复合胺砜溶液吸收CO_2传质动力学研究

利用湿壁塔法测量复合胺砜溶液吸收CO_2的动力学特性,实验工况包括不同的反应温度(293.15～323.15 K)和不同的溶液浓度(0.5～6.6 mol/L)。本文简化了气液传质模拟,计算了不同工况下的吸收速率常数、总反应速率常数、二级反应速率常数及增强因子等动力学参数,同时根据实验结果拟合得到了二级反应速率常数和增强因子的经验公式,并得到了复合胺砜溶液与CO_2反应的表观反应活化能为为20.38 kJ/mol。     

FeCl_3催化2-(1-丙炔基)-2'-乙酰基联苯环化反应的机理研究

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法研究了2-(1-丙炔基)-2'-乙酰基联苯分子内环化生成菲衍生物的反应机理.结果表明,该反应在无催化剂和FeCl_3催化下均能通过四元环和八元环路径生成产物,其相应的决速步骤分别为四元环和八元环的生成过程.在无催化剂时,四元环路径和八元环路径的决速步骤的能垒相差仅6.8 kJ·mol~(-1),两条路径为竞争反应.在FeCl_3催化下,四元环路径决速步骤的能垒为137.52 kJ·mol~(-1),比八元环路径的低57.4 kJ·mol~(-1),为优势反应路径.该能垒比没有催化剂时低114.23 kJ·mol~(-1),表明FeCl_3对于该反应具有强的催化作用,能够有效地提高反应速率,使反应在温和的条件下进行.     

锌试剂-NO_2~--KBrO_3催化体系测定痕量亚硝酸根

基于在H_3PO_4介质中痕量亚硝酸根催化溴酸钾氧化锌试剂的反应建立了测定亚硝酸根的新催化光度法,研究了影响反应速率的条件,反应速率方程为-dc_(Zincon)/dt=k'c_(Zincon)·C_(BrO_3~-)·C_(NO_2~_),表现活化能E’=33.13kJ·mol~(_1),表现速率常数k’=1.32×10~(-3)·s~(-1),方法检出限是6.O×10~(-10)g·mL~(-1),测定范围是0.60～30.00μ g·~(-1),直接用于水体中亚硝酸根的测定结果满意。     

CeO_2/TiO_2催化剂上NH_3选择性催化还原NO反应动力学研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了CeO_2/TiO_2催化剂,对CeO_2/TiO_2催化剂上NH_3选择性催化还原NO反应进行了动力学研究。实验结果表明:NO转化速率与NO成一级反应,与NH_3成零级反应,与O_2成0.5级反应,反应主要遵循Eley-Rideal机理进行;该反应的活化能为51.2 kJ/mol。     

停流荧光法研究牛血清白蛋白和叶酸反应动力学

叶酸属于B族维生素,作为生物体内转移一碳单位酶系中的辅酶,与其他维生素相互作用,共同维持体内红细胞的稳定,对氨基酸之间的转化、细胞的分裂生长,蛋白质合成的反应都有重要意义。药物半衰期、峰浓度和反应速度常数是研究药代动力学的重要参数,实验运用荧光分光光度计和停流光谱分析仪研究了仿生环境下牛血清白蛋白和叶酸反应的动力学参数,为叶酸相关的药物代谢参数提供参考。结果表明:利用Stern-Volmer方程处理荧光猝灭实验数据,得到25,30和37℃下叶酸对牛血清白蛋白内源荧光的静态猝灭常数分别为2.455×10~(10),4.900×10~(10)和6.427×10~(10) L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1);动力学反应速率常数的计算结果表明不同温度、pH值和缓冲介质下BSA和叶酸反应的速率常数都大于100mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1),阐明了BSA与叶酸之间的猝灭机理是通过形成复合物的静态猝灭过程;生理温度下,牛血清白蛋白浓度与其初始浓度满足二级反应公式,相关系数为0.998 7,药代半衰期t_(1/2)为0.059s;反应的表观速率常数随着叶酸浓度的增加呈线性增加趋势,且叶酸催化牛血清白蛋白荧光猝灭的速率常数k_(cat)=3.174×10~5 mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1)。此外还测定了不同缓冲介质下牛血清白蛋白与叶酸相互作用的表观速率常数和反应速率常数,以此来探讨生理介质对于二者反应的影响,为确定临床用药方案、预测药物的疗效和毒性以及合理用药有着重要意义。     

聚-α-甲基苯乙烯热降解动力学研究

利用热分析技术(TG/DTG)对聚--甲基苯乙烯(PAMS)在氮气气氛下以不同升温速率为条件进行热降解动力学研究。研究结果表明:PAMS的热降解步骤为一步反应,在升温速率为10 ℃/min时,主要失重温度区间为302～343 ℃,热失重速率最大时温度为325 ℃。在同一温度下,随着升温速率的不断提高,主要降解温度向高温区移动。采用了Kissinger,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa及Coats-Redfern方法研究其动力学参数,确定了PAMS的降解活化能在160～220 kJ/mol之间、反应级数为一级。     

催化动力学分析法测定粗硒粉中微量碲的研究

提出基于Te(Ⅳ)催化S2-还原亚甲基蓝褪色反应,建立了新的测定微量碲的动力学分析方法。研究了催化反应条件,并测定了催化反应的表观活化能为68·94kJ·mol-1,反应速率常数为1·63×10-2s-1。Te(Ⅳ)浓度在20～220ng·mL-1范围内服从比尔定律,回归曲线的线性方程为y=0·0038x 0·2191,相关系数r=0·9995,方法的检出限为3·04ng·mL-1。应用于粗硒粉中微量碲的测定,相对标准偏差为3·1%(n=7),加标回收率为98·4%～100·4%。     

FTIR研究半预聚物法聚氨酯脲密封材料固化过程的表观动力学及氢键化作用

采用原位FTIR技术跟踪了半预聚物法聚醚型聚氯酯脲的固化过程,研究了其固化过程的宏观动力学.原位FTIR的光谱数据表明,随着反应时间的增加.脲键羰基的吸收逐渐增强,脲羰基的波数位置呈阶跃式向低波数方向移动.脲键羰基的氢键化作用逐渐增强.不含催化剂时,硬段优先形成,不利于NCO与OH的反应.氨酯羰基的峰高增加缓慢.脲键的生成对NCO/OH反应生成氨酯键无催化作用.     

流动注射法探究模拟酶催化过氧亚硝酸根氧化酪氨酸的动力学特征

过氧亚硝酸根作为生物体内高活性自由基,能损伤多种生物大分子进而引起一系列重大疾病,对其含量测定和反应机制的研究具有重要意义。过氧亚硝酸根性质活泼,反应速率快,捕捉其动态过程十分困难。本文首次利用流动注射分析仪探究在不同模拟酶血红蛋白和氯化血红素的催化下,过氧亚硝酸根氧化酪氨酸体系的动力学特征。结果表明:过氧亚硝酸根在两种酶催化下氧化酪氨酸的过程均遵循MichaelisMenten的动力学规律;根据米氏常数K_m和最大初速率V_(max),推断其反应机制,经模拟酶催化的过氧亚硝酸根能直接氧化与模拟酶结合后的酪氨酸快速生成酪氨酸二聚体,未生成·OH和O_2~-·。此外,我们还检测了不同温度、pH下两种模拟酶催化的速率常数,得到血红蛋白催化该体系的最适条件为25℃和pH 8.0,速率常数k_(cat)=1.035×10~6 mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1),氯化血红素适宜在37℃和pH 9.5的条件下催化该体系,速率常数k_(cat)=6.842×10~5 mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1);比较动力学参数K_m~(Hb)(4.46μmol·L~(-1))K_m~(Hemin)(4.90μmol·L~(-1)),V_(max)~Hb(Hb)(0.072ΔI_F/s)V_(max)~(Hemin)(0.026ΔI_F/s),发现最适条件下血红蛋白的速率常数大于氯化血红素,得到血红蛋白对于该体系的催化活性高于氯化血红素。以上结果为探究酶催化法测定过氧亚硝酸根含量及其反应机理提供动力学参数,对于防治生物体内自由基引起的相关疾病与诊断新技术的开发奠定理论基础。     

微型流化床-快速过程红外热分析仪对CaCO_3热分解的动力学研究

本文使用程序升温热重分析仪和自主开发的微型流化床(MFB)一快速过程红外(IR)热分析仪进行CaCO_3热分解动力学的实验研究。通过MFB-IR系统实验获得的碳酸钙分解活化能为107.7 kJ/mol,处于文献报道的范围之内;反应动力学模型符合形核与成长(n=2/3)模型。当转化率小于30%时,通过MFB-IR系统获得的CaCO_3分解活化能与热重较一致,但在转化率大于30%情况下,MFB-IR中获得的分解活化能随转化率的变化比热重分析所得活化能变化明显。同时,其活化能数值小于通过热重分析仪实验获得的数值。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.