用二踪示波器测计数器工作波形

在数字电路实验中,用二踪示波器测计数器的工作波形,往往不是一件容易的事。由于计数器是多个输出端,如二一十进制的计数器,输出端有四个,计数时钟脉冲输入端一个,而二踪示波器一次只能显示两个波形,本文介绍如何正确地在示波器上显示出计数器的五个工作波形,并描绘下来的测试方法。     

示波器电子运动规律与波形显示关系研究

本文详细地论述了示波管荧光屏上的显示波形与电子运动规律、波形周期与扫描电压周期间的关系,以便帮助学生理解和解决学习示波器原理过程中遇到的疑难、疑惑问题。     

一种直接用示波器观测单变量非线性系统状态的新方法

为解决用示波器观测单变量非线性系统难的问题, 本文提出了一种45°线法, 该方法能将随时间变化的连续信号以特殊的方式转换成直角坐标上45°线上的点图, 并可用通用双踪示波器 (模拟或数字均可)直接显示出来, 从而达到直接方便地观测和分析单变量被测系统运行时的各种状态, 如周期稳定态, 局部和全局不稳定态. 文中详细阐述了该方法的机理. 同时, 研究和解决了设计实现该方法物理电路的关键问题, 即从连续变化的信号中提取出能反映系统状态的有用信号. 由于蔡氏电路是典型的非线性系统, 且能随参数的变化产生各种丰富的状态, 本文选用该电路作为被测系统进行了大量的物理实验, 实验结果证实了该方法的有效性和实用性.关键词：45°线法单变量系统系统状态双踪示波器     

线圈的电感与电阻

线圈是由绝缘导线绕成的,必同时存在电感和电阻.线圈的电感问题很复杂,我们只讨论最简单的情况.     

用示波器测：定交流电最大值与有效值的关系

中学物理实验中,让交流电和直流电分别通过同一个灯泡,如果两次灯泡发光的亮度相同,说明灯泡在相同的时间内产生的热量相同,则直流电的数值就是交流电的有效值.用示波器测出灯泡两端的交流电压的最大值和直流电压值,并计算出它们的比值,从而确定交流电最大值与有效值的关系.     

拍的产生与观测

一般教科书定义拍时,都有附加条件(简称"条件"),要求分振动的圆频率ω1和ω2满足ω1+ω2＞|ω1-ω2 |或要求ω1和ω2"非常接近"[1]时才出现拍,但很少进行定量讨论.     

微元的选取与状态分布

通过选取适当的物理量微元，再求积分，即可得到该物理量的计算公式；这在物理问题求解时是司空见惯的程序，人们往往不太注意与选取微元相关的一些细节，现在我们通过气体分子麦克斯韦分布律，对这个问题做一些具体的分析。     

U^＋＋的能级与UO^＋＋2的电子状态

用全相对论量子力学方法计算了电子组态为［Ｒｎ］５ｆ２６ｄ１７ｓ１的Ｕ的全部２１４个电子状态的能级,基态为５Ｋ５。设ＵＯ２为线型（Ｒ∞ｈ）,Ｕ和Ｏ２均为基态,则ＵＯ２的可能电子状态有３,５,７Σ－ｇ,３,５,７πｇ,…。ＵＯ２的基态不大可能为１Σ＋ｇ。     

用竹管做振动的空气柱长短与声音音调变化关系的实验

1问题的提出 初中学生学过音乐的三要素后,常见到这样一道题目:由图1所示,在试管里装入深度不同的水,当向试管口由A向D轻轻吹气时,发出的声音,音调越来越＿＿,这声音是靠＿＿振动产生的.     

Generalized Boundary Conditions in an Existence and Uniqueness Proof for the Solution of the Non-Stationary Electron Boltzmann Equation by Means of Operator-Semigroups

Recently, based on the semigroup approach a new proof was presented of the existence of a unique solution of the non-stationary Boltzmann equation for the electron component of a collision dominated plasma. The proof underlies some restrictions which should be overcome to extend the validity range to other problems of physical interest. One of the restrictions is the boundary condition applied. The choice of the boundary condition is essential for the proof because it determines the range of definition of the infinitesimal generator and thus the operator semigroup itself. The paper proves the existence of a unique solution for generalized boundary conditions, this solution takes non-negative values, which is necessary for a distribution function from the physical point of view.     

Electron capture in collisions between negative and positive ions

Collisions between negative and positive atomic ions are investigated. The ionic wave function is expressed in terms of the Coulomb Green’s function. Normalizing this function allows the system of two ions to be described completely. The exchange matrix elements turn out to be the sums of products of the Coulomb wave functions over degenerate states. These sums are expressed in terms of the quadratic form of the wave function for a state with zero angular quantum numbers, l=m=0. The nonadiabatic coupling of quasi-crossing terms with other terms of the system is analyzed; this effect significantly increases the cross section for single-electron capture.     

Electron scattering by atoms and molecules

Recent advances in the scattering of electrons by free atoms and molecules are considered with an emphasis on the interface between experiment and theory. A survey is made of the theory and methods of measurement and their trend towards the perfect scattering experiment. For atomic targets a detailed coverage is given of the various theoretical models and the results compared with experimental data. For elastic and excitation collisions, the low and high energy regions are reasonably well understood. In the medium energy region, extending from a few times the ionization threshold down to about the ionization threshold there are still difficulties arising from the infinite number of open channels. For ionizing collisions, the three body Coulomb interaction still presents unanswered theoretical problems but has inspired some elegant experimental studies. For molecular targets the additional complexities arising from the nuclear motion, the lack of a centre of symmetry and the evaluation of multicentre integrals are considered. A brief discussion of some current problems and possible future developments is given.     

Watching at the correlation between the specific track-etch rate and the primary physical parameters of the swift ion interaction with the CR-39

Analysis of etched nuclear tracks in CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors has recently been made possible by the confocal microscope. This recent innovation has opened up some particularly interesting perspectives. The main originality of this microscopy technique is that it makes it possible to work on numerical, three-dimensional images of chemically etched nuclear tracks in the CR-39. We have studied the performances of this new approach for light ions (H, He, Li and C) with kinetic energies typically of the order of the MeV per nucleus. First, we determined the response functions of the CR-39 for these ions. We were then able to show that aside from decreasing the analysis time of traditional methods, the confocal microscope greatly increases the sensibility of the detection. The aim of this study was to find a correlation between the response functions and the primary physical parameters of the interaction between the ion and the material, such as the linear energy transfer (LET), the restricted energy transfer (REL_ω0), the integrated radial dose or the rate of ionization. Although these parameters presented a strong resemblance to the experimental response functions (they are all “Bragg” curves), none of them were correlated to the response function in an unambiguous way.     

微通道板噪声因子与工作电压关系研究

为了解决微通道板噪声因子的测量问题,提出了一种测量像增强器光电阴极灵敏度和信噪比,从而测量出微通道板噪声因子的方法 .根据该方法,分别在不同阴极电压、微通道板电压以及阳极电压条件下测量了微通道板的噪声因子.测量结果表明,当阴极电压、微通道板电压以及阳极电压分别变化时,微通道板的噪声因子会随之变化.微通道板电压对噪声因子的影响最大,阳极电压的影响最小.微通道板电压每增加100 V,噪声因子大约增加0.11,而阳极电压每增加100 V,噪声因子大约增加3.3×10-4.微通道板工作电压提高,意味着电子碰撞能量提高,同时也意味着二次电子发射系数提高,而根据现有微通道板噪声理论,微通道板的噪声因子会减小,但实测结果却相反.造成这一矛盾的原因是在现有微通道板噪声理论中,仅仅考虑了二次电子发射系数、探测率、电子碰撞几率的因数,而未考虑到电子碰撞能量的因数,因此噪声理论需要进行修正.     

Electron interactions and transport between coupled quantum Hall edge states

We examine the effects of electron-electron interactions on transport between edge states in a multilayer integer quantum Hall system. The edge states of such a system, coupled by interlayer tunneling, form a two-dimensional, chiral metal at the sample surface. We calculate the temperature-dependent conductivity and the amplitude of conductance fluctuations in this chiral metal, treating Coulomb interactions and disorder exactly in the weak-tunneling limit. We find that the conductivity increases with increasing temperature, as observed in recent experiments, and we show that the correlation length characterizing conductance fluctuations varies inversely with temperature.     

Tuning Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer by Electron Accepting and Donating Substituents in Oxazolones

The solvatochromic and spectral properties of oxazolone derivatives in various solvents were reported. Fluorescence spectra clearly showed positive and negative solvatochromism depending on substituents. The solvatochromic plots and quantum chemical computations at DFT-B3LYP/6-31?+?G(d,p) level were used to assess dipole moment changes between the ground and the first excited singlet-states. The electron accepting nitro substituent at the para-position increased the π-electron mobility, however, the 3,5-dinitro substituent decreased the π-electron mobility as a result of inverse accumulation of the electronic density as compared with that of its ground state. Experimental and computational studies proved that the photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer (PIET) is responsible for the observed solvatochromic effects. We demonstrate that PIET can be finely tailored by the position of the electron accepting and donating substituents in the phenyl ring of the oxazolone derivatives. We propose that the photoactive CPO derivatives are new molecular class of conjugated push-pull structures using azlactone moiety as the π-conjugated linker and may find applications in photovoltaic cells and light emitting diodes.