平板式固体氧化物燃料电池多物理场耦合建模

固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)在高温下工作,影响电池性能和结构完整性的因素众多,如何能够综合考虑这些因素并准确地预测和优化电池结构与工作性能是亟待解决的问题。使用COMSOL软件建立了单个平板式固体氧化物燃料电池多场耦合有限元三维模型,考虑电化学反应、物质浓度、流体流动、传热和固体力学多物理因素共同作用下,探明了电池在工作阶段的气体摩尔分数、电流密度、温度和热应力的分布规律。结果表明,氢气和氧气的摩尔分数随着气体流动的方向逐渐降低;在电池空气入口处,电解质电流密度较大;电池温度分布不均匀并产生了较大的热应力。本文建立的SOFC多场耦合模型可为后续SOFC的研究提供分析方法和理论支持。     

固体氧化物燃料电池产功机理研究

本文基于电化学反应原理及热力学分析方法,研究固体氧化物燃料电池非热力循环产功机理.基于电化学反应原理,建立了SOFC性能分析模型,研究了SOFC电池性能与电化学参数之间的变化关系,从而揭示了SOFC化学能直接转变为电能的机理;分析了热力学参数及电化学参数对SOFC系统性能的影响规律,提出改善SOFC电池性能的途径,并揭示了通过SOFC与先进热力循环系统集成进一步提高动力系统性能的潜力.本文研究成果为开拓研究高效SOFC复合动力系统提供有益的参考.     

平板式阳极支撑SOFC多场耦合数值模拟

建立了平板式固体氧化物燃料电池多场耦合数学模型,利用商业CFD软件FLUENT对包括阳极和阴极多孔介质、致密固体氧化物电解质、燃料流道、氧化剂流道、电流收集双极板、外壳的单电池三维整体计算区域进行了数值模拟,得到了流场、温度场、组分浓度场、电流密度场、Nernst电动势、活化过电势和欧姆过电势等重要物理量的详细分布,并分析了影响电池性能的主要因素。模拟结果与SOFC研制单位提供的实验数据基本符合。     

基于多物理场模拟的低水甲烷燃料固体氧化物燃料电池的抗积碳阳极设计

本文采用与实验I-V曲线高度吻合的多物理场全耦合数值模型来模拟低水甲烷燃料SOFC的运行过程. 基于抗积碳电流密度实验数据推导出的动力学积碳活性判据，利用多场耦合数值模型系统研究了电池工作参数和阳极扩散阻碍层厚度对阳极积碳倾向的影响. 仿真模拟揭示了燃料利用率、电流密度、扩散阻碍层厚度和电池工作电压的相互关系. 结果表明，在阳极添加400 um厚的扩散阻碍层是实现SOFC高功率密度和不积碳运行的最优设计. 这种阳极结构设计对实现高效率低成本的SOFC技术具有重要意义.     

基于多物理场模拟的低水甲烷燃料固体氧化物燃料电池的抗积碳阳极设计（英文）

本文采用与实验I-V曲线高度吻合的多物理场全耦合数值模型来模拟低水甲烷燃料SOFC的运行过程.基于抗积碳电流密度实验数据推导出的动力学积碳活性判据,利用多场耦合数值模型系统研究了电池工作参数和阳极扩散阻碍层厚度对阳极积碳倾向的影响.仿真模拟揭示了燃料利用率、电流密度、扩散阻碍层厚度和电池工作电压的相互关系.结果表明,在阳极添加400 um厚的扩散阻碍层是实现SOFC高功率密度和不积碳运行的最优设计.这种阳极结构设计对实现高效率低成本的SOFC技术具有重要意义.     

梯度颗粒阳极固体氧化物燃料电池电性能的数值研究

本文通过建立梯度颗粒阳极固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)的三维数学模型,系统地研究了梯度颗粒阳极SOFC的电性能,深入分析了梯度颗粒阳极对SOFC电性能的影响机理。研究发现,梯度颗粒阳极设计可以有效降低阳极内的活化极化、浓度极化和欧姆极化。在本文的参数设置下,梯度颗粒阳极设计的SOFC最大输出功率密度可达到0.90 W·cm~(-2),相比于颗粒尺寸为0.5μm、1.0μm和1.5μm的阳极SOFC,增幅分别为2.59%、10.30%和16.26%。因此,梯度颗粒阳极设计的SOFC可以显著提高电池的电性能。     

梯度孔隙阳极固体氧化物燃料电池传质与电性能研究

本文通过建立梯度孔隙阳极固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)的三维数学模型,模拟了SOFC内部气体传输现象及电性能,通过对比梯度孔隙阳极SOFC与均匀孔隙阳极SOFC的能质传递特性,揭示了梯度孔隙阳极的优越性。研究发现,梯度孔隙阳极设计在保证传质特性不降低的同时,有效调整了电极与其他部件特别是电解质热膨胀系数的匹配。在本文的参数设置下,梯度孔隙阳极设计的SOFC最大输出功率可达到1.005W·cm~(-2),相比于均匀孔隙阳极SOFC,至少可提高8.78%。因此,梯度孔隙阳极设计的SOFC可以显著提高电池的电性能。     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极微结构三维数值模拟

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一种清洁高效的发电设备,其电极微结构直接影响电池的电化学性能。本文通过X-ray技术获取了SOFC阳极微结构,将电荷和物质传导定义在体相材料,将电化学反应定义在三相边界线上,建立了SOFC阳极电化学–传质耦合的三维微观模型,对比了两个微结构在80?C条件下的极化特性。研究表明微结构对电极内部物理场分布有极大影响,越靠近电极电解质界面,活化极化和离子电势波动越强烈。电极孔隙相细小的喉附近存在较大传质阻力,形成明显浓度极化跳跃。活化极化和欧姆极化大小相当,各占据总损失的45%以上。本文模型可用于研究微结构改变引起的电池退化和电极的优化设计。     

FeS2和CoS2在长寿命热电池中的性能比较

长寿命热电池研制的关键技术之一是阴极材料的确定，在长寿命热电池的研制中，选择并制备了两种阴极材料二硫化铁和二硫化钴。从单体电池实验和电池组实验方面分别对两种阴极材料的电化学性能进行比较。     

SOFC-GT混合系统的参数分布与动态特性数值模拟

数值模拟是固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)-燃气轮机(GT)混合发电技术发展的重要手段。基于自主开发的SOFC-GT混合发电系统多层次模型库,与西门子-西屋公司的示范系统额定工况试验数据对比,本模型的稳态精度优于高级能量系统分析工具(APSAT),并可用于温度、气体组分、电池极化等参数分布和动态特性分析,对于系统的稳态性能优化与负荷跟随策略具有重要意义。     

New solid state fuel cells - green power source for 21st century

The exhaustion of the major fossil energy sources on earth in near future and the serious environmental pollution from the fuel combustion processes in the presently applied technologies are the most important problems of modern society. The sustainable development of mankind requests strongly to develop “green” power devices characterized by high fuel energy conversion efficiency, less pollution to the environment and convenience to use. Fuel cells have been commonly accepted to be a kind of clean, safe and convenient power source with high energy efficiency and are on the verge of revolutionizing the electric power industry by offering better ways to produce electricity and to deliver it to the consumers. Among all the advanced fuel cells being developed, which one might be the better choice for ideal green power generators in the 21st century? The answer is solid state fuel cells, particularly the solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) but not in the present stage of development. The new generation of SOFCs will certainly be based on all the results and experiences achieved so far in the fuel cell field and a lot of R & D work has to be performed furthermore. This paper attempts to present the current status of the R & D work on fuel cells, especially SOFCs, new concepts and trends, problems and possible measures which may initiate further discussion. The present article includes the following sub-topics:

The best electric power plants for the 21st Century

R & D on SOFCs: current status, problems and new trends

Intermediate temperature SOFCs - what do we need to do?

Fabrication techniques - soft chemistry routes

What to do for coming up with “green” power plants?

     

High-Power Modulated Intense Relativistic Electron Sources with Applications to RF Generation and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Recent advances in the physics and technology of the modulated intense relativistic electron beams (IREB's) are reviewed in this paper. Bunched dense electron beams can be used to construct high-power RF sources, which may critically affect future progress in fusion technology. In this paper a system is described in which electrical energy can be converted from a single pulse of relatively long duration into a series of subpulses of short duration (nanosecond and subnanosecond) and of high power (~1010 W). This electrical system consists of an IREB propagating through passive structures. The mutual interaction between the electron beam and one passive structure modifies the IREB so that power compression and beam modulation occur. When the modified IREB interacts with the next passive structure, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into electrical energy or RF energy. The beam current modulation depends on the injected IREB and the structure parameters. A 100-percent modulation of the current has been achieved. A single-beam source may be used for exciting radiation in a frequency range of 60 MHz to 10 GHz. In the frequency range of 60-750 MHz a modulated beam with power ~1010 W has already been achieved. IREB modulation at a frequency of ~3 GHz was performed and RF energy was extracted from the bunched beam with power output of 5 × 108 W.     

Spectroelectrochemical cell for in situ studies of solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are able to produce electricity and heat from hydrogen‐ or carbon‐containing fuels with high efficiencies and are considered important cornerstones for future sustainable energy systems. Performance, activation and degradation processes are crucial parameters to control before the technology can achieve breakthrough. They have been widely studied, predominately by electrochemical testing with subsequent micro‐structural analysis. In order to be able to develop better SOFCs, it is important to understand how the measured electrochemical performance depends on materials and structural properties, preferably at the atomic level. A characterization of these properties under operation is desired. As SOFCs operate at temperatures around 1073 K, this is a challenge. A spectroelectrochemical cell was designed that is able to study SOFCs at operating temperatures and in the presence of relevant gases. Simultaneous spectroscopic and electrochemical evaluation by using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is possible.     

Preparation of thin films using the tape-casting process for use in the solid oxide fuel cell

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) produce electricity by electrochemically combining hydrogen and oxygen to give water. They operate at high temperatures (typically 1000 °C) allowing natural gas (hydrogen source) to be reformed in the cell rather than in an external reformer, reducing cost. Comparison with current electrical power generation systems, show SOFCs to have increased efficiencies, reduced NO_x and SO_x emissions and improved reliability promising a viable future alternative for electricity production. Thin ceramic films to less than 200 μm are necessary for reduced all resistance. Tape casting is one method for production of thin ceramic (or metallic) films. In this paper, tape casting was used to produce both dense and porous thin films of 8-mol% Yttria stabilised Zirconia (YSZ). The films were fired both separately and together in a monolithic multi-layered block in order to determine the feasibility of using this method for the production of all components of the SOFC. The effects of organic content, addition of pore-forming agents and firing temperature on the microstructure of the films were investigated. Each individual layer produced was between 40–60 μum thick, with the highest density being>97% and the highest porosity obtained at 30% (produced by addition of a pore former). No de-lamination was observed upon heating the multi-layers. Paper presented at the 8th EuroConference on Ionics, Carvoeiro, Algarve, Portugal, Sept. 16–22, 2001.     

Oxide anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

A major advantage of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) over polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is their tolerance for the type and purity of fuel. This fuel flexibility is due in large part to the high operating temperature of SOFCs, but also relies on the selection and development of appropriate materials — particularly for the anode where the fuel reaction occurs. This paper reviews the oxide materials being investigated as alternatives to the most commonly used nickel–YSZ cermet anodes for SOFCs. The majority of these oxides form the perovskite structure, which provides good flexibility in doping for control of the transport properties. However, oxides that form other crystal structures, such as the cubic fluorite structure, have also shown promise for use as SOFC anodes. In this paper, oxides are compared primarily in terms of their transport properties, but other properties relative to SOFC anode performance are also discussed.     

Soft chemical route and new solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a promising technology for electric power generation in the 21st century. Recently, research are focusing on reduced temperature SOFCs. The fabrication of thin film electrolytes and electrode membranes for reduced temperatures by a soft chemical route is discussed. Paper presented at the 97th Xiangshan Science Conference on New Solid State Fuel Cells, Xiangshan, Beijing, China, June 14–17, 1998.     

Energy integration strategies for solid oxide fuel cell systems

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have operating temperatures ranging from as low as 600 °C for intermediate temperature operation to above 900 °C for higher temperature operation. These high temperatures are often viewed as a considerable disadvantage from a materials point of view because of the occurrence of unwanted interfacial reactions, stresses as a result of thermal expansivity mismatches, etc. However, higher temperatures are also an advantage of SOFC systems. Fuel pretreatment that may involve such processes as reforming is very often highly endothermic in nature. The high operating temperature of an SOFC allows for efficient system energy integration with the waste heat from the fuel cell being used to drive fuel pretreatment processes. Here, we demonstrate this propensity for energy integration by looking at the use of a novel hydrogen-carrier system working with an SOFC.     

Fabrication and characterization of Ni-SSZ/SSZ/LSM-SSZ anode-supported SOFCs by tape casting and single-step co-sintering techniques

In this work, Ni-10 % Sc₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (SSZ)/SSZ/La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO_3-δ (LSM)-SSZ anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been successfully prepared by tape casting and single-step co-sintering procedures. The structure contains Ni-SSZ anode substrate and Ni-SSZ anode functional, dense SSZ electrolyte, LSM-SSZ cathode functional, and LSM-SSZ cathode layers were successfully prepared at 1250, 1300, and 1350 °C, respectively. The microstructures of the single cells were examined by SEM. There were some close pores in electrolyte of Cell-1250, and the cathode particle size obviously increased in Cell-1350. Therefore, Cell-1300 showed the optimal cell performance, the maximum power density attained 920 mW cm^?2 at 800 °C. The impedance analysis demonstrated that the co-sintered temperatures have effects on not only the polarization resistance R _P of a single cell but also its overall ohmic resistance R _S . The results indicate that the tape casting and single-step co-sintering methods are both time saving and feasible for the development of anode-supported SOFCs.     

Ethanol and methane fueled solid oxide fuel cells: A comparative study

Ethanol and methane are compared as candidate fuels for generation of electrical power in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). The thermodynamic analysis of both alternatives was undertaken considering that a SOFC operates with the equilibrium products of the steam reforming of each raw fuel. The comparison was made assuming SOFC operation under atmospheric total pressure in the temperature range of 800–1200K, and results were obtained in terms of the maximun theoretical electromotive force (emf) and the thermodynamic efficiency of total energy conversion. It was found that although methane fueled SOFCs are able to provide slightly higher efficiencies, ethanol is a competitive alternative fuel with suitable characteristics. Paper presented at the 7th Euroconference on Ionics, Calcatoggio, Corsica, France, Oct. 1–7, 2000.     

Element interdiffusion at electrolyte–cathode interfaces in ceramic high-temperature fuel cells

Ceramic high-temperature fuels cells (or solid-oxide fuel cells, SOFCs) directly convert hydrogen and also hydrocarbons into electrical energy. Recently developed functional materials to be used as cathodes show excellent performance, but they suffer from interfacial reactions with adjacent layers. These reactions lead to a rapid degradation of the fuel cells which limits their potential for application. Therefore, these reactions must be prevented by protective interlayer coatings, for instance by a ceramic (Ce,Gd)O_2-δ (CGO) diffusion barrier. This paper discusses selected cathode–interlayer–electrolyte interdiffusion phenomena analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different techniques for the application of the CGO diffusion barrier screen-printing and subsequent sintering, and physical vapour deposition–were employed to probe the influence of the processing on the diffusion of chemical species from the functional layers. Moreover, some model experiments were carried out to evaluate the significance of element diffusion on the power density.