光学成像技术。     

Several applications of laser diagnostics for visualization of combustion phenomena

Several applications of laser diagnostic techniques to visualize combustion phenomena are presented, including reactive Mie scattering for flow, Rayleigh and Raman spectroscopy for major species, laser-induced fluorescence for minor species, and laser extinction, scattering, and laser-induced incandescence for soot. These techniques have been applied to diffusion flame oscillation, a recirculation zone in a burner, laminar and turbulent lifted flames, flame propagation along a vortex tube, and soot zone characteristics, to demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques to provide a better understanding of physical mechanisms.     

Fragmentation of pulverized coal in a laminar drop tube reactor: Experiments and model

Fragmentation during pulverized coal particles conversion shifts the particle size distribution of the fuel towards smaller particle sizes, affecting both conversion rates and heat release. After pyrolysis of a high volatiles Colombian coal in CO₂ atmosphere in a drop tube reactor at 1573?K, solid carbonaceous particles of different size, from 100?µm of the particle feed down to the nanometric size, have been observed. A fragmentation model has been used to predict the fate of Colombian coal particles under the experimental conditions of the drop tube experiment and predict the particle size distribution (PSD). Model and experimental results are in very good agreement and indicate that in the DTR experiment the coal underwent almost complete pyrolysis and that fragmentation generated a 36?wt% population of particles with size close to 30?µm. The close match between the PSDs obtained from experiments and from the fragmentation model is an important novelty. It demonstrates that fragmentation occurs not only under fluidized bed conditions but also under the conditions of pulverized coal combustion. Experimentalists are warned against the fact that the fine particulate sampled at the outlet of laminar flow reactors and boilers is not always composed of soot only. Char fragments can be misidentified as soot. The implementation of fragmentation submodels in pulverized fuel combustion and gasification codes is highly recommended.     

锅炉和加热炉的声除灰

本文用实验方法,观察和研究了声除灰现象,初步归纳出除灰效果和声压级以及除灰时间的关系。初步找到除灰的声压级阈值。文中使用了旋笛式声了除灰器,声功率1950W,气声效率18%;哨式声除灰器,声功率680W,气声效率6.8%。本文列举辽阳石化厂加热炉,装上声除灰器后,热效率提高4.8%;广州石化厂新锅炉,装声除灰器,排烟温度比设计值低2-4℃。     

2D soot volume fraction imaging in an ethylene diffusion flame by two-color laser-induced incandescence (2C-LII) technique and comparison with results from other optical diagnostics

The two-color laser-induced incandescence (2C-LII) technique can be used for soot volume fraction measurements with no use of a reference flame of known soot concentration. In this work we have exploited the 2C-LII technique with the development of a two-dimensional imaging arrangement. By utilizing an IR pulsed laser, a laser sheet with sharp edges, and controlled fluence, the maximum soot temperature was verified to be around 4000 K in all the investigated regions of an ethylene diffusion flame. The calibration-free 2D 2C-LII arrangement was then feasible and applied for soot imaging. Verification of the soot volume fraction measurements was carried out by comparison with other techniques such as “point” 2C-LII, laser extinction, 2D extinction, and 2D two-color emission techniques. Agreements and some discrepancies are discussed.     

Soot-visualization strategies using laser techniques

Strategies for spatially resolved soot volume-fraction measurements have been investigated in sooting laboratory flames with known soot characteristics. Two techniques were compared: Laser-Induced Fluorescence in C₂ from Laser-Vaporized Soot (LIF(C₂)LVS), and Laser-Induced Incandescence of soot (LII). The LII signal is the increased temperature radiation from soot particles which have been heated to temperatures of several thousand degrees as a consequence of absorption of laser radiation. The LIF(C₂)LVS technique is based on the production of C₂ radicals from laser-vaporized soot which occurs for laser intensities ≥10⁷ W/cm². A laser wavelength is chosen such that besides vaporizizng the soot, it also excites the C₂ radicals, and the subsequent C₂ fluorescence signal is detected. The signals from both techniques showed good correlation with soot volume fractions in the studied flame. The dependence of the signals on experimental parameters was studied, and the influence of interfering radiation, such as background flame luminosity and fluorescence from polyaromatic hydrocarbons, on studied signals was established. The potential of the two techniques for imaging of soot volume fractions in laboratory flames was demonstrated. Advantages and disadvantages of the studied techniques are discussed.     

Numerical simulation aided relative optical density analysis of TEM images for soot morphology determination

The relative optical density (ROD) method provides a means to measure three-dimensional information about soot aggregates from two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of soot. The method is dependent on accurate calibration of the relationship between the measured soot ROD in TEM images and the actual soot thickness perpendicular to the imaging plane. A novel calibration method based on the comparison between probability distributions of measured soot ROD in TEM images and that of virtual soot thickness of numerically simulated soot is introduced. Soot aggregates of various prescribed fractal structure parameters were numerically generated using a tunable cluster-cluster aggregation model. The probability histograms of the local soot thickness for the simulated soot aggregates and ROD of the TEM images of flame generated soot aggregates were found to be quite similar and were used as a basis to establish a quantitative relationship between ROD and the local soot thickness. The calibration constant obtained from the analysis of the simulated soot was found to be insensitive to the fractal structure parameters over a wide range. The calibrated ROD method is successfully applied to the morphology analysis of soot aggregates generated in an atmospheric laminar co-flow ethylene-air diffusion flame based on thermophoretic sampling (TS) and TEM analysis techniques. With the ROD method, an overlap coefficient is introduced to identify and eliminate non-soot-aggregate structures and the selection of a cut-off overlap coefficient was found to have little influence on the final results over a relatively wide range. ROD is independent of empirical constants and human judgments and has been found to be an accurate and reliable TEM image analysis method for studying the morphology of soot aggregates.     

Characterization of Nano‐Particles Using Laser‐Induced Incandescence

Laser‐induced incandescence (LII) is introduced as a valuable tool for the characterization of nanoparticles. This optical measurement technique is based on the heating of the particles by a short laser pulse and the subsequent detection of the thermal radiation. It has been applied successfully for the investigation of soot in different fields of application, which is described here in the form of an overview with a focus on work done at the LTT‐Erlangen during the last 10 years. In laboratory flames the soot primary particle size, volume concentration, and relative aggregate size have been determined in combination with the number density of primary particles. Furthermore, the primary particle sizes of carbon blacks have been measured in situ and online under laboratory conditions and also in production reactors. Measurements with different types of commercially available carbon black powders, which were dispersed in a measurement chamber yielded a good correlation between LII results and the specified product properties. Particle diameters determined by LII in a furnace black reactor correlate very well with the CTAB‐absorption number, which is a measure for the specific surface area. It turned out that the LII method is not affected by variations of the aggregate structure of the investigated carbon blacks. The LII signal also contains information on the primary particle size distribution, which can be reconstructed by the evaluation of the signal decay time at, at least, two different time intervals. Additionally, soot mass concentrations have been determined inside diesel engines and online measurements were performed in the exhaust gas of such engines for various engine conditions simultaneously providing information about primary particle size, soot volume, and number concentration. The LII results exhibit good correlation with traditional measurement techniques, e.g., filter smoke number measurements. In addition to the soot measurements, primarily tests with other nanoparticles like TiO₂ or metal particles are encouraging regarding the applicability of the technique for the characterization of such different types of nanoparticles.     

Modeling soot formation in flames and reactors: Recent progress and current challenges

The study of soot has long been motivated by its adverse impacts on health and the environment. However, this combustion knowledge is also relevant to the production of carbon black and hydrogen via methane pyrolysis which are important commodities. Over the last decade, steady progress has been made in the development of detailed continuum models of soot formation in flames and reactors. Developing more comprehensive models has often been motivated by the need for predicting soot formation over a wider range of conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, fuels). Measurements with novel experimental techniques have given us new insights into the chemistry, particle dynamics and optical properties of soot particles and even molecules and radicals forming them. Also, multi-scale modeling has enabled us to translate the detailed mechanisms of soot processes based on first principles into computationally efficient but accurate continuum models of soot formation in flames and reactors. However, important questions remain including (1) what is the mechanism of soot inception and surface growth, (2) which gas-phase species are involved in soot inception and surface growth (3) how surface growth and oxidation are affected by soot surface properties. Proposed models need to be evaluated against experimental data over a wide range of conditions to determine their predictive strength. These questions are critical for the accurate prediction of soot formation in flames and its emissions from engines. However, this knowledge can also be used to develop predictive process design and optimization tools for carbon black and other nanocarbon formation in reactors.     

Influence of pressure on near nozzle flow field and soot formation in laminar co-flow diffusion flames

Soot formation from combustion devices, which tend to operate at high pressure, is a health and environmental concern, thus investigating the effect of pressure on soot formation is important. While most fundamental studies have utilised the co-flow laminar diffusion flame configuration to study the effect of pressure on soot, there is a lack of investigations into the effect of pressure on the flow field of diffusion flames and the resultant influence on soot formation. A recent work has displayed that recirculation zones can form along the centreline of atmospheric pressure diffusion flames. This present work seeks to investigate whether these zones can form due to higher pressure as well, which has never been explored experimentally or numerically. The CoFlame code, which models co-flow laminar, sooting, diffusion flames, is validated for the prediction of recirculation zones using experimental flow field data for a set of atmospheric pressure flames. The code is subsequently utilised to model ethane-air diffusion flames from 2 to 33 atm. Above 10 atm, recirculation zones are predicted to form. The reason for the formation of the zones is determined to be due to increasing shear between the air and fuel steams, with the air stream having higher velocities in the vicinity of the fuel tube tip than the fuel stream. This increase in shear is shown to be the cause of the recirculation zones formed in previously investigated atmospheric flames as well. Finally, the recirculation zone is determined as a probable cause of the experimentally observed formation of a large mass of soot covering the entire fuel tube exit for an ethane diffusion flame at 36.5 atm. Previously, no adequate explanation for the formation of the large mass of soot existed.