VMOS大功率器件超声波清洗机系列产品试制成功

北京市新技术产业试验区的金星超声波应用技术研究所最近完成了VMOS大功率管超声波发生器及VMOS超声波清洗机。。其超声波功率从150W至1000W,频率为35KC和28KC,构成了新型的超声波清洗机系列。VMOS功率器件与晶体管比具有高开关速度、低开关损耗,低拖尾电流、对温度不敏感、无二次击穿,栅极电压激励所需信号功率小等优点,这使得VMOS超声波清洗机发生器可靠性高、效率高、体积小、重量轻。采用大功率VMOS器件制做超声波清洗     

谈电路中的最大功率问题

最大功率,原则上是指电源输出的最大功率,即负载消耗最大功率,从而来实现负载与电源匹配．但实际电路中电源通常无法达到理论上的最大功率输出状态,且有时我们并不是求电源的输出最大功率,而是求某一负载消耗的最大功率,因而使得问题复杂化．     

超声波聚能器的理論、設計和应用

一、引言历史証明,大功率超声波应用的发展过程,实际上是超声輻射强度的发展过程。三十多年来,人們一直在为提高超声波发生器的功率而努力。各种超声波发生器所发射的超声强度,都有一定的限度。这是由于换能器材料底电磁性貭有一定的飽和值,有一定的机械强度或疲劳强度,以及大功率发     

它激发式高频发生器常见故障及排除

高频发生器是等离子体光谱仪的重要组成部分，其功率输出的稳定性对仪器的影响较大。常见的高频发生器分自激振荡式和它激振荡式两种，频率为２７．１２ＭＨｚ或４０．６８ＭＨｚ，最大输出功率为１．５－３ｋＷ．自激式高耗发生器结构简单，均由整流电源、振荡回路和电子管放大器组成，制造调试比较容易，但是频率及功率稳定性差。而它激式高频发生器由于是利用石英晶体的压电效应构成振荡器，频率稳定度高，耦合效率及性能较好，功率输出易于自动控制，但仪器线路复杂，放电回路电学特性的任何微小变化，就会导致阻抗失配，光谱仪不能正常工作，为此，日常维护及调试它激式高频发生器尤其显得重要。     

用物理公式要注意使用条件

物理公式是在一定条件下由实验或理论推导（也要经过实验验证）得出的规律．因此，物理公式都有其使用条件．而有些学生在解题时，往往不注意公式的使用条件，盲目套用，现举几例并略加分析．例1如图1所示．已知电源电动势为6V，内阻为Zll，RI为5从问当变阻器几（阻位行围为O～IOn）的阳值为多少时，R；消耗的功率最大？其值为多少？一些学生是这样求解的：把儿看成是电源内阻的一部分（即r'一几十r）．求见消耗的最大功率，也就是求电源的最大输出功率．而当外电路电阻尼等于内电路电阻r'，即见一比一r-5-2-3fi时，电源的输出功率最大…     

负载和电源匹配的试验

对确定的电源来讲,若负载为纯电阻且负载电阻等于电源内阻时,电源供给负载的功率最大即R=r时Pmax(ξ)2/4r这时称负载与电源匹配.     

频率自动跟踪超声波电源设计

针对超声波电源工作时负载状态改变,换能系统产生谐振漂移的问题,提出了一种基于STM32的频率自动跟踪超声波电源的设计。电源逆变电路采用带辅助网络的全桥结构,阻抗匹配电路选择了一种改进型的T型匹配网络,应用PWM移相调功技术控制电源的输出功率,通过数字鉴相技术得到电压电流的相位差作为电路谐振状态的反馈信号,结合STM32主控制器进行PI控制,调节PWM波的输出频率使电路始终工作于谐振状态,实现了谐振频率的自动跟踪。最后基于该设计方案,实际制作了一款应用于超声波清洗仪的电源,并通过实验验证了该电源具有输出功率稳定,负载适应性强,输出频率自动跟踪等特点。     

从最大功率传输到无线能量传输的推演

从最大功率传输定理出发,逐步推演出磁谐振耦合无线能量传输的电路工作原理和特点,得到与发表在Science等期刊文章中一致的结论,证明磁谐振耦合无线能量传输机理依然属于电路理论的范畴,从而也说明对一些基础课程中的重要内容进行深度挖掘和创新运用能够起到精准认识和解释当今科学前沿所报道的一些新奇现象的作用.     

基于单片机控制的超声波换能器设计与实现

为了提高超声波换能器电源的智能性和通用性,本文提出了一套以高性能ds PIC30F4011单片机为控制核心的换能器电源解决方案,并进行了相关的软硬件设计。该方案基于键盘输入选择标称频率拓宽了换能器的标称频率选型范围;基于最大电流法检测谐振点设定最佳频率保证了换能器电声转换的高效性;基于电压反馈检测调整输出电压和保持换能器的功率稳定,主要检测过程采用软件实现。实验结果证明采用该方案的超声波换能器电源具有现实可行性。     

螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲功率源模拟计算

 以间接馈电的两级螺旋型爆磁压缩发生器为初始功率源，基于等效电路模型，编制了一个螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲功率源计算程序BCYSSYS。利用该程序对04型爆磁压缩发生器驱动电感负载进行了计算，并将计算结果与实验结果进行比较，两者基本吻合；对该发生器驱动电容负载进行了计算。同时利用铜金属丝电爆炸过程中电阻率与比作用量的关系数据表，对爆磁压缩发生器驱动含电爆炸丝断路开关的电感储能脉冲功率调节系统进行了数值计算。     

New theorems for bianisotropic media

The general volume equivalence theorem for bianisotropic scatterers is presented, where the equivalent electric and magnetic currents are determined by a pair of coupled vector integral equations. Moreover, using the general volume equivalence theorem and conventional image principle, image theory is developed for a bianisotropic body over an infinite perfect electric or magnetic conducting ground plane.     

Black hole solutions in heterotic string theory on a torus

We construct the general electrically charged, rotating black hole solution in the heterotic string theory compactified on a six-dimensional torus and study its classical properties. This black hole is characterized by its mass, angular momentum, and a 28-dimensional electric charge vector. We recover the axion-dilaton black holes and Kaluza-Klein black holes for special values of the charge vector. For a generic black hole of this kind, the 28-dimensional magnetic dipole moment vector is not proportional to the electric charge vector, and we need two different gyromagnetic ratios for specifying the relation between these two vectors. We also give an algorithm for constructing a 58 parameter rotating dyonic black hole solution in this theory, characterized by its mass, angular momentum, a 28-dimensional electric charge vector and a 28-dimensional magnetic charge vector. This is the most general asymptotically flat black hole solution in this theory consistent with the no-hair theorem.     

Reciprocity theorem in high-temperature superconductors

This article is devoted to the problem of the validity of the reciprocity theorem in high-temperature superconductors (HTSC). The violation of the reciprocity theorem in zero external magnetic fields has been studied. Experimental data obtained for two different superconducting materials BiSrCaCuO and YBaCuO are presented. Results show that the basic form of the reciprocity theorem (without consideration of any additional anisotropy) is not valid near the critical temperature. We assume that the breakdown of the reciprocity theorem is connected with the existence of an extraordinary transverse electric field originating from additional anisotropy and that a more general form of the reciprocity relations should be valid. However, the origin of this anisotropy is not clear yet. We suggest that the vortex–antivortex dynamics model taking into account vortex guiding can be responsible for the observed effect. Also the explanation based on weak P and T symmetry breaking in HTSC, which is supported by the observation of the spontaneous magnetisation, cannot be excluded.     

The fluctuation–dissipation theorem

A system in equilibrium will in general exhibit microscopic fluctuations about the equilibrium state. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem relates the spectrum of these fluctuations to a solution of the macroscopic equation describing the approach to equilibrium from a non-equilibrium state. The aim here is to show exactly what the theorem is and how it is to be used. An account of the quantum version of the theorem is given in three parts, depending on the solution of the macroscopic equation used to express the fluctuations: the relaxation function, the response function or the Green function for continuous systems. Each part is illustrated with an example: charge fluctuations in an RLC circuit for the first two and electric field fluctuations in vacuum for the last.     

用亥姆霍兹定理讨论电位移

从亥姆霍兹定理出发,阐明了电位移与场源之间的内在联系,指出电位移不仅与自由电荷分布有关,而且还与电介质、极化电荷及边界条件有关;着重分析了电位移仅与自由电荷分布有关的条件。     

Virtues and Limitations of Markovian Master Equations with a Time-Dependent Generator

A Markovian master equation with time-dependent generator is constructed that respects basic constraints of quantum mechanics, in particular the von Neumann conditions. For the case of a two-level system, Bloch equations with time-dependent parameters are obtained. Necessary conditions on the latter are formulated. By employing a time-local counterpart of the Nakajima–Zwanzig equation, we establish a relation with unitary dynamics. We also discuss the relation with the weak-coupling limit. On the basis of a uniqueness theorem, a standard form for the generator of time-local master equations is proposed. The Jaynes–Cummings model with atomic damping is solved. The solution explicitly demonstrates that reduced dynamics can be described by time-local master equations only on a finite time interval. This limitation is caused by divergencies in the generator. A limit of maximum entropy is presented that corroborates the foregoing statements. A second limiting case demonstrates that divergencies may even occur for small perturbations of the weak-coupling regime.     

分布式负载平行板有界波电磁脉冲模拟器的模拟分析

将并行时域有限差分方法用于分布式负载平行板有界波电磁脉冲模拟器模拟,并给出模拟器的尺寸参数对工作空间半高处几个测试点场的影响。研究结果表明:与源在x轴向距离上越靠近的点,其电场的上升沿越小;模拟器传输线最大宽度和最大高度之比为2,且下金属板宽度与传输线最大宽度相同时,测试点场的上升沿较小,半高宽较大;随着传输线在x方向投影长度的增加,与源位置x轴向等距离的测试点场的峰值增大,场的上升沿减小,但减小的量趋于平缓。且同轴线馈电时得到的各测试点场脉冲的上升沿要比直接加平面电场源的方式更大一点,半高宽则要小一点,但两者波形相似。     

双路输出超宽谱高功率微波驱动源Tesla变压器

为实现25 GW级双路输出超宽谱高功率微波驱动源的小型化,选择研制了一种与双筒脉冲形成线(Blumlein线)相配一体化的带有开路磁芯的Tesla变压器,作为初级脉冲功率源。进行了Tesla变压器的理论分析,利用简化的磁路模型研究了Tesla变压器初次级线圈电感等电参数的估算方法,给出了Tesla变压器磁芯截面的估算和磁芯制作方法。该Tesla变压器最大输出电压880 kV,充电时间约20 s,耦合系数约0.95,实验结果与理论设计相符。     

On the Current Intensity Limit of a Vacuum-Arc Ion Source

The maximum ion current that can be extracted as a high-energy beam from a metal-vapor vacuum-arc ion source is considered. Results are presented of measurements of the plasma ion current in the metal-vapor vacuum-arc II (MEVVA II) ion source. It is shown that this source is an efficient generator of metal ions, an intense flux of which is efficiently transported to the beam extractor. The maximum metal-ion current that is available for extraction at the extractor location is 5 percent of the arc current. The limitation to the intensity of the metal-ion beam that can be produced by this kind of ion source is found to be in the extractor design.