高温、高压、高应变速率动态过程晶体塑性有限元理论模型及其应用

对于高温、高压、高应变速率加载条件下的材料冲击变形行为,动态晶体塑性模型能够直接反映晶体中塑性滑移的各向异性及其对温度、压力和微观组织结构的依赖性,因而广泛应用于材料的动态冲击力学响应、微观结构演化以及动态损伤破坏的模拟。本文综述了高压冲击下动态晶体塑性有限元的理论模型,主要包括变形运动学、包含状态方程的超弹性本构模型和晶体塑性本构模型,涉及位错滑移、相变、孪生等塑性变形机制,以及层裂、绝热剪切带等动态破坏方式。     

<100> LiF高速冲击变形过程的晶体塑性有限元模拟

结合状态方程建立晶体塑性有限元模型,模拟高速冲击加载条件下100 LiF的动态弹塑性大变形行为,得到应力波剖面特征、动态力学演化规律及其连续介质力学根源。结果表明:毫米级样品经约15 GPa以内的低压冲击,波剖面具有弹塑性双波响应、弹性前驱衰减和应力松弛现象,其决定性因素包括样品厚度、外加压力和材料本构;从连续介质力学角度分析得到,应力松弛本质上是由于黏性塑性流动,导致总应变增速小于塑性应变增速,从而使弹性应变减小、压力降低;提出用压力关于时间的三阶导数大于零作为判断条件,对应力波剖面上双波和单波响应的临界压力进行估测,发现随着样品掺杂浓度的增加,临界压力增大;高速冲击变形的温升效应不可忽略,且温升绝大部分来自弹性体积变形的贡献。     

金属材料再加载“准弹性”响应的实验验证

从连续介质力学理论看，当材料发生屈服后处于上屈服面，对处于上屈服面的材料进行再加载，将沿着上屈服面，依然发生塑性流动，不可能存在弹性响应。Asay则认为冲击压缩后的材料并非处于上屈服面，由此对处于冲击压缩态的材料进行卸载或再加载，可以观测到弹-塑性转变。国内部分人认为，实验观测到的弹性响应可能是LiF窗口（其冲击阻抗低于Al或其他高阻抗样品的冲击阻抗）反射的稀疏波所致。为了澄清对上述问题的观点，通过低阻抗样品的冲击实验，在消除冲击波在样品／窗口界面反射的稀疏波干扰的情况下，     

10 MA多支路汇流装置上钽的强度实验研究

磁驱动准等熵加载技术通过电流产生的磁压力加载材料,加载路径由负载电流波形和负载结构决定。作为应变率介于静高压加载和冲击加载之间的新型实验技术,熵增小、温升低。10 MA装置是典型的多支路汇流装置,包括24个电流支路,可在较大范围内控制负载电流波形,实现mm厚、cm直径样品在不同应变率下的准等熵加载。基于10 MA装置,通过调节负载电流波形实现样品加载路径控制,在一定压力-应变率范围,开展金属钽的强度实验研究,获取了不同厚度金属钽样品的加-卸载波剖面速度历史,分析获得了钽在系列峰值压力下的强度数据,比较了多个加载平台不同加载路径下的强度数据,实验结果与美国圣地亚国家实验室的磁驱动准等熵结果接近（平均应变率都约为105 s?1）,明显高于冲击加载的流动强度,低于准静态加载获取的流动强度,与应变率增高强度会有所下降的理论预测一致。基于多支路汇流装置,未来将可开展更为丰富的材料动力学特性实验研究。     

纳米多晶铜中冲击波阵面的分子动力学研究

冲击波阵面反映材料在冲击压缩下的弹塑性变形行为以及屈服强度、应变率条件等宏观量, 还与冲击压缩后的强度变化联系. 本文使用分子动力学方法, 模拟研究了冲击压缩下纳米多晶铜中的动态塑性变形过程, 考察了冲击波阵面和弹塑性机理对晶界存在的依赖, 并与纳米多晶铝的冲击压缩进行了比较. 研究发现: 相比晶界对纳米多晶铝的贡献而言, 纳米多晶铜中晶界对冲击波阵面宽度的影响较小; 并且其塑性变形机理主要以不全位错的发射和传播为主, 很少观察到全位错和形变孪晶的出现. 模拟还发现纳米多晶铜的冲击波阵面宽度随着冲击应力的增加而减小, 并得到了冲击波阵面宽度与冲击应力之间的定量反比关系, 该定量关系与他人纳米多晶铜模拟结果相近, 而与粗晶铜的冲击压缩实验结果相差较大.     

界面旋转角对双晶镁力学性质影响的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了在拉伸载荷下晶界对双晶镁变形机制的影响,对不同旋转角度的模型以及对称与非对称结构的模型进行了研究.模拟结果表明:应变加载方向与晶向所成角度对双晶镁塑形变形阶段的流动应力能够产生明显的影响;对称结构的双晶镁模型的塑性性质明显优于非对称结构模型.研究结果还发现,由于晶界区域不同的位错成核及发射等运动,大角度双晶模型的塑性响应明显优于对应小角度模型的塑性响应.     

高应变率下材料行为的分子动力学研究

 本文用分子动力学方法研究了高应变率下晶体材料的力学行为。在冲击加载下，晶体材料中产生了位错和塑性变形。在强冲击时还可出现相变变化。在讨论应变率变化时，获得了屈服强度随应变率增大而增高的结果。     

含微孔洞脆性材料的冲击响应特性与介观演化机制

微孔洞显著地影响着脆性材料的冲击响应,理解其介观演化机制和宏观响应规律将使微孔洞有利于而无害于脆性材料的工程应用.通过建立能够准确表现材料弹性性质和断裂演化的格点-弹簧模型,本文揭示了孔洞的演化对于脆性材料的影响.冲击下孔洞导致的塌缩变形和从孔洞发射的剪切裂纹所导致的滑移变形产生了显著的应力松弛,并调制了冲击波的传播.在多孔脆性材料中,冲击波逐渐展宽为弹性波和变形波.变形波在宏观上类似于延性金属材料的塑性波,在介观上对应于塌缩变形和滑移变形过程.样品中的气孔率决定了脆性材料的弹性极限,气孔率和冲击应力共同影响着变形波的传播速度和冲击终态的应力幅值.含微孔洞脆性材料在冲击波复杂加载实验、功能材料失效的预防、建筑物防护等方面具有潜在的应用价值.所获得的冲击响应规律有助于针对特定应用优化设计脆性材料的冲击响应和动态力学性能.     

冲击波作用下铝的等效剪切模量

提出了冲击波作用下通过测量沿着准弹性卸载过程纵波波速与体波波速得到等效剪切模量的方法,应用该方法对LY12铝在20—70 GPa冲击压力下的等效剪切模量进行了测量.实验结果表明,等效剪切模量随应力线性减少直至反向屈服时为零,而初始卸载时的等效剪切模量可以由修正的Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan模型进行描述.应用得到的等效剪切模量进行了初步数值模拟,计算结果与实验测量的粒子速度剖面符合很好,重现了准弹性卸载到塑性卸载的光滑过渡. 关键词： 等效剪切模量 波速 准弹性卸载 冲击波 铝     

准等熵压缩下金属钽的屈服强度分析

 为分析固体材料的准等熵压缩实验数据,引入了率相关本构方程和流体弹塑性模型,建立了考虑材料强度效应的反积分数据处理方法。利用CQ-1.5磁压驱动装置中多晶钽的准等熵压缩实验数据,对钽的屈服强度和流应力进行了反积分数值模拟和分析,计算了钽的拉格朗日声速和应变率分布情况。得到了钽在准等熵压缩过程中样品内部及加载面上压力和速度的分布及演变规律,获得了30 GPa压力下钽的准等熵屈服强度约为1.85 GPa,准等熵弹性屈服极限约为2.9 GPa。此外,计算得到了与Sandia实验室数据高度吻合的应力-应变曲线和准等熵p-V参考线。     

Critical measurements for validation of constitutive equations under shock and impact loading conditions

Interpretation of the data often requires numerical simulations of the experiments and comparisons with the data. However, determination of an appropriate set of values for parameters in constitutive equations valid under shock and high strain rate loading remains one of the most difficult tasks for material model developers. Most researchers employ experimental data obtained under idealized stress/strain states in the model parameter calibration scheme. Since the dynamic response of materials is very complex, especially the failure response, the generality of the model parameters is highly questionable. For example, the fracturing of ceramic materials involves nucleation, propagation, and coalescence of microcracks under shock and impact. The dynamic deformation processes in ceramics include dynamic pore collapse, dislocation generation, twinning, and microcracking. When shocked above the Hugoniot elastic limit, the ceramic deformation becomes inelastic; therefore, the constitutive model formulation should consider modeling the effects of these various processes on the degradation of strength and stiffness of ceramic. This paper presents a brief summary of diagnostic measurements and modeling techniques associated with validation and verification of ceramic constitutive/damage models under high strain rate, shock, and penetration loading applications.     

基于大型激光装置的材料塑性变形行为微介观研究进展

微介观尺度下材料结构的实时演化行为是决定其动态力学性能的关键因素。大型激光装置作为集加载和诊断能力为一体的综合实验平台，为高温、高压、高应变率等极端条件下材料动态力学性能的微介观尺度研究提供了重要支撑。随着激光功率密度和脉冲整形能力的不断提升，实验所能探索的压力（101～103 GPa）及应变率（106～1010 s?1）范围不断突破；而利用激光打靶产生的高亮X射线脉冲作为探测源，建立动态衍射和成像技术，可以实现高空间和时间分辨率下材料塑性变形机制的实时原位研究。简要介绍了基于大型激光装置的原位微介观实验技术及其在材料塑性变形行为研究中的应用，系统梳理了近二十年来具有代表性的研究成果，阐明了相关研究对推动材料动态响应多尺度物理建模的重要价值。     

Mesoscale plastic flow instability in a solid under high-rate deformation

Here we consider high-rate deformation in solids in the context of a nonlocal transport theory, present a dynamic stress-strain diagram with elastic and plastic portions defined from a single standpoint, determine the conditions for pulse stress accumulation, and propose a mathematical model of momentum and energy exchange between scales and an instability criterion for transient plastic flow under shock loading. Phe instability criterion for high-rate deformation is verified by the example of shock loading of high-strength 30CrNi4Mo steel.     

Finely striped structure at the edges of localized deformation bands

Under conditions of high-rate loading, plastic strain localization is a result of tension in the zone of interference of unloading waves rather than of thermal softening. At stresses close to the dynamic strength of the material, the microstructure of localized strain bands consists of strongly deformed material, with a large number of incipient microdiscontinuities. At stresses below the Hugoniot elastic limit, the microstructure looks as a set of barely visible stripes. The finely striped structure at the edges of the bands of a spall damage arises as a result of the stretching of initially rounded damage centers attached to the matrix material during dynamic deformation.     

层错四面体对单晶铜层裂行为影响的分子动力学研究

层错四面体是一种典型的三维空位型缺陷,广泛存在于受辐照后的面心立方金属材料中,对材料的力学性能有显著的影响.目前,关于层错四面体对辐照材料层裂行为的影响还缺乏深入系统的研究.本文使用分子动力学方法模拟了含有层错四面体的单晶铜在不同冲击速度下的层裂行为,对整个冲击过程中的自由表面速度及微结构演化等进行了深入的分析.研究发现,层错四面体在冲击波作用下会发生坍塌,并进一步诱导材料产生位错、层错等缺陷.在中低速度加载下,层错四面体坍塌引起的缺陷快速向周围扩展,为孔洞提供了更宽的形核区域,促进了孔洞的异质成核,造成材料层裂强度大幅度减小.当冲击速度较高时,层错四面体坍塌导致的局部缺陷对材料的层裂强度不再有明显影响.     

Influence of the reversible α–ε phase transition and preliminary shock compression on the spall strength of armco iron

Full wave profiles are used to determine the Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of armco iron samples with an as-received structure and the samples recovered after preliminary loading by plane shock waves with an amplitude of 8, 17, and 35 GPa. The measurements are performed at a shock compression pressure below and above the polymorphic a–e transition pressure. Metallographic analysis of the structure of armco iron shows that a developed twinned structure forms inside grains in the samples subjected to preliminary compression and recovered and that the twin concentration and size increase with the shock compression pressure. The spall strength of armco iron under shock loading below the phase transition pressure increases by approximately 10% due to its preliminary deformation twinning at the maximum shock compression pressure. The spallation of samples with various structures at a shock compression pressure above the phase transition proceeds at almost the same tensile stresses. The polymorphic transition in armco iron weakly affects its strength characteristics.     

Resistance to dynamic deformation and fracture of tantalum with different grain and defect structures

This paper presents the results of measurements of the strength properties of technically pure tantalum under shock wave loading. It has been found that a decrease in the grain size under severe plastic deformation leads to an increase in the hardness of the material by approximately 25%, but the experimentally measured values of the dynamic yield stress for the fine-grained material prove to be less than those of the initial coarse-grained specimens. This effect has been explained by a higher rate of stress relaxation in the fine-grained material. The hardening of tantalum under shock wave loading at a pressure in the range 40–100 GPa leads to a further increase in the rate of stress relaxation, a decrease in the dynamic yield stress, and the disappearance of the difference between its values for the coarse-grained and fine-grained materials. The spall strength of tantalum increases by approximately 5% with a decrease in the grain size and remains unchanged after the shock wave loading. The maximum fracture stresses are observed in tantalum single crystals.     

Effect of preliminary strain hardening on the flow stress of titanium and a titanium alloy during shock compression

The effect of preliminary strain hardening of VT1-0 titanium and a Ti-6 wt % Al-4 wt % V alloy on their mechanical properties under quasi-static and high-rate (τ;10⁵ s^?1) loading is studied. Preliminary hardening is accomplished using equal-channel angular pressing (which results in a significant decrease in the grain size and a twofold increase in the quasi-static yield strength) and shock waves. High-rate deformation is attained via shock-wave loading of samples. The experimental results show that structural defects weaken the dependence of the yield strength on the strain rate. The difference in the rate dependences can be so high that the effect of these defects on the flow stress can change sign when going from quasi-static to high-rate loading.