中高能重离子弹核碎裂反应研究

通过CR-39 核径迹探测器对471 AMeV 56Fe 和400 AMeV 20Ne 诱发Al,C 和CH₂ 靶反应的弹核碎裂反应截面及出射角度进行了测量,并利用改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD) 模型和描述统计衰变的GEMINI 模型对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。实验结果表明,总反应截面与弹核的能量无关,但随着靶核质量的增加而增加。这与其他的实验结果以及Bradt-Peters 的半经验理论公式所得结果一致。理论计算和实验测量结果中,分截面出现了明显的奇偶效应。理论计算结果表明,奇偶效应主要产生于受激碎块的衰变过程,其中对效应起着重要作用,而且,主要形成于擦边碰撞的反应中且多来自于同位旋为T_Z = 0; ±0:5 的弹核碎块的贡献。产生碎块的同位素分布与弹核的种类有关,与入射能量和靶核的种类没有太大依赖性,其较小的偏转角大部分来自于擦边碰撞产生的较重的类弹碎块的贡献。We have measured the fragmentation cross sections and the emission angles for 471 AMeV 56Fe and 400AMeV 20Ne on Al, C and CH₂ targets using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge changing cross sections agree well with other previous experimental results at different energies and the theoretical prediction of Bradt-Peters semiempirical formula, which are pproximately independent of the beam energy but increase with the increase of the target mass. The experimental results are compared with the prediction of the improved quantum molecular dynamical model (ImQMD) together with the GEMINI model. The odd-even effect of the partial cross sections observed in experiments is well produced. It is found that such effect is mainly formed in the grazing collisions and comes from the fragments with T_Z = 0; ±0:5. The shape of the isotopic distribution is independent on the target mass and the incident energy but the projectile mass and charge, and the small angular distribution of all fragments comes from the heavier projectile-like fragments which produced in the peripheral collision.     

核子-核子碰撞截面的参数化公式

核子-核子碰撞截面(σ_NN)是描述原子核反应模型中的重要物理量。 核子-核子碰撞截面包括质子-质子碰撞截面（σ_pp）、中子-中子碰撞截面（σ_NN）和中子 质子碰撞截面（σ_np）, 它们随着核子能量与核物质密度的改变而变化。人们在目前研究中提出了多种核子-核子碰撞截面关于能量和核物质密度的参数化公式,通过计算12C+12C的完全反应截面,比较了不同入射能量下使用各种核子-核子碰撞截面参数化公式对12C完全反应截面的影响。 The nucleus-nucleus cross sections(σ_NN) include the proton-proton cross section, neutron-neutron cross section, and neutron-proton cross section. σ_NN change with the variations of the incident energies and the densities. Some parameterizations of σ_NNas a function of incident energy and density have been proposed in the theoretical and experimental study of nuclear reactions. Through the calculation of reaction cross sections of 12C+12C at different energies, the effect of different σ_NN parameterizations in the reaction cross sections of 12 are studied.      

质子滴线区新核素25P的鉴别

在兰州放射性束流装置RIBLL上 ,利用磁刚度B_ρ、飞行时间t_TOF和多重望远镜ΔE- E联合探测方法测量了69Me V/u 36Ar轰击Be靶产生的 P同位素碎片的同位素分布,并与 EPAX经验公式的计算结果进行了比较 ,在质子滴线区首次鉴别出了新核素25PThe mass distribution of the phosphor fragments induced by projectile fragmentation reaction of 69 MeV/u 36Ar + 9Be was measured at the projectile fragment separator RIBLL at IMP. The fragment products were identified by determining the magnetic rigidity Bρ , the time of flight t_TOF and their energy loss ΔE . The experimental isotope distribution was compared to the result of the empirical parameterization EPAX. Three events for the new nuclide 25P in the...     

A revisit to the neutron skin thickness of neutron-rich nuclei in the statistical abrasion ablation model

The cross sections of the fragments produced in the projectile fragmentation reactions of the even calcium isotopes from A=36 to A=52 are calculated using the statistical abrasion ablation model.The neutron skin thickness are studied by investigating the fragments isotopic cross section distributions.The neutron-skin thicknesses of the calcium isotopes have a good linear correlation to the peak positions of their fragment isotopic cross section distributions.The correlation between the neutron skin thickness and the neutron density distributions of 48 Ca is investigated by introducing a parameter to adjust the diffuseness parameter in the fermi-type density distribution.     

Cross sections of Oq+（q=1-4） electron loss in collisions with He,Ne and Ar

Electron-loss cross sections of O q+(q = 1 4) colliding with He,Ne and Ar atoms are measured in the intermediate velocity regime.The ratios of the cross sections of two-electron loss to that of one-electron loss R 21 are presented.It is shown that single-channel analysis is not sufficient to explain the results,but that projectile electron loss,electron capture by the projectile and target ionization must be considered together to interpret the experimental data.The screening and antiscreening effects can account for the threshold velocity results,but cannot explain the dependence of the ratio R 21 on velocity quantitatively.In general,the effective charge of the target atom increases with velocity increasing because the high-speed projectile ion can penetrate into the inner electronic shell of target atom.Ne and Ar atoms have similar effective charges in this velocity regime,but He atoms have smaller ones at the same velocities due to its smaller nuclear charge.     

Charge transfer of He~(2+) with H in a strong magnetic field

By solving a time-dependent Schr ¨odinger equation(TDSE), we studied the electron capture process in the He2++ H collision system under a strong magnetic field in a wide projectile energy range. The strong enhancement of the total charge transfer cross section is observed for the projectile energy below 2.0 ke V/u. With the projectile energy increasing, the cross sections will reduce a little and then increase again, compared with those in the field-free case. The cross sections to the states with different magnetic quantum numbers are presented and analyzed where the influence due to Zeeman splitting is obviously found, especially in the low projectile energy region. The comparison with other models is made and the tendency of the cross section varying with the projectile energy is found closer to that from other close coupling models.     

Fragmentation of stable and neutron-rich 12-16C into boron fragments at approximately 240 MeV/nucleon

The elemental fragmentation cross sections of boron fragments produced by stable and neutron-rich^12-16C beams with a carbon target were systematically measured at an incident beam energy of approximately 240 MeV/nucleon.The measured cross sections were found to increase as the projectile mass number increases.The observed feature is explained qualitatively based on the abrasion-ablation two-stage reaction model and is compared quantitatively with predictions from various reaction models,including empirical and statistical models.All models agree with the measured cross sections within a factor of 2.     

Probing the medium effect and isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon--nucleon cross section in heavy ion collisions

Probing in-medium nucleon-nucleon （NN） cross section σ1/NN（α） in heavy ion collisions has been investigated by means of the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics （IQMD） with the isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction （IMDI（T））. It is found that there are the very obvious medium effect and the sensitive isospin-dependence of nuclear stopping R on the in-medium NN cross section α1/NN（α） in the nuclear reactions induced by halo-neutron projectile and the same-mass stable projectile. However, R induced by the neutron-halo projectile is obviously lower than that induced by the corresponding stable projectile. In particular, there is a very obvious dependence of R on the medium effect of σ1/NN（α） in the whole beam energy region for the above two kinds of projectiles. Therefore, the comparison between the results of R＇s in the reactions induced by the neutron-halo projectile and the corresponding same-mass stable projectile is a more favourable probe for extracting the information of σ1/NN（α） because of adding a new judgement.[第一段]     

Coupled—Channel Investigation of the Collision of Protons and Antiprotons with hydrogen—Like Atoms in the 2s States

The influence of the electric charge of both the projectile and the target nucleus on the cross section of the inelastic collision of protons and antiprotons with atoms is investigated at energies ranging from 1 to 2500Kev,The impact parameter method is used to analyse the cross sections of the excitation of the n=3 states of H atom and He^ ,Li^2 ions being initially in the excited 2s states.The calculated cross sections for hydrogen atome are compared with the other theoretical results based on coupled-channels methods.     

Calculations of state-selective differential cross sections for charge transfer in collisions between O3+ and H2

The non-dissociative charge-transfer processes in collisions between O^3＋ and H2 are investigated by using the quantum-mechanical molecular-orbital coupled-channel （QMOCC） method. The adiabatic potentials and radial coupling matrix elements utilized in the QMOCC calculations are obtained with the spin-coupled valence-bond approach. Electronic and vibrational state-selective differential cross sections are presented for projectile energies of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0eV/u in the H2 orientation angles of 45° and 89°. The electronic and the vibrational state-selective differential cross sections show similar behaviours： they decrease as the scattering angle increases, and beyond a specific angle the oscillating structures appear. Moreover, it is also found that the vibrational state-selective differential cross sections are strongly orientation-dependent, which provides a possibility to determine the orientations of molecule H2 by identifying the vibrational state-selective differential scattering processes.     

Measurements of interaction cross sections and radii of He isotopes

Secondary beams of ³He, ⁴He, ⁶He, and ⁸He were produced through the projectile fragmentation of an 800 MeV/nucleon ¹¹B primary beam. Interaction cross sections (σ_I) of all He isotopes of 790 MeV/nucleon on Be, C, and Al targets were measured by a transmission-type experiment. The interaction nuclear radii of He isotopes R_I(He) = (σ_I/π)^1/2 − R _I(T) where R_I(T) is the radius of the target nucleus, have been deduced to be R_I(³He) = 1.59 ± 0.06 fm, R_I(⁴He) = 1.40 ± 0.05 fm, R_I(⁶He) = 2.21 ± 0.06 fm, and R_I(⁸He) = 2.52 ± 0.06 fm.     

DISTORTED WAVE CORRECTION OF CENTRIFUGAL SUDDEN WAVE PACKET APPROXIMATION

A distorted wave procedure is employed to correct the centrifugal sudden wave packet approximation, and the accurate results compared with the standard close coupling method for m-dependent integral cross sections for short- and long- range Ar+N₂ potentials at E=O.O258eV are obtained only by using the second-order corrections to the CSWP wave function.     

Further experimental evidence for fast fission

Fusion-fission products have been studied for three reactions: Ar + Au, Ar + Bi and Ar + U (5.25–7.5 MeV/u). By measuring symmetric fragmentation components (fission-like events), cross sections for fusion were deduced and compared with the predictions of static and dynamic models. With increasing projectile energy, the width of the mass distributions strongly increases for the two lighter systems. By contrast, for Ar + U it remains essentially constant at a very large value. These results clearly demonstrate that the large increase of the width of the mass distribution cannot be attributed simply to large values of the angular momentum. However, they can be explained by the occurence of a different dissipative process, fast fission, which can be expected if there is no barrier to fission. For the reaction Ar + Au, the total kinetic-energy distributions were also studied in detail. In this case fast fission occurs only at high incident energy. The average total kinetic energy (TKE) was found to be constant with increasing energy whereas the widths of the TKE distribution increase.     

对能对弹核碎裂反应截面的影响

运用改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD)模型嫁接GEMINI统计衰变模型对400 AMeV 36Ar与C、Al、Cu、Pb的弹核碎裂反应截面的奇偶效应进行了理论分析。分析结果表明，弹核碎裂电荷反应截面的奇偶效应产生在初级碎块的退激发过程中，而且退激发过程中的对能在奇偶效应的产生中起着重要作用。如果不考虑对能，弹核碎裂电荷反应截面的奇偶效应将消失。同时由于对能的作用使得弹核碎裂的中子反应截面也表现出明显的奇偶效应。     

Isospin dependence of the isotopic distributions from 36Ar and 40Ar fragmentation at about 60 MeV/nucleon

Fragments produced in the reactions of 69 MeV/nucleon ³⁶Ar and 55 MeV/nucleon ⁴⁰Ar on a Be target have been measured experimentally. The isotopic distributions from fragmentation reaction for both projectiles are compared with modified statistical abrasion-ablation model calculations. A strong isospin effect exhibits in the fragment distributions produced in ³⁶Ar and ⁴⁰Ar fragmentation. Experimental evidence for the disappearance of the isospin effect in the isotopic distributions produced by projectile fragmentation is observed with the increase of the violence of nuclear reaction. Received: 15 November 2000 / Accepted: 11 April 2001     

中能Abrasion-Ablation模型的核内核子密度分布修正

将具体的核内核子(包括中子、质子)密度分布引入到中能Abrasion-Ablation模型中,用修正后的模型计算了30MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+^natAg反应中的弹核碎裂过程.结果表明,在非常周边的碰撞中,修正后的模型计算的碎片截面与修正前的计算相比有明显的差别,反映了核密度边缘弥散的影响.与实验结果的比较验证了中能弹核碎裂碎片能量相对于束流能量的降低是由摩擦作用引起的.     

采用量子波包方法和准经典轨线方法研究S(~3P)+HD反应

利用量子波包方法和准经典轨线方法在一个新的3A′′势能面上研究了S(3P)+HD→SD+H和SH+D反应的动力学性质.计算得到了两个反应通道在碰撞能为0.8—2.2 eV范围内的J=0反应几率、积分反应截面、内同位素因子和产物转动取向因子.这些结果揭示了S(3P)+HD反应非常明显的内同位素效应.通过对势能面和反应轨线的分析,我们发现了SD+H反应通道一个新的反应机制.S(3P)+HD反应的内同位素效应可以利用新发现的反应机制和反应的质量组合来进行解释.