Synthesis,growth and characterization of a novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal: l-Asparagine cadmium chloride monohydrate

The semiorganic single crystal of l-asparagine cadmium chloride monohydrate was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The presence of various functional groups has been identified by using FT IR spectral analysis ranging between 4000 and 400 cm^?1. Chemical composition of the synthesized material was confirmed by elemental analysis. The crystalline nature of new crystal was confirmed by powder XRD pattern. The UV–vis–NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the grown crystal has good optical transmittance. The dielectric constant has been carried out over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The mechanical strength was studied using Vicker's microhardness tester.     

Thermal, mechanical, electrical, linear and nonlinear optical properties of a nonlinear optical l-ornithine monohydrochloride single crystal

Optically transparent semiorganic nonlinear optical bulk single crystal of l-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCL) of dimension 11×3×2 mm³ has been grown from its aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystal structure. Investigation has been carried out to assign the vibrational frequencies of the grown crystals by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Thermal behavior of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LOMHCL was determined by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric and photoconductivity studies are also carried out for the grown samples.     

Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies of nonlinear optical material: Glycine potassium sulphate

A new nonlinear optical material glycine potassium sulphate (GPS) has been synthesized and optical quality crystals were grown from aqueous solution. This material has positive temperature coefficient revealed from the solubility studies. The grown crystals were characterized by employing several techniques such as single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis, FTIR and UV-vis-NIR spectra. The etching studies have been done on the (1 0 0) plane of the grown crystal. Preliminary measurements to find second harmonic generation efficiency of GPS has been carried out.     

Optical, thermal, dielectric and ferroelectric behaviour of sodium acid phthalate (SAP) single crystals

Sodium acid phthalate (SAP), an efficient semi-organic crystal having dimensions 17×8×2 mm³ has been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique at room temperature within the period of 2 weeks. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of functional groups was estimated qualitatively by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The band gap energy was determined using optical absorption studies. The TG/DTA analysis reveals that the SAP crystal is thermally stable up to 141.6 °C. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss was studied as a function of frequency and the corresponding activation energy (E_a) has been calculated for the grown crystal. Scanning electron microscope studies enunciate the ferroelectric domain patterns of the SAP crystal. Ferroelectric property of the grown crystal was confirmed by hysteresis loop studies.     

2-Phenylethylammonium p-hydroxybenzoate: Growth,structural, spectral,thermal, optical and mechanical characterization

An efficient nonlinear optical single crystal of 2-phenylethylammonium p-hydroxybenzoate (2PPHB) was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that 2PPHB crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group of Pna2₁. The presence of functional groups in the synthesized compound was identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The grown crystals were thermally stable up to 155 °C. UV–vis absorption, photoluminescence and birefringence optical properties of grown crystal were explored. The laser induced surface damage threshold and relative second harmonic generation properties of the grown crystal were studied using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The variation of dielectric properties of the grown crystal with frequency was investigated for different temperatures. The mechanical response of the crystal was studied by Vicker's microhardness technique.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of l-asparagine cadmium bromide: A novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal

Single crystal of l-asparagine cadmium bromide (LACB), a semiorganic nonlinear optical material was grown by solution growth method at the room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found to be the structure of the crystal was belongs to orthorhombic system. The UV–vis–NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the crystal has good optical transparency and lower cut off wavelength was found to be 230 nm. The presence of functional group was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The chemical composition was confirmed by elemental analysis. The mechanical strength was studied and found to be 100 g by using Vicker's micro hardness tester. The thermal stability was found to be 218 °C by using TGA and DTA analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency was carried out by using Kurtz–Perry powder technique and it was found to be 3.4 times higher than KDP crystal.     

l-Cystine hydrochloride: A novel semi-organic nonlinear optical material for optical devices

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material l-cystine hydrochloride (LCHCl) was grown in large size measuring 19 × 5 × 3 mm³ by slow solvent evaporation technique for the first time in literature. The cell parameter values were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis was carried out on the grown sample to ascertain the fundamental functional groups. Thermal behavior of the grown LCHCl sample was analyzed by TG & DTA analysis. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. The optical transmission studies and second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency studies justified the device quality of the grown crystal and the SHG study reveals that the grown sample has nearly 1.2 times higher efficiency than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), a well known NLO material.     

Studies on optical, mechanical and transport properties of NLO active l-alanine formate single crystal grown by modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method

Bulk single crystals of l-alanine formate of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length have been grown with an aid of modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) uniaxial crystal growth method within a period of ten days. The optical properties of the grown crystal were calculated from UV transmission spectral analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder test. In order to determine the mechanical strength of the crystal, Vicker’s microhardness test was carried along the growth plane (0 0 1). Dielectric studies reveal that both dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increase in frequency. Photoconductivity study confirms the negative photoconducting nature of the crystal.     

An initial study of the growth and defect analysis on hydrated 2-benzoyl benzoic acid crystal

In the present study, single crystals of hydrated 2-benzoyl benzoic acid were grown by the slow evaporation solution growth method. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies confirm the triclinic structure of the grown crystals. The defect in crystalline perfection has been defined by rocking curve analysis. The FTIR spectrum of the crystal displays carbonyl stretching of the carboxylic group at 1685 cm^?1 and of keto group at 1661 cm^?1. It shows a merged medium band around 3450 cm^?1 due to OH stretching and does not distinguish clearly between OH of COOH and H₂O held up in the crystal. The existence of additional bands appears at 1590 cm^?1 due to vibration of H₂O in the compound. The photoluminescence excitation studies were carried out for the grown crystals for wide wavelength range between 300 nm and 700 nm at room temperature. The range of percentage of optical absorption of the crystal has been ascertained by UV?vis spectral characterization. The mechanical strength has been determined by Vickers's microhardness measurement for different loads with constant dwell time.     

Crystal growth,structural, linear and nonlinear optical studies of 4-methyl-4′-N’-methylstilbazolium tosylate single crystals

Organic 4-methyl-4′-N’-methylstilbazolium tosylate, a new derivative of the stilbazolium tosylate family compound was synthesized by condensation method. The optical quality single crystals with dimension 5 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm were grown by slow evaporation technique at 40 °C. The crystal system and lattice parameters were found from single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The optical transmittance, cut-off wavelength (402 nm) and band gap energy (3.09 eV) were estimated by UV–visible studies. The surface laser damage threshold study was carried out for MMST crystal using Nd:YAG laser. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ³) for MMST crystal was estimated by employing Z-scan technique using 1064 nm laser.     

Optical,spectral and thermal properties of organic nonlinear optical single crystal: 2,3-Dimethoxy-10-oxostrychnidinium hydrogen oxalate dihydrate

The potential organic nonlinear optical single crystal of 2,3-dimethoxy-10-oxostrychnidinium hydrogen oxalate dihydrate has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST) using ethanol–water solution at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction study reveals that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁2₁2₁ and the cell parameters are a = 7.61 Å, b = 10.73 Å, c = 29.49 Å, V = 2410.75 Å³. The functional groups of the synthesized compound have been identified by FT-Raman and FTIR analyses. Photoluminescence spectroscopy study is determined to explore its efficacy towards device fabrications. Birefringence measurement has been carried out in order to analyze the optical homogeneity of the grown crystal. The optical constants such as reflectance (R) and extinction coefficient (K) have been determined from the transmittance data. The relative second harmonic efficiency of the compound is found to be 4 times greater than that of KDP. DTA-DSC measurements indicate that the crystal is thermally stable up to 174 °C.     

Third order nonlinear optical properties of potassium dichromate single crystals by Z-scan technique

Single crystal of potassium dichromate (KDC) has been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystal were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The optical absorption studies reveal that the crystal has UV cut-off wavelength around 240 nm. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal (TGA/DTA) studies revealed that the crystal thermally stable up to 397.1 °C. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was carried out by Vickers micro hardness test. The crystal perfection was confirmed by etching studies. Third order nonlinear optical studies was performed using by single beam Z-scan technique using continuous Nd:YAG laser. Closed aperture Z-scan studies reveal the negative nonlinearity in the crystals and open aperture Z-scan reveals the saturation absorption. Also various parameters such as nonlinear refractive index n₂, absorption co-efficient β and nonlinear optical susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ were calculated for the grown crystal.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of l-threonine zinc acetate (LTZA) NLO single crystal

Single crystals of l-threonine zinc acetate (LTZA) were grown from an aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system. The optical transmission study reveals the transparency of the crystal in the entire visible region and the cut off wavelength has been found to be 350 nm. The optical band gap is found to be 3.55 eV. The microhardness studies reveal the mechanical strength of the grown crystal. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were carried out for the grown crystal. Photoconductivity measurements carried out on the grown crystal reveal the negative photoconducting nature.     

Synthesis, growth, and characterization of a non-linear optical crystal-glycine lithium chloride

A new non-linear optical material, glycine lithium chloride, was synthesized and single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at constant temperature from its aqueous solution. Transparent and well-crystallized hexagonal prisms were obtained by controlled evaporation at a constant temperature of 45 °C. The grown crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction methods, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and optical absorption spectrum. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystal lattice of glycine lithium chloride is hexagonal with unit cell a = b = 7.023 Å, c = 5.478 Å, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°, V = 234 Å³. The dielectric response of the crystal with varying frequencies was studied. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystal was studied and is found to be larger than KDP.     

Crystal structure,vibrational, and optical investigations of semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal: Bi3[CS(NH2)2]9Cl9· 2H2O

Tribismuthnonakisthioureanonachloride dihydrate (TBNTNC), a semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material useful for frequency doubling in the IR region, has been grown by single diffusion gel technique. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal XRD and it crystallizes in triclinic system having P₁ space group. Vibrational analysis was carried out for the grown crystal. FTIR and FT‐Raman spectral studies were performed for analyzing and assigning the phonon vibrations and to identify the functional group contribution. The optical transmission study was carried out to examine the transmission ability of the crystal. The nonlinear optical property was confirmed by relative second harmonic generation measurement using Nd:YAG laser. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis,growth and physicochemical properties of an organometallic nonlinear optical crystal: Mercury cadmium chloride thiocyanate

SCN⁻ ligand based organometallic non-linear optical mercury cadmium chloride thiocyanate (MCCTC) crystals are grown from water plus methanol mixed solvent by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals are confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. MCCTC exhibits a SHG efficiency which is nearly 17 times more than that of KDP. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity measurements of the sample have been carried out for different frequencies (100 Hz to 5 MHz) and, temperatures (308–388 K) and the results are discussed. Photoconductivity study confirms that the title compound possesses negative photoconducting nature. The surface morphology of MCCTC was also investigated.     

Synthesis, growth and characterization of a new derivative 4-ethoxy-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium besylate monohydrate single crystal

A new organic material 4-ethoxy-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium besylate monohydrate, a derivative in the stilbazolium family, known for efficient nonlinear optical materials, has been synthesized for the first time. Employing the slow evaporation technique, optically transparent good quality single crystals of size 15 mm×10 mm×5 mm were grown from methanol. The cell dimensions obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystal belongs to the monoclinic system. Functional groups of the grown crystal were identified from FTIR and NMR spectral analysis. UV−vis−NIR studies show that the crystal is transparent in the wavelength range 460-1100 nm. The thermal stability of the compound was determined by thermal analyses of the specimen.     

Crystal growth,structural and optical properties of an organic ion-complex crystal: 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methylstilbazolium iodide

4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methylstilbazolium iodide (DMSI) compound was synthesized by Knoevenagel reaction method and the crystals were grown by solution growth method. From the single crystal X-ray diffraction study, it is confirmed that DMSI crystal belongs to monoclinic system. The bond-length alternation (BLA) of the DMSI molecule was found to be 0.11 Å, which is responsible for quadratic NLO response. The electronic transition properties and optical constants such as energy gap (E_g), linear refractive index (n₁) were determined using UV–visible and photoluminescence spectral studies. The second order nonlinear optical property of the crystal was examined using Kurtz–Perry powder test. Laser induced damage threshold on (0 0 1) plane of the optically polished crystal was found to be 1.24 GW/cm².     

Studies on optical,mechanical, dielectric properties of bisthiourea nickel bromide NLO single crystal

Bisthiourea nickel bromide (BTNB) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis-NIR spectrum. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of bisthiourea nickel bromide are measured in the frequency range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. The ac conductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals. In order to investigate the growth mechanism and surface features, etching studies are carried out for the crystal. Photoconductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals.