等截面驻波管内大振幅驻波场的实验研究

通过改进等截面驻波管实验系统,在1阶峰值共振频率激励下获得了182.1 dB大振幅驻波场,并对1~5阶峰值共振频率激励下的大振幅驻波场谐波饱和情况以及波形畸变进行了实验研究。研究发现,尽管1阶峰值共振频率激励下声压级已达到182.1 dB,但波形畸变最小,谐波并未表现出饱和现象,而3阶峰值共振频率激励下的大振幅驻波场表现出了饱和趋势。对谷值共振频率激励下获得的大振幅驻波场进行对比实验研究,发现谷值共振频率激励下,1阶谷值共振频率所获得的驻波场声压级最大,但波形畸变也最大。在相同声源驱动电压下,1阶峰值共振频率激励下获得的驻波场声压级始终大于1阶谷值共振频率激励下获得的驻波场声压级。由此可见,利用扬声器在等截面驻波管中获取大振幅驻波场,驻波管由1阶峰值共振频率激励较为合适。      

锥形渐变截面驻波管及其极高纯净驻波场的实验研究

锥形渐变截面驻波管是用锥形管代替突变截面驻波管突变截面部分的驻波管.为对比研究锥形渐变截面驻波管与突变截面驻波管的声学及其极高纯净驻波场性质,首先借助传递矩阵,对锥形渐变截面驻波管的声学性质进行了实验研究.研究表明,与突变截面驻波管一样,锥形渐变截面驻波管也属于失谐驻波管.利用其失谐性,在一阶共振频率激励下,锥形渐变截面驻波管获得了181 dB的极高纯净驻波场.在对锥形渐变截面驻波管和等长的突变截面驻波管的驻波饱和性质进行对比实验研究后发现,在一阶共振频率下,锥形渐变截面驻波管不仅能很好地抑制管内驻波场高次谐波的增长,而且能有效地降低管内驻波场的能量损耗,在相同扬声器激励电压下获得声压级更高的大振幅纯净驻波场.实验研究还发现,在三阶共振频率激励下,锥形渐变截面驻波管的大振幅驻波场三次谐波频率接近声压级传递函数谷值对应的声源端七阶阻抗共振频率,三次谐波随基波快速增长并表现出趋于二次谐波的饱和性质.     

突变截面驻波管和极高纯净驻波场的实验研究

突变截面驻波管属于失谐驻波管,即其高阶共振频率不是一阶共振频率的整数倍。通过对STAS的优化设计,利用STAS的失谐性质在一阶和二阶共振频率下激励分别获得了180 dB和177 dB的极高纯净驻波声场。尽管声压级已经很高,但在接下来的对一阶和二阶共振频率激励下的声波波形畸变和谐波饱和情况进行的实验研究中仍然没有观察到谐波饱和现象。与此同时,对三阶共振频率激励下的声场进行了实验研究,由于三阶共振频率激励下的大振幅非线性声场的二次谐波频率接近六阶共振频率,在声压级达到170 dB时观测到了三阶共振频率激励下的声波波形畸变和谐波饱和现象。     

谐振管内非线性驻波的有限体积数值算法

为了扩展谐振管内非线性驻波在工程中的应用, 以及克服现有数值计算方法仅局限于求解直圆柱形和指数形谐振管内非线性驻波的问题. 根据变截面的非稳态可压缩热黏性流体Navier-Stokes方程和空间守恒方程, 并基于求解压力速度耦合方程的半隐式算法和交错网格技术, 构建一种能够计算任意形状轴对称谐振管受活塞驱动时内部非线性驻波的有限体积算法. 分别对圆柱形、指数形和圆锥形谐振管内的非线性驻波进行仿真计算. 通过与现有试验结果以及数值仿真结果的对比, 验证了该方法的正确性.并获得除驻波声压之外的另外一些新的物理结果, 包括速度、密度、温度的瞬时变化.在直圆柱形谐振管内产生冲击声压波, 速度波形中出现钉状结构.而在指数形和圆锥形谐振管内产生高声压幅值的驻波, 没有出现冲击波, 速度波形中均未发现钉状结构. 计算结果表明谐振管内非线性驻波的物理属性与谐振管形状之间有密切关系.     

大振幅驻波的实验研究──Ⅰ：二次谐波的特性

本文对一维大振幅驻波场进行了较为全面的实验研究，介绍了实验研究系统，着重讨论二次谐波的特性、实验研究结果表明：二次谐波的量值在基波产压级为定值的条件下是驱动频率的函数．其变化曲线可用一简谐函数近似描述之。大振幅驻波场在频域内可划分为四个区域。在称之为“稳定区”内，其二次谐波最小值可用马大猷教授所提出的“大振幅驻波理论”求得。理论与实验符合良好。用更进一步发展的理［８］，能定性地对二次谐波的变化趋势作出圆满解释。     

振幅相位调制驻波光场中冷却原子的动力学局域

分析了二能级原子在振幅相位调制驻波场作用下动量扩散模型,这是一个双频参数激励的非线性量子单摆模型。这个系统在经典极限下表现混沌行为,在相同参数条件下,这个系统具有动力学局域特征,具有两个不可约频率扰动的系统的局域长度要比单个频率扰动时大得多。     

激光驻波场形成Cr原子沉积纳米光栅的初步实验研究

利用激光驻波场会聚原子沉积纳米结构的技术可以用来研制纳米结构长度传递标准.当激光驻波场的频率大于原子的共振频率时，原子由于受到偶极力的作用将被会聚到驻波的波节处.采用了一种新的技术方案减小了实验对大的激光功率的要求.利用激光驻波场会聚准直性较好的Cr原子，并使其沉积在硅基片上形成纳米光栅结构.经原子力显微镜测试表明纳米光栅的周期为215 nm. 关键词： 激光偶极力 纳米计量 原子沉积 蓝失谐     

共振频率激励下弦振动定解问题的求解

对于一端固定、另一端施加正弦激励的弦线振动定解问题,采用分离变量法在共振与非共振两种激励频率下对其进行了求解;通过对两种不同形式解的研究发现:对非共振频率激励下的解求极限,亦可得到共振频率激励下的解;最后通过分析可知:共振频率激励下的解即为无阻尼条件下的驻波状态解.     

激光驻波场中电子运动与能量分析

采用相对论Lorentz方程,数值计算了高能电子在线极化激光驻波场中的运动过程。计算结果表明,电子能量存在一个临界值,能量超过临界值的入射电子在驻波场中振荡运动的稳定平衡位置由波节变成波腹。在波腹处平行于电场入射的高能电子在强电场作用下速度和能量快速振荡,其振幅包络近似为余弦函数。而在波节处垂直于磁场入射的电子仅在Lorentz力作用下快速振荡,在穿过驻波中心前获得能量,穿过中心后失去能量,电子出射后能量均保持不变。     

椭圆型激光驻波场作用下Cr原子的汇聚特性研究

利用近共振激光驻波场操纵中性原子实现纳米级条纹沉积技术是一种新型的研制纳米结构长度标准传递的方法.分析了Cr原子在椭圆型激光驻波场作用下的沉积特性,分别对不同椭圆激光驻波场功率下Cr原子的沉积条纹及不同y平面上沉积条纹特性进行了模拟和分析.同时针对椭圆激光驻波场作用下Cr原子发散角对沉积条纹特性的影响进行了模拟计算,比较了不同发散角条件下沉积条纹的对比度和半高宽. 关键词： 原子光刻 椭圆激光驻波场 Cr原子     

Experimental investigation on standing-wave tube with abrupt section and extremely nonlinear pure standing-wave field

Standing-wave tube with abrupt section （STAS） was a dissonant standing-wave tube whose higher resonance frequencies were not integral multiplies of the first one. Making use of the dissonant property of STAS and through the optimization of the system, extremely nonlinear pure standing-wave field of 180 dB at the first resonance frequency and that of 177 dB at the second resonance frequency have been obtained. At the two resonance frequencies, distortion of waveform and saturation of harmonics were studied experimentally, but saturation did not appear even though under such high sound pressure levels. However, while nonlinear sound field was experimentally studied at the third resonance frequency, it was found that the frequency for the second harmonic of the third resonance frequency was close to the sixth resonance frequency of the STAS and the distortion of waveform and the saturation of harmonies appeared as the sound pressure level approached 170 dB.     

Experimental study on the standing-wave tube with tapered section and its extremely nonlinear standing-wave field

A standing-wave tube with tapered section(STTS) was evolved from a standing-wave tube with abrupt section(STAS) whose abrupt section was replaced with tapered section. The research was intended to compare the acoustic properties and the extremely nonlinear pure standing waves of STTS with those of STAS.The acoustic properties of the STTS were studied with transfer matrix.It was proved,like the STAS,that the STTS was dissonant standing-wave tube.With its dissonant property,the 181 dB extremely nonlinear pure standing wave was obtained in the STTS excited at its first resonance frequency.Then the comparative experimental studies on the saturation properties of the extremely nonlinear standing waves were carried out in the STTS and the STAS with the same length.It was found that the STTS could suppress the harmonics and meanwhile reduce energy loss of the standing wave more effectively.Compared with the STAS,under the same voltage of loudspeaker,the STTS obtained a higher extremely nonlinear pure standing wave.Moreover,it was found for the STTS that the third harmonic of the third resonance frequency was close to the seventh resonance frequency of sound source impedance,to which the valley value of the sound pressure level transfer function corresponded.Because of this,the third harmonic increased rapidly with the increase of fundamental wave and tended to saturate.     

Experimental study of large-amplitude standing-wave field obtained in a standing-wave tube with uniform cross section

A large-amplitude standing-wave field of 182.1 dB is obtained under the excitation at the resonant frequency of the lst-order peak of the sound pressure transfer function in an improved standing-wave tube experimental system,and saturation of harmonics and waveform distortion are investigated experimentally for the large-amplitude standing-wave fields obtained under the excitations at the resonant frequencies of the 1 st-to the 5 th-order peaks.The results show that although the sound pressure level has reached 182.1 dB under the excitation at the resonant frequency of the 1 st-order peak,the waveform distortion is the minimum and the harmonic saturation is not observed.However,the large-amplitude standing-wave field excited at the resonant frequency of the 3 rd-order peak exhibits the trend of the harmonic saturation.Comparison of the large-amplitude standing-wave fields obtained under the excitations at valley resonant frequencies shows that the standing-wave field excited at the resonant frequency of the 1 st-order valley has the largest SPL,but also has the largest waveform distortion.Under the same source-driving voltage,the standing-wave field excited at the resonant frequency of the 1 st-order peak always has greater SPL than the standing-wave field excited at the resonant frequency of the 1 st-order valley.Hence,to obtain a large-amplitude standing-wave field,it's better to excite at the resonant frequency of the 1 st-order peak of the SPTF by using loudspeaker in a standing-wave tube with uniform cross section.     

Improved contrast to tissue ratio at higher harmonics

The challenge in ultrasound contrast imaging is a better discrimination between the perfused tissue and the contrast bubbles, which is usually expressed by contrast to tissue ratio (CTR). Imaging based on the second harmonic frequency showed a higher CTR than imaging at the fundamental frequency. However, because of nonlinear propagation of ultrasound waves, harmonic frequencies are generated. These harmonic frequencies will be linearly reflected by the tissue and therefore limit the CTR at the second harmonic frequency. In order to reduce the scattering of tissue at harmonic frequencies and by that increase the CTR, nonlinear distortion has to be reduced. We demonstrate in this study that the CTR increases with the harmonic number. The increase is substantial when transmitting at lower frequencies. To take advantage of the higher harmonics (third, fourth, fifth and the ultraharmonics and termed here super harmonics), we have developed a new phased array transducer with a wide frequency band. In-vitro measurements using the new probe show an increase of 40 dB of the CTR for super harmonic components over the conventional second harmonic system. The increase in CTR is in agreement with the calculations using existing models for the response of encapsulated bubbles and known theory of nonlinear propagation.     

The effect of the nonparabolicity of the free carriers dispersion law on the propagation of surface polaritons in a semiconductor-metal structure

The results of a study on the influence of the nonparabolicity of the free carriers dispersion law on the propagation of surface polaritons (SPs) located near the interface between an n-type semiconductor and a metal arc reported. The semiconductor plasma is assumed to be warm and nonisothermal. The nonparabolicity of the electron dispersion law has two effects. The first one is associated with nonlinear self-interaction of the SPs. The nonlinear dispersion equation and the nonlinear Schrodinger equation for the amplitude of the SP envelope are obtained. The nonlinear evolution of the SP is studied on the base of the above mentioned equations. The second effect results in third harmonics generation. Analysis shows that these third harmonics may appear as a pure surface polariton, a pseudosurface polariton, or a superposition of a volume wave and a SP depending on the wave frequency, electron density and lattice dielectric constant.     

Concrete damage diagnosed by using non-classical nonlinear acoustic method

<正>It is known that the strength of concrete is seriously affected by damage and cracking.In this paper,six concrete samples under different damage levels are studied.The experimental results show a linear dependence of the resonance frequency shift on strain amplitude at the fundamental frequency,and approximate quadratic dependence of the amplitudes of the second and third harmonics on strain amplitude at the fundamental frequency as well.In addition,the amplitude of the third harmonics is shown to increase with the increase of damage level,which is even higher than that of the second harmonics in samples with higher damage levels.These are three properties of non-classical nonlinear acoustics.The nonlinear parameters increase from 10~6 to 10~8 with damage level,and are more sensitive to the damage level of the concrete than the linear parameters obtained by using traditional acoustics methods.So,this method based on non-classical nonlinear acoustics may provide a better means of non-destructive testing(NDT) of concrete and other porous materials.     

Power resonances in a Raman gas laser

The observation of a new type of resonance due to double-quantum transitions in the standing-wave field of a Raman gas laser is reported. A resonance dip with a width equal to that of the optically forbidden transition was experimentally detected in the output-vs-timing curve of a Raman Ne laser (λ=1.15 m) upon pumping by radiation of a He−Ne laser at 1.52 m. The theory presented shows that the resonance arises in the third order of perturbation theory when in resonant SRS the line is inhomogeneously broadened. The resonance can be considered as resulting from the overlap of dips in the velocity distribution of the nonlinear polarization induced by the standing laser wave.     

Microwave frequency modulation in CW EPR at W-band using a loop-gap resonator

Loop-gap resonator (LGR) technology has been extended to W-band (94GHz). One output of a multiarm Q-band (35GHz) EPR bridge was translated to W-band for sample irradiation by mixing with 59 GHz; similarly, the EPR signal was translated back to Q-band for detection. A cavity resonant in the cylindrical TE011 mode suitable for use with 100 kHz field modulation has also been developed. Results using microwave frequency modulation (FM) at 50 kHz as an alternative to magnetic field modulation are described. FM was accomplished by modulating a varactor coupled to the 59 GHz oscillator. A spin-label study of sensitivity was performed under conditions of overmodulation and gamma2H1(2)T1T2<1. EPR spectra were obtained, both absorption and dispersion, by lock-in detection at the fundamental modulation frequency (50 kHz), and also at the second and third harmonics (100 and 150 kHz). Source noise was deleterious in first harmonic spectra, but was very low in second and third harmonic spectra. First harmonic microwave FM was transferred to microwave modulation at second and third harmonics by the spins, thus satisfying the "transfer of modulation" principle. The loaded Q-value of the LGR with sample was 90 (i.e., a bandwidth between 3 dB points of about 1 GHz), the resonator efficiency parameter was calculated to be 9.3 G at one W incident power, and the frequency deviation was 11.3 MHz p-p, which is equivalent to a field modulation amplitude of 4 G. W-band EPR using an LGR is a favorable configuration for microwave FM experiments.